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Chapter
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
3.1 Overview
3.1.1 The word trigonometry is derived from the Greek words trigon and metron which means measuring the sides of a triangle. An angle is the amount of rotation of a revolving line with respect to a fixed line. If the rotation is in clockwise direction the angle is negative and it is positive if the rotation is in the anti-clockwise direction. Usually we follow two types of conventions for measuring angles, i.e., (i) Sexagesimal system (ii) Circular system. In sexagesimal system, the unit of measurement is degree. If the rotation from the initial to terminal side is
1. The classifications in this system are as follows: 1 = 60 1 = 60 In circular system of measurement, the unit of measurement is radian. One radian is the angle subtended, at the centre of a circle, by an arc equal in length to the radius of the circle. The length s of an arc PQ of a circle of radius r is given by s = r, where is the angle subtended by the arc PQ at the centre of the circle measured in terms of radians. 3.1.2 Relation between degree and radian The circumference of a circle always bears a constant ratio to its diameter. This constant 22 ratio is a number denoted by which is taken approximately as for all practical 7 purpose. The relationship between degree and radian measurements is as follows: 2 right angle = 180 = radians
o n
T li R b E u C p N re e b to t
1 radian = 1 =
d e h s
1 th of a revolution, the angle is said to have a measure of 360
180 = 5716 (approx)

radian = 0.01746 radians (approx) 180
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TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 35
3.1.3 Trigonometric functions Trigonometric ratios are defined for acute angles as the ratio of the sides of a right angled triangle. The extension of trigonometric ratios to any angle in terms of radian measure (real numbers) are called trigonometric functions. The signs of trigonometric functions in different quadrants have been given in the following table:
I II III IV
sin x cos x tan x cosec x sec x cot x
+ + + + + +
+ +
3.1.4 Domain and range of trigonometric functions

Functions Domain
sine cosine tan cot sec
3.1.5 Sine, cosine and tangent of some angles less than 90

0 15 18 30 36 45 60 90
o n
cosec 0
+ + R R R {(2n + 1)
d e h s
Range
[1, 1] [1, 1] R R
: n Z} 2
: n Z} 2
R {n : n Z} R {(2n + 1)
R (1, 1) R (1, 1)
R {n : n Z}
sine
6 2 4
5 1 4
1 2
10 2 5 4
1 2
3 2
36 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS MATHEMATICS
cosine
6+ 2 4
10 + 2 5 4
3 2
5 +1 4
1 2
1 2
0 not
tan
2 3
25 10 5 5
1 3
52 5
3 defined
3.1.6 Allied or related angles The angles
n are called allied or related angles 2 and n 360 are called coterminal angles. For general reduction, we have the n following rules. The value of any trigonometric function for ( ) is numerically 2 equal to (a) the value of the same function if n is an even integer with algebaric sign of the function as per the quadrant in which angles lie. (b) corresponding cofunction of if n is an odd integer with algebraic sign of the function for the quadrant in which it lies. Here sine and cosine; tan and cot; sec and cosec are cofunctions of each other.
3.1.7 Functions of negative angles Let be any angle. Then sin ( ) = sin , cos ( ) = cos tan ( ) = tan , cot ( ) = cot sec ( ) = sec , cosec ( ) = cosec 3.1.8 Some formulae regarding compound angles An angle made up of the sum or differences of two or more angles is called a compound angle. The basic results in this direction are called trigonometric identies as given below: (i) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B (ii) sin (A B) = sin A cos B cos A sin B (iii) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B (iv) cos (A B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
o n
tan A + tan B 1 tan A tan B
d e h s
(v) tan (A + B) = (vi) tan (A B) =
tan A tan B 1 + tan A tan B
(vii) (viii) (ix)
cot (A + B) = cot (A B) =
cot A cot B 1 cot A + cot B
cot A cot B + 1 cot B cot A 2 tan A sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A = 1 + tan 2 A

2 2 2 2
(x) (xi) (xii) (xiii) (xiv)
cos 2A = cos A sin A = 1 2 sin A = 2 cos A 1 = tan 2A =

2 tan A
1 tan A
2
1+ tan A
sin 3A = 3sin A 4sin3 A cos 3A = 4cos3 A 3cos A tan 3A =

3 tanA tan 3 A 1 3tan 2 A
(xv)
cos A + cos B = 2 cos
(xvi) (xvii) (xviii)
cos A cos B = 2sin sin A + sin B = 2sin
(xix) (xx) (xxi) (xxii)
o n
sin A sin B = 2cos
A+B AB sin 2 2 2sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A B) 2cos A sin B = sin (A + B) sin (A B) 2cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A B) 2sin A sin B = cos (A B) cos (A + B)
A 1 cos A sin = 2 2 + if if
1 tan 2 A
A+B 2 cos AB 2
d e h s
A+B 2
sin
BA 2
A+B AB cos 2 2
(xxiii)
A lies in quadrants I or II 2 A lies in III or IV quadrants 2
(xxiv)
cos
A 1 + cos A = 2 2
+ if if + if if
A lies in I or IV quadrants 2 A lies in II or III quadrants 2 A lies in I or III quadrants 2 A lies in II or IV quadrants 2
(xxv)
tan
A 1 cos A = 2 1 + cos A
Trigonometric functions of an angle of 18 Let = 18. Then 2 = 90 3 Therefore, sin 2 = sin (90 3) = cos 3 or sin 2 = 4cos3 3cos Since, cos 0, we get 2sin = 4cos2 3 = 1 4sin2 Hence, Since, Also, sin =
2 4 + 16 1 5 = 8 4
62 5 10 + 2 5 = 16 4 Now, we can easily find cos 36 and sin 36 as follows:

cos18 = 1 sin 2 18 = 1
Hence, Also,
o n
or = 18, sin > 0, therefore, sin 18 =
5 1 4
d e h s
4sin2 + 2sin 1 = 0.
cos 36 = 1 2sin2 18 = 1 cos 36 =

5 +1 4
62 5 2+2 5 5 +1 = = 8 8 4
sin 36 = 1 cos 2 36 = 1
6+2 5 = 16
10 2 5
4
3.1.9 Trigonometric equations Equations involving trigonometric functions of a variables are called trigonometric equations. Equations are called identities, if they are satisfied by all values of the
unknown angles for which the functions are defined. The solutions of a trigonometric equations for which 0 < 2 are called principal solutions. The expression involving integer n which gives all solutions of a trigonometric equation is called the general solution. General Solution of Trigonometric Equations (i) If sin = sin for some angle , then = n + (1)n for n Z, gives general solution of the given equation (ii) If cos = cos for some angle , then = 2 n , n Z, gives general solution of the given equation (iii) If tan = tan or cot = cot , then = n + , n Z, gives general solution for both equations (iv) The general value of satisfying any of the equations sin2 = sin2 , cos2 = cos2 and tan2 = tan2 is given by = n (v) The general value of satisfying equations sin = sin and cos = cos simultaneously is given by = 2n + , n Z. (vi) To find the solution of an equation of the form a cos + b sin = c, we put a = r cos and b = r sin, so that r2 = a2 + b2 and tan =
Thus we find a cos + b sin = c changed into the form r (cos cos + sin sin ) = c or r cos ( ) = c and hence cos ( ) =
Maximum and Minimum values of the expression Acos + B sin are and A 2 + B2 respectively, where A and B are constants.
3.2 Solved Examples

Short Answer Type Example 1 A circular wire of radius 3 cm is cut and bent so as to lie along the circumference of a hoop whose radius is 48 cm. Find the angle in degrees which is subtended at the centre of hoop.
o n
equation.
b . a
d e h s
c . This gives the solution of the given r

A 2 + B2
Solution Given that circular wire is of radius 3 cm, so when it is cut then its length = 2 3 = 6 cm. Again, it is being placed along a circular hoop of radius 48 cm. Here, s = 6 cm is the length of arc and r = 48 cm is the radius of the circle. Therefore, the angle , in radian, subtended by the arc at the centre of the circle is given by =
Arc 6 = = = 22.5 . Radius 48 8
Example 2 If A = cos2 + sin4 for all values of , then prove that
3 A 1. 4
Solution We have A =cos2 + sin4 = cos2 + sin2 sin2 cos2 + sin2 Therefore, A1 2 4 Also, A = cos + sin = (1 sin2 ) + sin4
Hence,
3 A 1. 4
Example 3 Find the value of Solution We have
3 1 3 cosec 20 sec 20 = sin 20 cos 20
o n
2 2
1 1 2 1 3 3 2 = sin + 1 = sin + 2 4 2 4 4
d e h s
3 cosec 20 sec 20
3 1 cos 20 sin 20 3 cos 20 sin 20 2 = 4 2 2sin 20 cos 20 sin 20 cos 20
sin 60 cos 20 cos 60 sin 20 = 4 sin 40 sin (60 20) = 4 =4 sin 40
(Why?) (Why?)
Example 4 If lies in the second quadrant, then show that
1 sin 1 + sin + = 2sec 1 + sin 1 sin

Solution We have
1 sin 1 + sin
1 + sin 1 sin
= =
1 sin 1 sin 2
2 | cos |
1 + sin 1 sin 2
2 cos 2
(Since
Given that lies in the second quadrant so |cos | = cos (since cos < 0). Hence, the required value of the expression is = 2 sec cos Example 5 Find the value of tan 9 tan 27 tan 63 + tan 81 Solution We have tan 9 tan 27 tan 63 + tan 81 = tan 9 + tan 81 tan 27 tan 63 = tan 9 + tan (90 9) tan 27 tan (90 27) = tan 9 + cot 9 (tan 27 + cot 27)
2
Also Similarly,
1 2 tan 9 + cot 9 = sin 9 cos9 = sin18

tan 27 + cot 27 =
1 sin 27 cos 27
Using (2) and (3) in (1), we get
tan 9 tan 27 tan 63 + tan 81 = Example 6 Prove that
o n
=
2 = | | for every real number )
d e h s
(1) (2)
(Why?)
2 2 = (Why?) (3) sin 54 cos36
2 2 2 4 2 4 = =4 sin 18 cos36 5 1 5 +1
sec8 1 tan 8 = sec 4 1 tan 2
Solution We have
sec8 1 (1 cos8 ) cos 4 = sec 4 1 cos8 (1 cos 4 )

2sin 2 4 cos 4 = cos8 2sin 2 2
(Why?)
= = = =
sin 4 (2 sin 4 cos 4 ) 2 cos8 sin 2 2
sin 4 sin 8 2 cos8 sin 2 2
(Why?)
2sin 2 cos 2 sin 8 2 cos8 sin 2 2 tan 8 tan 2
Example 7 Solve the equation sin + sin 3 + sin 5 = 0 Solution We have sin + sin 3 + sin 5 = 0 or (sin + sin 5) + sin 3 = 0 or 2 sin 3 cos 2 + sin 3 = 0 or sin 3 (2 cos 2 + 1) = 0 or sin 3 = 0 or cos 2 =
When sin 3 = 0, then 3 = n or = When cos 2 =
which gives = (3n + 1)
All these values of are contained in = is given by { : =
Example 8 Solve 2 tan2 x + sec2 x = 2 for 0 x 2 Solution Here, 2 tan2 x + sec2 x = 2

1 3
o n
1 2
d e h s
(Why?) (Why?)
n 3
2 1 2 = cos , then 2 = 2n 2 3 3
or
= n
or = (3n 1) 3 3
n , n Z. Hence, the required solution set 3
n , n Z} 3
which gives tan x =
If we take tan x =
1 3
, then x =
7 or 6 6
(Why?) (Why?)
1 5 11 , then x = or 6 6 3 Therefore, the possible solutions of above equations are
Again, if we take tan x =
x=
11 5 7 , , and where 0 x 2 6 6 6 6
Long Answer Type
3 5 7 Example 9 Find the value of 1 + cos 1 + cos 1 + cos 1 + cos 8 8 8 8 3 5 7 Solution Write 1 + cos 1 + cos 1 + cos 1 + cos 8 8 8 8
3 3 = 1 + cos 1 + cos 1 + cos 1 + cos 8 8 8 8

= 1 cos
2 = sin
o n
= = xy + yz + zx.
1 3 1 cos 1 cos 4 4 4 1 1 cos 1 + cos 4 4 4
2
d e h s
(Why?)
2 3 1 cos 8 8
sin 2
3 8
(Why?) (Why?)
1 1 1 1 2 1 cos = 1 = 4 4 4 2 8
2 3
Example 10 If x cos = y cos ( +
) = z cos ( +
4 3
), then find the value of
1 1 1 Solution Note that xy + yz + zx = xyz + + . x y z

If we put x cos = y cos ( + Then x=
k cos 2 3
) = z cos + k cos +
4 3
= k (say).
k cos +
,y=
and z =
4 3
so that
1
x
0=0 k Hence, xy + yz + zx = 0 Example 11 If and are the solutions of the equation a tan + b sec = c,
then show that tan ( + ) =
Solution Given that atan + bsec = c Using the identities,

2 tan
o n
y +
1
z
2 4 cos + cos + 3 + cos + 3 k

1 k [cos + cos cos 4 3 2 3 sin sin 4 3 2 3
d e h s
+ cos cos
1 k
sin sin
[cos + cos (
1 2
1 3 sin cos + sin ] (Why?) 2 2 2
2ac
a c2
or
asin + b = c cos
2 2
sin =
1 + tan
2 and cos = 2 2
1 tan 2 1 + tan 2
We have,
a 2 tan c 1 tan 2 2 +b= 2 1 + tan 2 1 + tan 2 2 2

2 (b + c) tan
or
+ 2a tan
+bc=0
Above equation is quadratic in tan equation (Why?). Therefore, tan

2
Using the identity
We have,
Again, using another identity
o n
We have
2
and hence tan
and tan
2
are the roots of this =

bc
+ tan
2a
b+c
and tan
tan
b+c
d e h s
(Why?) ... (1)
+ tan 2 2 tan + = 2 2 1 tan tan 2 2
tan
tan + = 2 2
2 a 2 a a b+c = = bc 2c c 1 b+c
2 tan + 2 = tan 2 , 2 2 + 1 tan 2
a 2 2ac c = 2 2 [From (1)] tan ( + ) = 2 a c a 1 2 c
Alternatively, given that a tan + b sec = c
(a tan c)2 = b2(1 + tan2) a2 tan2 2ac tan + c2 = b2 + b2 tan2 (a2 b2) tan2 2ac tan + c2 b2 = 0 Since and are the roots of the equation (1), so tan + tan =
2ac a 2 b2
... (1)
and tan tan =
c 2 b2 a 2 b2
Therefore,
tan ( + ) =
tan + tan 1 tan tan
Example 12 Show that 2 sin2 + 4 cos ( + ) sin sin + cos 2 ( + ) = cos 2 Solution LHS = 2 sin2 + 4 cos ( + ) sin sin + cos 2( + ) = 2 sin2 + 4 (cos cos sin sin ) sin sin + (cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 sin 2) = 2 sin2 + 4 sin cos sin cos 4 sin2 sin2 + cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 sin 2 = 2 sin2 + sin 2 sin 2 4 sin2 sin2 + cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 sin 2 (Why?) = (1 cos 2) (2 sin2 ) (2 sin2 ) + cos 2 cos 2 = (1 cos 2) (1 cos 2) (1 cos 2) + cos 2 cos 2 = cos 2 (Why?) Example 13 If angle is divided into two parts such that the tangent of one part is k times the tangent of other, and is their difference, then show that sin =
o n
2ac a b2 2ac = 2 2 = 2 c b a c2 2 2 a b
2
d e h s
k +1 sin k 1
Solution Let = + . Then tan = k tan
tan k = tan 1 Applying componendo and dividendo, we have
or
k +1 tan + tan = tan tan k 1

or i.e.,
k +1 sin cos + cos sin = k 1 sin cos cos sin
Given that = and + = . Therefore,
3 cos + sin = 2 Solution Divide the given equation by 2 to get

Example 14 Solve 3 1 1 cos + sin = 2 2 2 or
Thus, the solution are given by, i.e., = 2m Hence, the solution are = 2m +
Objective Type Questions

Choose the correct answer from the given four options against each of the Examples 15 to 19 Example 15 If tan =
4 3
o n
4
sin k +1 sin = k 1
or sin =
k +1 k 1
k +1 sin ( + ) = k 1 sin ( )
(Why?)
sin
d e h s
(Why?) (Why?)
or cos cos + sin sin = cos 6 6 4
cos = cos or cos = cos 4 6 4 6

4 + 6
and 2m
+ , i.e., 4 6
= 2m +
12
and = 2m
12
, then sin is
(A) (C)
4 5
but not
4 5 4 5
(B)
4 5
or
4 5
4 5
but not
(D) None of these

4 3
Solution Correct choice is B. Since tan = quadrant or in fourth quadrant. Thus sin =
4 sin = , if lies in the fourth quadrant. 5
is negative, lies either in second if lies in the second quadrant or
4 5
Example 16 If sin and cos are the roots of the equation ax2 bx + c = 0, then a, b and c satisfy the relation. (B) a2 b2 + 2ac = 0 (A) a2 + b2 + 2ac = 0 (D) a2 b2 2ac = 0 (C) a2 + c2 + 2ab = 0 Solution The correct choice is (B). Given that sin and cos are the roots of the equation ax2 bx + c = 0, so sin + cos =
b2
b a a 2 2 2 Using the identity (sin + cos ) = sin + cos + 2 sin cos , we have
or a2 b2 + 2ac = 0 a a Example 17 The greatest value of sin x cos x is

2
(A) 1
Solution (D) is the correct choice, since
2 2 Eaxmple 18 The value of sin 20 sin 40 sin 60 sin 80 is
o n
3 16
and sin cos =
c
d e h s
(Why?)
=1+
2c
(B) 2
(C)
(D)
1 2
sinx cosx =
sin 2x
3 16
, since |sin 2x | 1 .
1 16
(A)
(B)
5 16
(C)
(D)
Solution Correct choice is (C). Indeed sin 20 sin 40 sin 60 sin 80.
= = = = = = 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 2 2
sin 20 sin (60 20) sin (60 + 20) (since sin 60 = sin 20 [sin2 60 sin2 20] sin 20 [
1 1
3 4
3 ) 2
(Why?)
sin2 20]
3
Example 19 The value of cos (A)

1
16 Solution (D) is the correct answer. We have
cos
o n
=
=
2 sin
1
4 4
[3sin 20 4sin 20]
(sin 60)
3
(Why?)
d e h s
1 16
16
5
cos
2 5
cos
4 5
cos
8 5
is
(B) 0
(C)
1 8
(D)
cos
2 5
cos
4 5
cos
8 5
2 sin
cos
cos
2 5
cos
4 5
cos
8 5
2 sin
sin
2 5
cos
2 5
cos
4 5
cos
8 5
(Why?)
1 4 sin 5
sin
4 5
cos
4 5
cos
8 5
(Why?)
1 8sin 5
sin
8 5
cos
8 5
(Why?)
sin =
16 5 =
sin 3 + 16 sin
16 sin
sin = 16 sin
16 Fill in the blank :
5 5
5
5 5
Example 20 If 3 tan ( 15) = tan ( + 15), 0 < < 90, then = _________ Solution Given that 3 tan ( 15) = tan ( + 15) which can be rewritten as
tan( + 15) tan( 15) = 3 1
Applying componendo and Dividendo; we get
sin ( + 15) cos ( 15) + sin ( 15) cos ( + 15) sin ( + 15) cos ( 15) sin ( 15) cos ( + 15) sin 2 = 2 i.e., sin 2 = 1
o n
sin 30
1
(Why?)
d e h s
=2
tan ( + 15) + tan ( 15) tan ( + 15) tan ( 15) =2
(Why?)
giving =
4
1 2
State whether the following statement is True or False. Justify your answer Example 21 The inequality 2sin + 2cos
holds for all real values of
Solution True. Since 2sin and 2cos are positive real numbers, so A.M. (Arithmetic Mean) of these two numbers is greater or equal to their G.M. (Geometric Mean) and hence
2sin + 2 2
cos
2sin 2
cos
2sin+
cos
2 2
sin + cos 2 = 1 sin + 2 4
1 1 1 sin + cos 2 2 2
Since,
Match each item given under the column C1 to its correct answer given under column C2 Example 22 C1 C2 (a) (b)
1 cos x sin x
Solution
o n
(d)
1 cos x sin x
(c)
1 sin + 1, we have 4
2
1 2
2sin + 2cos 2
2sin + 2cos 2
1 2
d e h s
(i)
cot 2
cot
1 + cos x 1 cos x
(ii)
1 + cos x sin x
(iii)
cos x + sin x
x 2
1 + sin 2x
(iv)
tan
2 sin 2
x 2 x = tan x 2
(a)
2 sin cos 2 2
Hence (a) matches with (iv) denoted by (a) (iv)
x 2 = cot 2 x . Hence (b) matches with (i) i.e., (b) (i) (b) = 2 2x 1 cos x 2 sin 2
1 + cos x
2sin 2
(c)
1 + cos x sin x
2 cos 2
x 2 x = cot x 2
2 sin cos 2 2
Hence (c) matches with (ii) i.e., (c) (ii) (d)
1 + sin 2 x =
3.3 EXERCISE
Short Answer Type 1. Prove that
2. If
2 sin
1 + cos + sin
3. If m sin = n sin ( + 2), then prove that tan ( + ) cot = [Hint: Express
sin ( + 2 ) sin = m n
o n
1 cos + sin 1 cos + sin 1 + cos + sin = . Hint :Express 1 + sin 1 + sin 1 + cos + sin
m+n mn
sin 2 x + cos 2 x + 2 sin x cos x
(sin x + cos x ) 2
= ( sin x + cos x ) . Hence (d) matches with (iii), i.e., (d) (iii)
d e h s
tan A + sec A 1 tan A sec A + 1
1 + sin A cos A
= y , then prove that
1 cos + sin 1 + sin
is also equal to y.
and apply componendo and dividendo]

5 4
4. If cos ( + ) =
5 13 value of tan2 [Hint: Express tan 2 as tan ( + + ]
and sin ( ) =
, where lie between 0 and
, find the
a+b a b b + , then find the value of a b a+b a 9 6. Prove that cos cos cos3 cos = sin 7 sin 8. 2 2 1 9 [Hint: Express L.H.S. = [2cos cos 2 cos3 cos ] 2 2 2 7. If a cos + b sin = m and a sin b cos = n, then show that a2 + b2 = m2 + n2
5. If tan x = 8. Find the value of tan 2230 .
2 sin cos 2 = 2 2 = sin [Hint: Let = 45, use tan = ] 2 1 + cos cos 2 cos 2 2 2 sin
9. Prove that sin 4A = 4sinA cos3A 4 cosA sin3A. 10. If tan + sin = m and tan sin = n, then prove that m2 n2 = 4sin tan [Hint: m + n = 2tan, m n = 2 sin, then use m2 n2 = (m + n) (m n)] 11. If tan (A + B) = p, tan (A B) = q, then show that tan 2 A =
p+q 1 pq
[Hint: Use 2A = (A + B) + (A B)] 12. If cos + cos = 0 = sin + sin, then prove that cos 2 + cos 2 = 2cos ( + ). [Hint: (cos + cos)2 (sin + sin)2 = 0] 13. If
sin ( x + y ) sin ( x y ) = a+b a b
14. If tan =
] 4 4 15. If sin + cos = 1, then find the general value of . 16. Find the most general value of satisfying the equation tan = 1 and 1 . cos = 2 [Hint: Express tan = tan (
o n
Dividendo].
, then show that tan x tan y
= a b
sin cos sin + cos
d e h s
[Hint: Use Componendo and
, then show that sin + cos =
2 cos.
) =
17. If cot + tan = 2 cosec, then find the general value of . 18. If 2sin2 = 3cos, where 0 2, then find the value of . 19. If secx cos5x + 1 = 0, where 0 < x Long Answer Type 20. If sin ( + ) = a and sin ( + ) = b, then prove that cos 2( ) 4ab cos ( ) = [Hint: Express cos ( ) = cos (( + ) ( + ))] 1 2a2 2b2 21. If cos ( + ) = m cos ( ), then prove that tan = [Hint: Express
cos ( + ) = m 1
1 m 1+ m cot .
, then find the value of x. 2
22. Find the value of the expression 3 [sin4 (

3
+ ) + sin6 (5 )] 2 2 23. If a cos 2 + b sin 2 = c has and as its roots, then prove that tan + tan =
2b a+c
1 tan 2 2 tan and sin 2 = ]. 2 1 + tan 1 + tan 2 24. If x = sec tan and y = cosec + cot then show that xy + x y + 1 = 0 [Hint: Find xy + 1 and then show that x y = (xy + 1)]
[Hint: Use the identities cos 2 =
25. If lies in the first quadrant and cos =
26. Find the value of the expression cos 4
o n
, then find the value of 17 cos (30 + ) + cos (45 ) + cos (120 ).
3 5 7 + cos 4 + cos 4 + cos 4 8 8 8 8 4 4 3 [Hint: Simplify the expression to 2 ( cos + cos ) 8 8

2 3 3 = 2 cos 2 + cos 2 2cos 2 cos 2 8 8 8 8
cos ( )
) + sin4 (3 + )] 2 {sin6 (
and apply Componendo and Dividendo]
d e h s
27. Find the general solution of the equation 5cos2 + 7sin2 6 = 0 28. Find the general solution of the equation sinx 3sin2x + sin3x = cosx 3cos2x + cos3x 29. Find the general solution of the equation ( 3 1) cos + ( [Hint: Put
3 + 1) sin = 2
4
3 1= r sin,
]
3 + 1 = r cos which gives tan = tan (
12
Objective Type Questions
Choose the correct answer from the given four options in the Exercises 30 to 59 (M.C.Q.). 30. If sin + cosec = 2, then sin2 + cosec2 is equal to (A) 1 (C) 2 31. If f (x) = cos2 x + sec2 x, then (A) f (x) < 1 (C) 2 < f (x) < 1 [Hint: A.M G.M.] 32. If tan = (A)
6 1 2
33. Which of the following is not correct?
(D) tan = 20 2 34. The value of tan 1 tan 2 tan 3 ... tan 89 is (A) 0 (C)
1 2
o n
(A) sin = (C) sec =
(B) 4 (D) None of these (B) f (x) = 1 (D) f(x) 2 and tan =
1 3
d e h s
, then the value of + is (C) 0
(B)
(D)
(B) cos = 1
(B) 1 (D) Not defined
35. The value of
1 tan 2 15 1 + tan 2 15
is
3 2
(A) 1
(B)
(C)
(D) 2
36. The value of cos 1 cos 2 cos 3 ... cos 179 is (A)
(B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 1 2 37. If tan = 3 and lies in third quadrant, then the value of sin is 10 10 38. The value of tan 75 cot 75 is equal to (A) 2 3 (B) 2 + 3 39. Which of the following is correct? (A) sin1 > sin 1 (C) sin 1 = sin 1 [Hint: 1 radian = 40. If tan = (A)
(A)
2 3 6 41. The minimum value of 3 cosx + 4 sinx + 8 is (A) 5 (B) 9 (C) 7 42. The value of tan 3A tan 2A tan A is equal to
o n
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(B) 1 (C) 3 10 (C) 2 3 (B) sin 1 < sin 1
18
(D)
d e h s
3 10
(D) 1
(D) sin 1 =
sin 1
180
= 57 30 approx] 1
m +1
, tan =
2m + 1
, then + is equal to (C)
(B)
(D)
(D) 3
tan 3A tan 2A tan A tan 3A tan 2A tan A tan A tan 2A tan 2A tan 3A tan 3A tan A None of these
43. The value of sin (45 + ) cos (45 ) is (A) 2 cos (B) 2 sin (C) 1 (D) 0
44. The value of cot + cot is 4 4
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 45. cos 2 cos 2 + sin2 ( ) sin2 ( + ) is equal to
Not defined
(A) sin 2( + ) (B) cos 2( + ) (C) sin 2( ) (D) cos 2( ) 2 2 [Hint: Use sin A sin B = sin (A + B) sin (A B)] 46. The value of cos 12 + cos 84 + cos 156 + cos 132 is (A)
1 2
47. If tan A = (A) 1
48. The value of sin

1 2
(A)
49. The value of sin 50 sin 70 + sin 10 is equal to (A) 1 (B) 0 (C)
2 50. If sin + cos = 1, then the value of sin 2 is equal to
o n
(A) 1
[Hint: Use sin 18 =
(B) 1
1
(C)
(D)
d e h s
1 8
, tan B =
, then tan (2A + B) is equal to (C) 3
(B) 2
(D) 4
13 sin is 10 10
(B)
(C)
(D) 1
5 1 4
and cos 36 =
5 +1 4
(D) 2
(B)
1 2
(C) 0
(D) 1
51. If + = (A) 1 (C) 2 52. If sin =

1
, then the value of (1 + tan ) (1 + tan ) is (B) 2 (D) Not defined
4 5
and lies in third quadrant then the value of cos 1 1
is 2
10 5 10 5 53. Number of solutions of the equation tan x + sec x = 2 cosx lying in the interval [0, 2] is (A) 0
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
54. The value of sin

7 18
(A) sin
9 9 6 7 55. If A lies in the second quadrant and 3 tan A + 4 = 0, then the value of 2 cotA 5 cos A + sin A is equal to
(C) cos
10 10 2 2 56. The value of cos 48 sin 12 is
o n
(A) (C)
(A)
53
5 +1 8
(B) 1 (C) 2
(D) 3
d e h s
1
2 5 + sin + sin + sin is given by 18 9 9 18

4 9
+ sin
(B) 1
+ cos
(D) cos
+ sin
(B)
23
(C)
37
10
(D)
7 10
(B)
5 1 8
5 +1
5 2 2 2 2 [Hint: Use cos A sin B = cos (A + B) cos (A B)]
(D)
5 +1
57. If tan =
7 (A) sin 2
, tan =
, then cos 2 is equal to 3 (B) sin 4 (C) sin 3
(D) cos 2
58. If tan = (A) a
a , then b cos 2 + a sin 2 is equal to b

(B) b
1 x
(C) , then
a b
(D) None
59. If for real values of x, cos = x + (A) is an acute angle (C) is an obtuse angle
Fill in the blanks in Exercises 60 to 67 : 60. The value of
5 7 61. If k = sin sin sin , then the numerical value of k is _______. 18 18 18
62. If tan A =
63. If sin x + cos x = a, then
(i) sin6 x + cos6 x = _______
64. In a triangle ABC with C = 90 the equation whose roots are tan A and tan B is _______. [Hint: A + B = 90 tan A tan B = 1 and tan A + tan B =
2 sin 2A
o n
(ii) | sin x cos x | = _______.
sin 50 is _______ . sin 130
1 cos B sin B
(B) is right angle (D) No value of is possible
d e h s
, then tan 2A = _______.
65. 3 (sin x cos x)4 + 6 (sin x + cos x)2 + 4 (sin6 x + cos6 x) = _______. 66. Given x > 0, the values of f (x) = 3 cos
3 + x + x 2 lie in the interval _______.
67. The maximum distance of a point on the graph of the function y = 3 sin x + cos x from x-axis is _______. In each of the Exercises 68 to 75, state whether the statements is True or False? Also give justification. 68. If tan A =
1 cos B sin B
, then tan 2A = tan B
69. The equality sin A + sin 2A + sin 3A = 3 holds for some real value of A. 70. sin 10 is greater than cos 10. 71. cos
2 cos
15 15 15 15 16 72. One value of which satisfies the equation sin4 2sin2 1 lies between 0 and 2. 73. If cosec x = 1 + cot x then x = 2n, 2n + 2 n 74. If tan + tan 2 + 3 tan tan 2 = 3 , then = + 3 9 1 75. If tan ( cos) = cot ( sin), then cos = 4 2 2 76. In the following match each item given under the column C1 to its correct answer given under the column C2 : (a) sin (x + y) sin (x y) (i) cos2 x sin2 y
(b) cos (x + y) cos (x y)
o n
(c) cot + 4
(d) tan + 4
(ii)
1 tan 1 + tan 1 tan
cos
cos
16
d e h s
(iii)
1 + tan
(iv) sin2 x sin2 y

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1 th of a revolution, the angle is said to have a measure of 360

180 = 5716 (approx)

sin x cos x tan x cosec x sec x cot x

3.1.4 Domain and range of trigonometric functions

sine cosine tan cot sec

3.1.5 Sine, cosine and tangent of some angles less than 90

3.1.6 Allied or related angles The angles

(v) tan (A + B) = (vi) tan (A B) =

tan A tan B 1 + tan A tan B

(vii) (viii) (ix)

cot A cot B 1 cot A + cot B

cot A cot B + 1 cot B cot A 2 tan A sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A = 1 + tan 2 A

(x) (xi) (xii) (xiii) (xiv)

cos 2A = cos A sin A = 1 2 sin A = 2 cos A 1 = tan 2A =

sin 3A = 3sin A 4sin3 A cos 3A = 4cos3 A 3cos A tan 3A =

cos A + cos B = 2 cos

(xvi) (xvii) (xviii)

cos A cos B = 2sin sin A + sin B = 2sin

(xix) (xx) (xxi) (xxii)

sin A sin B = 2cos

A lies in quadrants I or II 2 A lies in III or IV quadrants 2

62 5 10 + 2 5 = 16 4 Now, we can easily find cos 36 and sin 36 as follows:

cos 36 = 1 2sin2 18 = 1 cos 36 =

3.2 Solved Examples

c . This gives the solution of the given r

Arc 6 = = = 22.5 . Radius 48 8

Example 2 If A = cos2 + sin4 for all values of , then prove that

Example 3 Find the value of Solution We have

3 1 3 cosec 20 sec 20 = sin 20 cos 20

3 1 cos 20 sin 20 3 cos 20 sin 20 2 = 4 2 2sin 20 cos 20 sin 20 cos 20

sin 60 cos 20 cos 60 sin 20 = 4 sin 40 sin (60 20) = 4 =4 sin 40

Example 4 If lies in the second quadrant, then show that

1 sin 1 + sin + = 2sec 1 + sin 1 sin

1 2 tan 9 + cot 9 = sin 9 cos9 = sin18

Using (2) and (3) in (1), we get

tan 9 tan 27 tan 63 + tan 81 = Example 6 Prove that

2 = | | for every real number )

2 2 = (Why?) (3) sin 54 cos36

sec8 1 tan 8 = sec 4 1 tan 2

sec8 1 (1 cos8 ) cos 4 = sec 4 1 cos8 (1 cos 4 )

sin 4 (2 sin 4 cos 4 ) 2 cos8 sin 2 2

sin 4 sin 8 2 cos8 sin 2 2

2sin 2 cos 2 sin 8 2 cos8 sin 2 2 tan 8 tan 2

When sin 3 = 0, then 3 = n or = When cos 2 =

which gives = (3n + 1)

All these values of are contained in = is given by { : =

Example 8 Solve 2 tan2 x + sec2 x = 2 for 0 x 2 Solution Here, 2 tan2 x + sec2 x = 2

n , n Z. Hence, the required solution set 3

which gives tan x =

1 5 11 , then x = or 6 6 3 Therefore, the possible solutions of above equations are

Again, if we take tan x =

Long Answer Type

3 3 = 1 + cos 1 + cos 1 + cos 1 + cos 8 8 8 8

1 3 1 cos 1 cos 4 4 4 1 1 cos 1 + cos 4 4 4

Example 10 If x cos = y cos ( +

), then find the value of

1 1 1 Solution Note that xy + yz + zx = xyz + + . x y z

then show that tan ( + ) =

Solution Given that atan + bsec = c Using the identities,

2 4 cos + cos + 3 + cos + 3 k

1 3 sin cos + sin ] (Why?) 2 2 2