/

ORIGINAL OF POOR

PAGE

IS

QUALITY

THE
_O_ T_C_ LS85-194_5

GI_ORGE W. WOODRUFF MECHANICAL

SCHOOL

OF

ENGINEERING

M E 4182 MECHANICAL DESIGN ENGINEERING

NASA/UNIVERSITY Advanced Missions Space Design Program

SOIL

EXPERIMENT

k_Y

August,

1987

Linton Todd

Hutcheson Butler

Mike Smith Charles Cline Steve Nadim Scruggs Zakhia

Georgia

Institute

of Technology

TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

Page Number I. ABSTRACT

l-+..-ll+........l++ll+lllpl+....,..+. I

If.

PROBLEM A. B. C.

STATEMENT

............................ ............................. Objectives ...................

3 3 4 4

Introduction Performance Constraints

..............................

Ill.

DESIGN A. B. C. D. E. F. G.

DETAILS

.............................. .................................. Simulation .................

? ? 8 16 20 e8 38 45

Summary Environmental Soil Shear

Simulant Test

............................ ............................... Test ......................... ........................... Methodology

t

Penetration Test Digging Procedure

Implement

............

IV.

PARTS

LIST

COS

ANALYSIS

...................

#9

V.

CONCLUSION

....................................

51

VI.

RECOMMENDATIONS

..............................

53

VII.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

............................

54

VIII.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

...............................

55

I:_.

APPENDIC;ES

..................................

57

I
I. ABSTRACT An effects simulated consisted penetrometer, The environmental vacuum experimental of the lunai" of a lunar soil. vacuum and fine chamber conditions procedure environment The test was on devised the to physical and shear as medium the for investigate properties materials tester, simulant. applying with the the useo static the of

equipment direct basalt a soil

chamber, grained provides to the

experiment

exception essentially The and

=

of

gravity._T_he
i

ultra-high pressure for gases parameters the on

vacuum which

will exists

simulate on 0f the

the moon.

zero wi_al_o of

atmo_pJherlc allow absoqbed

vacuum reduction P_The

investigation soil are properties. determined

outgasslng

shear

strength

by

the

direct

shear the is

test._nother triaxial the-_ost_itable _ompression

_'--of test. method for

measuring The direct

th_shear shear materialg

properties test, such however, as

is

gFa_lar

___ by cone soil

Strength loading

parameters will be

and

the

resistance by can actual be the

of

soil use to of

penetration a static the to the

static

investigated experiment

penetrometer.-_This propertiesjby and to the

used pressure

determine applied

rrelating afea_-df a the soil

the

penetl-ometer -_tln order

conical experiment

tip. without going to the

conduct

moon, must The

suitable

lunar lunar soil of rye

simulant in hot"

must

be

selected. and

This particle criteria may

simulant size.
f 7

resemble partlcle__ due

composition is a an sci

size to

the manner

simu!ant in _iE_

import,_t ] sample

t_ " . _-E

consider

fai

s_lection

of

th_

soil

_imulant

for

this

test

procedure

was

based

on.L the __m_nD

investigation soil for that tne

of most

soll

samples

taken actual

during lunar by

missions soil is and

to basalt. Carrier

the

._The

resembles was

_F_r_cioe" Inc.

simulant

proposed

Bromwell

The will be

soil used

parameters, as design

as criteria

determined for lunar

by

the soil

testing engagement

apparatus,

equipment.

II A.

PROBLEM Introduction With

STATEMENT

the bodies

present in as a our

emphasis solar

on

space and it materials

exploration in is particular

of

the the

celestial use more expected lunar of the

system

moon the to be

space

station, of the

necessary which success are cf

to

learn

about

properties used is of design Therefore, the of mechanical the extreme on

these

bodies. upon on the the and essential

The correct lunar

future and as well

missions

dependent measur=_ents of

observation surfaces to have a be

interpretation _s on the the proper moon. of

vehicles it is

structures to of

pla_ed

basic

knowledge Because
V

properties differences most the

lunar

soil. the which not lunar is the

between of would properties

and

earth of the

environments, an atmosphere soil on to would earth.

the on

important m_on, the same one

absence that similar devised

expect as a was

lunar material in order

have An

experimental the effects of of and of the

procedure of the lunar soil

investigate on high the

environmental simulant representative engineering design and Although investigation simulant important under which

conditions has of data a

behavior

probability lunar properties of lunar soil

being to pr_Jide soil to basic aid in the

actual on the

construction the of test specific

engagement ha_ boen of a

equipment. largely sele=ted an s_il an _e

procedure properties

pres=ribeC

envlrcn_enta! the co_irse

ccnd_t!cns, cF desig_i_g

in_ec_i=_

t_r3,_g_ou=

ORIGINAL

PAGE IS

OF POOR QUALITY

test

p_ocedure to be

has what

been extent so

to

allow the the in

sufficient

margin conditions from lunar the

in

determining should experiment implements. B. Performance The following SOIL soil

environmental data obtained of

simulated will be

that

useful

designing

digging

Objectives mxperiment will objectives: be designed to meet the

performance

PARAMETERS The soil test should The yield sc_l internal soil all of cone two mechanical properties angle resistance, of these of of properties which need of to bulk a be

lunar

soil

simulant. are bearing test cohesion,

determined density, The soil

friction, and

capacity, should yield

porosity. properties the shear two in a types

necessary tests,

through test of and testing

the the

utilization static procedures is OF lea_t RESULTS of report; how to design a

types

penetration be conducted as

test. on

These Earth

shall expensive

manner PROJECTION The scope proposed results methodology applie_ C.

that

possible.

design cur

lunar however, our

digging a test a how of lunar each the

implement methodology will produce

is will

beyond be

the

of

describing in crier will tc certain

the implement. _i]l

necessary The be

digging test digging result

explain aspects

implement.

Constraints The e_vl_me_a! cnaracterls_ic_ _f :_e mocn _iffer

ORIGINAL PaSE IS
OF POOR QUALITY

greatly affect The greatest important gradient,

from the

those testing

on

Earth.

These somewhat. on

characteristics

will

procedure

environmental constraints of lack these of pull. on

conditions the testing are

the

moon

impose The

the most

procedure. as follows: and

constraints atmosphere,

temperature reduced

radiation,

gravitational TEMPERATURE The Fahrenheit the sunlight.

temperature in total

on

the

moon to

ranges 200

from

-200

degrees in

darkness

degress

Fahrenheit

ATMOSPHERE Since two-millionth non-existent. RADIATION One fact surface that of the the than consequences receives Earth. on This the of much having more no atmosphere upon an The composed radiation moon of o_ During to rates the is its the the atmosphere that of the on the moon it is is about one

Earth,

relatively

moon the

radiation induces

radiation moon's from

electo-static receives protons(H+) mocn's solar up GFAV to surface _!ares, ? ra_ihr. a

charge particle and alpha is

surface. the sun The .5 to 1

radiation

particles(He+). a_ound this

normally

mrad/hr.

however,

increases

dra_a_ica!ly

I T'

9_g _ IS

moon

is

I .&23

m/s'2.

This

is

approximately

I/6

of

the

Ear

th-s

gravity.

IIZ

DESIGN

DETAILS

A.

SUMMARY Since it is desirable on the of the would to moon, lunar design it soil. shear the best are Since those test type is digging necessary It was and tests for implements to decided the for the of a static test by the our cone

which

will

operate properties

mechanical design penetration the lunar soil necessary digging differ had group

that test

direct be which

obtaining design the of Moon's deal and of a

:esults implement. greatly to be

required the on

properties the Earth, lunar be conducted

from conducted

great soil

research environment. the mainly great resulted familiarizing and shear

concerning had cone to

lunar

Also, tester and

research static Civil dealt amount with

concerning which are that a

penetrometer The Civil time of

associated deal in of an our

with project

Engineering. with of aspects

fact

Engineering in Engineering

extensive ourselves

spent Civil

geology.

B.

Environmental

Simulation

The from the they the effects may

environmental conditions of be these

conditions found on Earth.

of

the The

moon

differ

greatly of which

determination method in by

differences are very and previously temperature,

and impo: in

the tant

simulated equipment As are

properly soil conditions and

designing simulation to the be

lunar tests.

devising stated gravity, the

lunar key

considered

radiation,

reduced

atmosphere.

TEMPERATURE The Fahrenheit the fluids mztal adhesion effects the sunlight. used to for temperature in total The the contact the materials. on due will on the moon to ranges 200 from -200 degrees in any Any or the narrowing the

darkness extreme

degrees will test in to

Fahrenheit affect

temperatures of result In soil to be order

lubrication would

equipment. cold fully welding study

metal of of

temperature range gradient

properties test equipment to

without

temc_rature

limitatiopsj the soil test

temperature sample only. Under elevated the

isolated

vacuum temperature of

conditions, causes the soil. _ill gas a

research fairly it

has

sho_n

that increase in the a

substantial has in _een t_e shown removal Eaasir,_ _1!I

stiffness in amcun_

Also, result under Lo_ s_remQ_n

that of an : esu:: _C

increase greater increase a_ i_c_ease

temperature of adscrbed s_ren_. shear

vacu.m

:_n sheain 5he

_emperat.res ur2er

'.-

.i:'_-_ig_

-_'_.

G_,Nt_L OF POOR

PAGE IS QUALITY"

Also would sufaces.

it

would

be in

expected readsorbtion if the more th_

that of

decrease gas into r_s of is

in the

temperature particle water, cause it

result

However, near bound the

adsorbed point to cn the

mostly

temperature_ to become

freezing tightly layer_

water

would and

surface

interaction may take

between place. In shear apparatus The nitrogen mode is

adsorbed

different

particles

order and will cooling through achieved

to

simulate

the

temperature a heating and by

gradient and Fig.2). flowing The the coils. test and test

for

the

test

penetration be required mode the by will cbils flowing for model simulation

_est, (see be of

cooling

Fig.1 achieved the

liquid heating The

apparatus. through

steam the xk-1200 for of the the

temperature utulize The a

simulation Whirlpool

penetrometer heating shear box

will unit. be (see

cooling will

temperature by D).

achieved section GRAVITY

modification

shear

apparatus

Gravity d_sign work for_e A_Ser s3ne of well any on

is

c-_finitely soil ma/ be pald _o_r "_ not

prime

consideration equipment. on on any _hat cne the

in Systems

th(, t_at care.ul

lunar Earth must _e the

engaging function

moon.

A used.

analysis _i_n mass l: m_s_ on

performed to it t_ only .-u_Y, _aCt has #i_:e

system _h:le sixth of a

_' the

_as fcr:o _s

:_e

-,:!cing

-::_,-..

_c_

-uSt

5e

a_piled

ORiGII_At pAG_ (_ OF poor QUALITY

Lack Lunar density The reduced evalua'ed. which two the minutes. soil

of is

gravity less from

affects dense 1.36 than

the a

bulk typical to

der.sit-y Earth g/cm'3. efTeuts

of soil

lu,,a,and

soil. has a

ranging KC-IE'5

g/cm_3 will

3.e# the

aircraft pull

e.uab!e soil

cf be path

gravitational The reduced This aircraft

on is is

mech_L,_ic_, in a parabolic for conduct are on be the

to

flown

from

gravity is ample

maintained time to

approximately the experiment. _hich systems. the _f lunar

Parallelogram can This simulate _he

gravity forte of

simulators gravity could in

available

mechanic_l useo in

parallelogram and

simulator testing stages

development soil ehgaging

production

equipment.

RADIATION Radiation soil particle selection scisslon linkirg damage. excep_ They space iimite= at are engaging needs equipment. are to be consi_,ered Ultraviolet particularly Thi_ materials, materlals_ represent high no doses radiation free and in the design ar_ in cause the chain cross of Ichor

radiation important can radi_=l secondary damage to

charged

radiation of of of polymers. organic organic

fcrma.lon, radi_:icn cr_zle_s fluxes.

_e_als extremely

radlati_n similar _y

reac:or _rom C-_E _= _.

essentia!]y "n

undamaged cerA_lL

irradia:ior, ra_ia_Ic --

_a_.ral ls

scurzes. _o -Inor

-a_rlals e_az_s.

surfa2:_

90u

interlocking lJ reason the major

between

the forces of the the soil gas the

particles were shear is layers surfaces

would considered strength

be

small. to

For

this

interparticle portion When

contribute higher vacuum a

at in an

the

porosities. environment, closer the proximity surface The is not

placed were

ultra-high permitting in an

adsorbed of

removed

resulting

increase

forces. environmental factor the of vacuum of primary in the concern, soil on in therefore, pores the but

necessarily the amount

level gas vacuum heated

rather of the

adsorbed the was was

remaining level but on

surfaces pores when the

grains. when

Although the some soil gas cooling. shear

the

decreased soil cooled,

increased the

readsorbed This would is it

particle for by the ult. at fact -high these

surfaces that vacuum vacuum The interparticle composition development properties porosity H_Jever, that while at

during the room

account

strength

unaffected to

temperature under of forces elevated gas

appears temperature. and largely the

increase

levels amount

removed depends

magnitude on the of

of

the

mineralogical adsorbed the soil a higher gas and

of of

the

soil.

This

removal forces

interparticle the _il

affects to maintain at

because under the

is vacuum

able than at ThiS

ultra-high porosity in

loweT levels

vacuum. is the less than of

obtained

vacuum is due

obtained air deposition,

atmosphere. results in any

to

removal

_rictional _ring

_Jhich

in _l_en

higher case,

impact the

_el_cities porosity 3b_aire_

,o_CF_iS

under obtained

ultra-high in

vacuum

may since of in

or

may

not also soil. level the

be

greater on

than the noting attributed released

that

atmosphere composition

this the

depends Moreover, may gas and be is

mineralogical that the the As soil the fact surfaces the soil grains An the tests, In vacuum
V

rapid ihat

increase at of is higher the cooled,

vacuum

to from out.

temperature more gas effective that in than

particles however, in proved less was an

easily is

is

pumped on the

readsorbed increase in

resulting study much therefore to

speed.

early was and

the in

porosity the

experiments shear easily. moon, a

soil

confined undoubtedly the

direct more on th_

outgassed present proposed. with

order chamber of X 4". of the

simulate apparatus

vacuum has be a been

test

The dimensions of

interior 4' X 4'

chamber The

would of steel of the

cube chamber limit has

interior

:he to

would the a effects hinged

be of door in

constructed outgassing. order to

stainless side easy o_ A

One allow

chamber

access. the Pyrex system gl_ss on height will a_ the of be a would win_ow chamber the be six made through jn to tip above seals are gauges three

Measurements different diameter visually the for used soil. an f_r be modes. will be

_nches in order

installed the

calibrate Fassthro_ghs

penetrometer by elastomer which

provided hydraulic

electrical controls used to

current an_ moni_or gauge data

line Twc

a_ulsi_ion. _ressure _se_ f3 _ cf

types va_Jum

of

_!li
A

the _i !I _e

the

C_amber. _

t_e_mcc_uple

pres_u=es

_o_n

ORIGINAL OF POOR

PAGE

IS

QUALITY

lo_-e pressure

torr

and readings pumps in

cold down

cathode to 10^-6

ionization torr. were is

gauge

will

provide

The I0_-6 feasible outgassing The parts; pump this system The diffusion formulas. T The the speed time of = is a tort

for the

this chamber, for of our the

system which

designed considered because

to

develop the lowest

pressure effects pumping roughing to the to

experiment soil for and the a specimen. vacuum

of

the

system pump take diffusion I0 A-6 time can be the

is

composed The tort. take

of

two

diffusion down will cut to

pump. I0_-2 and

roughing At the

used

chamber pump

point down

in

torr, for

the the

maximum roughing through

vacuum. pump the and use the of several

pumpdown pump

determined

e.3 above

(V/Sn) formula for in

log(P1/Pe) is used for to per the I0^-2 roughing torr, PI Sn is P2 V is is the the pump. is the T is

required the pump pressure

pumpdown cubic feet

minute, 750 tort),

atmospheric vacuum volume The complicated characteristics materials, equations follo_s:

(approximately torr in this

pressure of the time

(10^-2 chamber. required

case),

and

for it is

the

diffusion upon involved, diffusion pumpd_n

pump the the pump. time

is

more

because of arc fcr the

dependent

outgassing size A cf system is the of as

the size

materials of the the

determining

re_uire_

ORIGIrVAL OF F'FoC,._' P'qO_2 18 _,_'_ALITy

Q = area Qtotal = L a k T A C M Sn Sp P C Sn Sn A = = = = = = = = = = = = = the

X outgassing Q1 + Q2 + total length

Q3

coefficient + ...Qn of connecting using tubing ratio L/a

radius of determined

the pipe from charts tube

temperature area of connecting molecular molecular pumping pump by final 3.64 (Sp QIP speed conductance wt. of air speed at at the of + C)

chamber mouth system

wall of the pump (speed given

manufacturer) pressure KA X (T/M) X C)I(Sp

system

model (see 16 This at the

proposed would (see would

by

High a

Vacuum pumpdown

Equipment time in parameters The pumps of

Corporation approximately appendix). established used pump 21e on with roughing A this a

Fig.3) hours system

have sample have of this e0

calculations all the

beginning would be speed a speed chevron molecules

section. inch Varian I/see cubic is the used

system net pump water of

the of of

diffusion and feet to a Stokes per minimize

pumping with cooled oil

17,500 a 150

minute. backstreaming

baffle from

pump.

0 IRiG_'I'_ _'LQUaLiTY. 0_: pOOR

.....

II

v,

,-- -\

-_

---

C.

Soil

Si_lant

INTRODUCTION In effectivelyp the there soil is must little order to the be evaluate mechanical modeled chance for must like be of a lunar soil engagement and/or some actual number This in test are in the and soil device behavior of As soil tests, in a must are shear these the

properties closely obtaining the proposed with

material. lunar of

quantities suitable behave proposed; test. two

necessary simulant very nearly the Several static soil must

chosen. soil

simulant that direct in a

lunar

tests the involved

penetration characteristics be considered

tests

which PROPERTIES

selecting

simulart.

CRITICAL For like test, should similar penetration for the lunar

this soil

experiment, in be the two

the

soil

simulant proposed. section D,

should In the the

behave shear

tests in

which yield to

will values those test

explained of cohesion on produce to

simulant angle The (0) static

(c) actual of

and lunar values

friction soil. bearing soil. soil

measured should comparable

capacity

simulant

actual

lunar cf deals the

Another is in compressibility. density of

important

characteristic Compressibility

simulant the change

with

t_e

soil not

when _e it

it

is

compressed. directly _y the in

Compressibility proposed the =_oice tests, 3f

will hcwever soil

Teasured is am

important

characterls_iE

si_ul_t.

ORIGINAL

PAGE

fS

OF POOR QUALITY

THE

LUNAR

SOIL

Tests data. and VII), These

on

actual data

lunar include (I 17) for an as

soil that and the

have from If),

yielded the the

spectrum

of

Surveyors Apollos (16 and eo). and

(I:III,VI,

the

Lunokhods and compiled in (which has

(11,12,14,15,16, this angle strength friction figure The measurement. 0.01 to 0.11 4 data by was Carrier data angle) in the

and

Lunas of

All friction

of

value_ yet

cohesion

unpublished includes for these

manuscript. cohesion missions and (see

Shear

inherently been plotted

appendix). 12 testing result recommended. included of this soil testing, compressibility values of C =

Appolo As were

RECOMMENDED A earthbound and model basaltic using a grain lunar lunar

SIMULANT soil mechanical size soil simulant has been suggested by Here, which Carrier a material closely material attained size by is for

properties are The size the in

testing. suggested soil

distribution in The sieves testing. grain on _elow

simu!ant is grain

sand. different is

distribution sand. Table The I.

distribution

shown

SIEVE 12 50 lO0 EO0

NO.

OPENING 1.68 0.29? 0.149 0.074

(mm)

FINER

BY 95 7g c6 50

WEIGHT

TASLE

I:

i
from of can commercial material be which quarries will with a go may not have a a very 500 to reduce large percent This

through

number

sieve. the

remedied size.

grinding

machine

particle SIMULANT The mechanical simulant density,

PERFORMANCE performance properties must shear be a of the lunar is soil very in simulant important. terms of in The bulk and

testing reasonable

model

strength,

cohesion,

friction

angle,

compressibility. On angle; strength simulant Lunokhod, behavior soil simulant modelled In simulant soil. same (see the data basis given of by normal the Surveyor varied 4 the caused of by in shear Carrier load envelope missions. changing the the strength, suggests graph, produced The the cohesion, that on a and friction

shear of the

versus bounds and is

behavior by the

Apollo, strength density that this least shear soil lunar at the 3 m of of the

shear

relative Note

figure models depth terms

appendix). soil the accurately normal (C), compressible the soils

lunar by

to inthe the

at

load

test.

compressibility is not as

lunar as actual

suggested This is or de_slty _iffere_ true void

_hether ratio. the

are

compared

density Bulk

cf

simulant conditions,

can

be

Jaried

great

deal Tnls

to

mo_el

lunar

especially

depth.

ccnflr_ing

Dressure.

C_m_ressitility

dces

_o:

_ocel

i.n_:-

OF pOOR

QUALITY.

I
J

soil yield

exactly, accurate

however data.

the

differences

are

small

enough

to

CONCLUSION The Carrier) size needed, friction is lunar Js soil simulant for allows as provide the for selected tests the (as proposed. ability to values while of these not provided The vary of by particle density cohesion as as and w_ll

suitable

distribution as well

acceptable

angle. for

Compressibility, the purposes

modelled

acceptable

tests.

I I
!

D.

Shear

Test

INTRODUCTION The and be peak shear are in B_cause simulate only the those It for is strength, important the design it is a soil of internal angle of friction, which engagement task desirable on to the to to soil a should

cohesion considered

characteristics lunar and soil

equipment. exactly simulate properties. procedure environmental suil and,

costly environment, which of the

laborious it an is

lunar aspects the

show this

effect

purpose (1) on the the for soil shear strength line

section of

propose

evaluating: conditions

effects

various of these lunar

shear extent future is the

properties to which

(2) must shear by The

to

determine be modelled of

conditions The deformation ?articles. the shear where slope friction represents relationship proportional TEST!_G following

tests. resistance of to soil by

strength continuous shear

displecement CC), is given known $ + c

analytically as Coulomb's

straight equation: (c) tan the

equation, = _ tan the

strength the of

intercept the and th line, _ is normal ShOwS to the

is _,

termed is the of on

cohesion of

of

soil.

The

coefficient internal the failure s_rength on the

internal

angle stress

friction. plane. of shea _ a soil plane. This is

that ncrma!

the

shear stress

_ET_CDS

OF pO0_

sample into the two box

is

placed parts.

in A

shear

box load other

which is is

is

split and

horizontally one half of

normal the For the any

applied pulled the and

is

held

while

horizontally, normal the load shearing is and

shearing held

the

soil. while are from

one

test, force

constant strains data

shearing

vertical Using be plotted

recorded. a series of tests, loads the to normal obtain In stress shear stress be loads a line may

versus the

Failure shear the will A).

shearing strength ratio

following a plot of for 5

Coulomb versus test

equation. of shear peak shear can

addition, to normal (see the for a

strain each in

stress figure maximum given

yield The

the peak that

stress is

appendix of load. shear

value normal The shear

stress

accomodated

properties compression is in encased a axial closed load until in

of test. a

soil In

may this

also test,

be a

found

using

the sell then

triaxial sample placed

cylindrical It is

thin

rubber and

membrane. to both a be the a

chamber is failure then

subjected to From can

fluid ends of

pressure. and tests, The shear is

An increased Mohr

apolied occurs. failure represents

flat series

circles tangent line. of by the

representing to the circles

constr_cted. Coulomb

common strength Because

sa_y

relatively soil,

co_esionless _ne _irect snea

nature _ _es:

of

basalt,

an_

extension

lunar

iS

th_

_DG_

3CD_2r

l_e

,_ez_o_

_cr

_4a_a_

ir_

6_e_-

Z-zze_:ies.

]ez_es:

:nstr_ment

Ccrzo-at:cn

_a_u:3&I_-es

OF pO0_

QUALITY.

direct system of the shear the vacuum EQUIPMENT

shear (model

apparatus #$53281)

(model which

#$2213> are

and

data the

recording purposes

suitable

for

experiment apparatus data recording chamber.

_see can

figure easily system

6 be may

in

appendix up set for up

A). remote outside

The

direct control of the and

set be

MODIFICATIONS m_dificaticns can be divided into two

Equipment categories: a. b. Those Those apparatus In sample lower the

which whose has

are need

known can been

to only

be be

necessary. established and of tested. the to its fluid box then The be sample after the

assembled a means It

first

category, must to -200 exist.

controlling be necessary and Cavities

temperature the sample to be

will

degrees

Fahrenheit

raise for shear can

temperature flow (see pumped may The will in be flow have appendix _nd can figure through heated

200"degrees into appendix shear

Fahrenheit. the A). box steam to to upper Liquid cool through the half

drilled 2 in

of nitrogen

the

the by

the

sample. these desired (see same

pumping

cavities.

rates to be B).

required determined Side

achieve

temperature calculations covered

experimentally of may the

e_fects techniques Heat The trsmsfer

previously

heating equipment _lace =ham_er

cooling modifications.

require _il! of

additlcnal primarily in the S_e / ta_e ',,a_u_ t3 t_e

transfer absence

through prsni_:ts vel'/ low

c_nducSio_. heat %em_er_tu-e

air

b' c=mve_t;cr. aD_rDxZ_ate

retail

3i :_or_ce

i ==__

ORIGINAL OF POOR

P_G_ 9UALIIY

gS

degrees negligible. vertical

Fahrenheit), Heat load shaft, should and the their need for

radiation could cr be be the placed

losses conducted horizontal on these

are to

expected the |oad shaft.

to cell,

be

:oad

Thermocouples mock setup

components be monitored If any

during to of these

temperatures corrective an unsafe

should measures. or must

evaluate temperatures then needed. economically copper silver coils the

approach respective These by

uncalibrated be heated or coils the pumped or cooled of

temperature, cooled easily 3/6 diameter witn the as and

component can four them an_

components wrapping

be or

heated five

tubing solder. to achieve

around Water the

attaching then be

tubing through

_J

should proper

temperature.

PROCEDURE The actually described necessary conductiong 1.0 Initial i.I 1.2 the unit following conducting equipment corrective the Setup Level Install with of shell the the of machine using adjustable LVDT-dial _avel. rela:ion Without to the fee_. combination. disturbing dlal i_ica=:r, This the iS tests. procedure the direct describes shear the test. method The for previously and to

modification, measures must

sample be

preparation, completed prior

_orizontal longer LVDT L.'DT with

position insert

all

_me _a_

i_==

#Cun_Ir_

_'=C_.

:_a-e

ORiGiNAL OF POOR

[:AGE IS qUALITY

cannot the

move. zero. Plug

This in

knurled the

screw

is

also

used to

to

adjust

electrical

connector

"Horizontal 1.3 upper the large forming porous inner

LVDT." Remove plate shear box tops. sample and The and packing from are material, inner held shear together the knurled upper box. by loading The two two screws prior cap and of

halves with to

knurled the

Tighten

screws After

preconsolidation. just four to prior corner slightly Once to shearing,

preconsolidation knurled tightened bottom not four halves contact preset pads and of require screws with with properly, sufficiently preconsolidation 1.4 sample the fall knurled of _e is center onto en_ zyl Install in of the is in_er the the screws.

remove now the four tests. the to top

the be and may

screws

should

sufficiently the shear further pre-load minimal subsequent they to box.

separate these

preset, on

screws The shear metal are

adjustment teflon friction scoring. will close of the shear shear the pads

subsequent that prevent When the during separate metal the

box

an_

four

screws

compress the gap

teflon subsequent forming

sample. loa_ing Place so tha_ The _rougn "_a_a s_e the the i/2 the :_e " assembly loa_ing slots after assembly in the r_o ard gces rear a legs _ith legs t_e the over

vertical box: box pinS. inserte_ frlme.

aIignment then a_o

diameter frcn_ _JJ

O_

POOR

_ .... "--__

1.5 dial arm after

install with cylinder.

vertical tip down

LVDT-dial is

indicator: into and sample. Position dial zero

Base

of

indicator on air initial

inserted screw on

holder dial Plug wire in so

Tighten load to inte.-fere strain the pin is

allen placed

vertical connector

electrical that it 1.6 a. yoke b. c. will

"Vertical with rate: connecting

LVDT." test.

not

Preset Be is Turn Turn sure

load

cell

to

loading

removed. on "main po_er" control switch. knob completely

"rate"

counter-clockwise.

\j

d. e. as by f. 1.7 1.8 anti-rotation hand in the pin read large wheel the pin on

Push Turn

"start" "rate" on

button. knob readout clockwise in inches to desired per minute strain rate

indicated 10. Push Place Centering pin in the yoke rear gear If

divided

"stop" machine

button. in vacuum box gear chamber. Remove the Rotate line up _n the rcd. the holes Insert

shear on the

housing: box necessary assemOly. to

direction and of box the

loading from the

load

cell Re-insert The

extens t_e cell

machine. assem_'ey. load _el!

ansi-rotation should turn -eao:ng ro_ t,_e

load rea_

zero.

rye

does

not

zero, =e-_

Lnu

e_

i_o"

=eli

a_j sti_g

rut

_n_il

OF POOR QUALITY,

center Length

position of travel

of can

shear be

box set

must between length; set

be 0

set and

at

this in spacer

time. both that manner: limit the switch spacer the the the

0.8" a

directions. matches l,_osen assembly against spacer knurled other 2.0 desired knurled away housing until

Decide

deslr'ed and adjusting the shear the

select in and

travel limit from and a faint

limits screws

foiling slide Place

box

housing. assembly is the heard.

slide audible and

limit click repeat

towards Tighten with

adjusting limit Test 2.1 assembly. Procedure ;lake clockwise. 2.2 Connect air of 2200 Turn _ 9n line by a to the the sure

screw

process

all Do the

three not coil 200

air

valves

a:e

closed

by

turning

overtighten. of tubing PSI load. "main valve" Before power" with the is under needed Plug in the to frame reach cord to full to I15 an

appropriate capacity t_AC outlet. 2.3 indicating activated _ill required When or a show

source. Ib o_

vertical the

line

switch. gage air valve, due to in _ea_out initial to valve the the on system the cabinet is readout

"supply

pressure. the load. the is valve. th_ the

opening negative overcome valve

"load This return opened, If "vent" 'load

apply" is spring the the valve

pressure air cylinder. go is th_ apply s_ou_ to too deslre_ t_e _c_ _e zero

supply

will valve

slight slightly _ow loa_

positive crack open to _he

high, rea_i_g. initial

achieve and plate

apply" The

sa_?_e.

p_r_S

ORIGi_&L OF POOR

PAGE

15

QUALITY

seated LVDT-dlal

and

it

is

important by

to loosening

again the

zero allen

the

vertical screw and

indicator

retightenlng. 2.4 Applying Always close the normal desired opening normal load load, by Normal "load advance turning is Loads: apply" the the

valve

before to the

increasing next desired When the sample the by

readout regulator apply the

clockwise. load to

reading the During "load the must

reached, apply"

valve. portion of the if the SMS the test, regulator valve is the "load will open.

shearing be normal the the left

apply" maintain 2.5

valve

open; load only

_r_cise Shearing Begin

Sample portion rate cycle of until strain of the has test by pushing been

shearing The

the set. the

"start" The test 2.6

button. machine is complete. will

previously determines

the_operator

Completion Try to end

of at to

the the

test middle the and of the cycle. box the This

eliminates a. b. c.

the Shut Turn Shut

need the the off

recenter valve

shear open

housing. "vent" valve.

"supply"

rgulator counter-clockwise. "main power" switch. air cylinder--be vertical LVDT-dial sure to disconnect lime indicator by loosening box. and

d. _move remove the the e. allen Remove

screw. and clean the shear

27

0_;'_:" OF POOR

PAGE

IS

QUALITY

l
E. Static Cone Penetration Test INTRODUCTION The determine granular granular factors that that static the soil. soil that affect the cone penetration test is and widely bearing used to of of penetration The accuracy on soil resistance of capacity

settlement

determinatio_ between and those

depends affect

correspondence compressibility resistance.

those it is

factors unlikely

penetration affecting entirely and have

Since

factors are

compressibility the same or of equal

and

penetrat_nn influence on

resistance soil

compressibility must

penetration accuracy. to

resistance,

settle_e_ most as th_

predictions practicing factor of

limited continue importance

Traditionally, bulk density

engineers overriding

regard in

controlling

compressibility. The test the into factors are that affect the not control static cone penetration properties can be divided of

(SCPT) soil. a a. b. c. d. e. The

frequently which groups:

associated SCPT

with

Factors of

results

number

Ground conditions lemperature Atmosphere Gravity Test method compressibility on its yielding is the of g, anular soil is highly the the internal

dependent penetration angle plate. cf

behavior. largely soil and

Therefore, dependent its on

resistance fric=_on of

_ffective

s_ress

i .........

I
MODES OF The very FAILURE penetration phenomenon treatment. fail soil under which is the of a cone projectile is are not two One reduction rearrangement which and may consists or may Either during the soil below easily ways is into soil is by the a complex which There ana]yzed in by in which mathematical soil of may the

projectile. a by shear

compression void of ratio the of not one be or grain or

basically caused is by

interparticle structure. deformation assisted both of by these The of a

spacing other the change methods For will on be the a soil

particle particle failure packed and the

in of

spacing. may occur

penetration. the cone

loosely

sample, accelerated

compressed force of of the

initially. failure region little below will the

Depending occur cone. will by In o_cur

penetrometer, cone in this very

compression a densely and of failure soil to on

prepared will along cause the

sample, take shear place

compression by the of be its

primarily The therefore, of the soil

displacement energy highly shear required dependent strength.

planes.

amount will and

penetration, relationship

PENETROMETER Penetration consistency sounded be sePn the in the and ground tribal polnt tests density. with villages of a pick a have The long been used to eva_uate may h_el, workman tre _r_r= have as can soil

primitive st_ck The a

builder or his

_ointed tooay. or _rove

skilled rod into

forced

I J

ORIGINAL

PAGE

IS

OF POOR QUALITY

with

mallet

of of

known

weight.

Today design,

there but of an all

are are

numerous based into on the

penetrometers the soil, same

standardized the soil to

principle; the similar

penetration and bearing

object a shear failure

forcing

aside the

developing capacity

displacement founOation. Various flat-tipped augers with

of

shapes rods,

of cones

penetrometers of different and is test

are sizes cutting comparitive results,

in

use, and

including shapes, of available of

cone-shaped samplers.

tips, There

edges data kTwo Static

thick-walled upon loading simulates be easily the effect are the

of

shape static

on and

types loading

used, shear

dynamic. in

developed to continuous loading is

laboratory penetration

testing and a very effect dynamic soil has never,

and

can

adapted Dynamic stengths shear has of and

automatic wide of range

recording. of soil

adapted the

to variable The

but shock long the as

introduces or

dynamic penetration as a

vibration. used in

been bearing

terrestrial It as the the static

mechanics

measure given It was The is

capacity. results that

however, test. test

reliable this reason

static

penetration

for

penetration

chosen. type Kilman static type penetrometer AP-2100 consists head oc 1.5 assembly cm^2 mace with of _e a a chose 1'-6" 60 to rod use is a (Fig.

Brainard 7). cone, maximum The rod

assembly a_e The s_eel. amgle c_re

penetrometer assembly, section

degree gauge.

amd _f

has The

a _C

s_ainless

20

ORiG_N_L PAGE _S OF POOR QUALITY,

degree utilization chosen

apex

angle of the of soil. the rod and

is

the

maximum

angle

available This

with angle was in a

static its A soil assembly an 316 inner

penetrometer. in apex obtaining angle and the

because

accuracy small

results essentially

cohesionless slide results. an outer through The rod

would give

initially of rod.

inaccurate consists rod The is made of of

penetrometer outer

The

Centerless consists items section. light Stainless Smoothly friction with zeroing The operator soil with a weight will of

Ground handles be The

Stainless and a as strain per is

Steel. gauge;

head

assembly these two

however, modifications

modified head 6061-T6

equipment made from

assembly Aluminum, prevent inside The rod bore

high for

strength, protection.

anodized threads and piston is It 2.5 has a

inserts finished coefficient. range of

from

wearing. account for in a low

gauge

inches built-in

diameter gauge

0-1000

pounds.

adjustment. static pushes a cone a test implements cone-shaped He by the a simple concept. point the end The features dual rod Of unit. to into thrust area The the to of the

simple

steel measures projected

constant this and the

velocity. divides bearing Cone inner friction on the

accomplish point to

give

cone Static

capacity. Penetrometer rod is functions net can to a

Brainard-Kilman construction. the Cone fecal outer stress constants rod, as

As soil read

the

independently factor with this

gau_e

_e

easily f_r

ccrrela_eC the s=il

aithout

having

adjus_

]i

OR|G!NAL

PAGE

IS

OF POOR Q_ALI'I'_.

friction Equipment Some in order

coefficient. Modifications equipment to the made achieve penetrometer in the to pressure A vacuum modifications maximum were found to be necessary To opening the would reach actuate having not the the to

environmental manually chamber This the was which vacuum made would that

simulation. require would an

actuate to be

enable

penetrometer allow desired penetrometer penetrate Since the head the the the

move

freely. inside

guide

opening to

chamber to remotely eliminate

range.

decision

hydraulically chamber vacuum

woild Fig.7). be no

(see will

penetrometer will head head bolts force is 1200 include assembly assembly at a that pounds

hydraulically To only tapped inch. can length from of the 1000

actuated remove them include to be four

assembly from the The steel maximum buckling The

handles.

handles unscrewed. 3/8 inch The before inches. Fluid The the a 2

requires will be 3/4

for to

depth the

of

penetrometer for was a rod

withstand of 18 Victor pounds. of that and of

hydraulic Inc. truss and has

actuator a was

selected capacity from

Power support penetrometer inch base memOer is

lifting

height and

determined when fully

length such tip width actuator,

actuator will remain container according (see

extended the conical The of f_rce _he

clearance of the was five truss).

between (see to the _

the the _hich

sample sized inches

Fig.8). base _or

appendix

a_alxsls

_f

support

---7

ORiG!NAL OF POOR

PAGE

IS

O.UALITY

Since vacuum through that The to the

the

pressure _indow,

gauge it will

cannot be with from a be

be routed the control

read

through the

the chamber so

chamber the

outside Tigon Flex

prescribed can be

outlet read

tubing (see soil to of unit to of the aid

gauge

panel to the

Fig.9). sample the

temperature avoid having equipment A in

gradient to apply that

will

isolated

additional might limit

modifications the simulation and cooling gradient dimensions on the

testing temperature. be soil utilized

self-contained providing (see this section unit (see a

heating temperature B). are Fig.l). of to no The

will the the

sample

alone

self-contained the soil sample and

temperature container Inc., performed which of test and in

dependent With

size of

of

Brainard experiments size soil

Kilman were

series in order have

preliminary determine effects in in bottom for the the on which order the the to minimum

container A series diameter

_Jould were depth the

results. container's obtain would a be

conducted were edge varied and

container minimized. therefore, and to of 3 8 be

which The was size a

effects penetration 10 the minimum 2 inches inches

determined cylindrical This in the will sample

experiment, in diameter

container permit at wall a and

inches performed from the

deep.

experiments distance from the For sample horizontal

inches of flight

the

container

bottom the will

container. of a a our testing holder procedure, to ring preven_ _hlcn _-even_s the

portion by an_ 3y

_e

secu_ec

sample

snlr_ing

c_n_ai_mert

33

ORigiNAL OF POOR

PA_E

I_

QUAL!Ty

vertical Performance The measurement of the

movement

(see

Fig.8).

static of

cone

penetration

test

will and

enable the force gauge depth of the the

the

penetration capacity. be read for be can a read be

resistance The directly penetration from depths. the

determination or of the of vacuum soil The Ly is the

bearing can apparatus can Graphs as

resistance testing penetration chamber. resistance penetration base area

the The window

various through generated of indi=ated gives

whi=h depth by the

show (see gauge,

function as cone

cone

Fig.lO). divided which

force, of by = = = F/A soll area sample bearing normal soil. medium the the

the

bearing

capacity

expressed qc F A

following

equation:

resistance of cone calculations, capacity force The as Is a appendix factor a or of B) soil mechanics as it shears of an that

(see The deals through ideal expressed with

opposing punching described

projectile penetration by Prandtl

the plastic by:

stress can be

_Cp where_ resistance _hi_h on the

Ns is the or average stress on of test. the oY penetration the medium, of the _:cn sol" stress, and N s is and is is a the shear

coefficient s_rface f_:_ Lasa _, a_d _e

depends angle shelf

geometry

_oint

internal For

friction cohesicrloss L_

o_tai_e_ Su:r. as

3irect

OR_G!N_L OF POOR

P_GE

IS

QUALITY.

I
the angles The a point internal cf 60 friction degrees, cone angle N is is 30 to 50 degrees 7. a static failure. the at same force to and for co,_e approximately applies produce for measured a shear

static sufficiently the shape the be allows depth force. a d

penetrometer great to

Therefore, size depth N procedure increasing necessary penetrometer equation.

I

bearing of the

capacity cone is

foundation directly

and

that

below can

surface. theoretically or by experiment. of and required by resistance measuring to the force This with the the

found

continuous by The _tance advancing amount x can

measurement the of be cone

work

determined

following

aw
x _= n

=_x
= =

A_
distance "stress cone sample will (see area has be been carried prepared out. the following sample talc., appendix B)

penetration penetration penetrometer the a soil

Once stages of 1.) 2.) 3.) 4.) Procedure CHECK

procedure

Check apparatus Position sample Adjust Sample cone calculations

container and plots

APPARATUS The operator clean _an and be should in _ood see to it that the T_e 9 t_e _ cone point of the and the

ro_s co_e

are poi_

alignment. _y pushi_

sharpness i_to

checked

hole

_nen

=fusee=

:;Gn:iy

_::h

:-e

::D

:f

_e

finger,

the

:=re

OR_G_T_A!- PAGE OF pOOR

IS

QUALITY

should that

be friction

replaced. between error in and

Proper the the

alignment inner and

should outer The should r_ds

be

checked doesn't controls, for

so

introduce thermocouples, proper PLACEMENT After moisture sample cooling desired ADJUST _j w the the The surface test may

experiment. device

hydraulic be checked

heating and

calibration OF SAMPLE soil and placed The

performance.

CONTAINER sample particle in sample which the is is has been through the proper the and to the

the bakeout be

distribution self-contained then heated by or

procedures heating cooled

unit.

temperature CONE cone of is to and the its

measured

the_mocouples.

support Car_ inches

should mutt away error

be be from

carefully taken the the to edge side

lowered insure of effect the of that

to

soil. 3

conducted avoid

container the

inducing

from

container. CONE Apply the PENETRATION desired All shaft, the of The same the load and then include shall all measure the be the _eight taken total of care the of by

MEASURE

penetration. cone and

loads

corrections amount AND PLOTS and these from

subtracting SAMPLE

readings.

CALCULATIONS Cnce the _he the The

penetration data beading of from

direct tests a_o on

shear will smear the

test be used

ha_e to _f zan

bee_

conducted calculate

ca_aclty _crk _cne

s:_ergtn

_e a:s3

soil.

amount

penetr3me:e-

OF POOR

QUAU.T_I

be

determined.

Plots

of

soil

resistance

vs.

_pth

can

be

generated. The method conditions. the soils. useful equipment homogeneity The in soil for static con_ penetrometer the proven strength provides homogeneity of useful an Economical soil

investigating It has and

foundation when of

especially

evaluating cohesionless

characteristics obtained for from this

properties

test and

prove digging

determining for

foundations

building

construction.

.u

II

F.

Test

Procedure PREPERATION

SAMPLE

Sample experimental involve moisture_ soil particle a The have above vibrating The to with of the the a sieve is

preparation procedure.

is The given the

the

first in

stage sample

in

the preparation

steps

obtaining an_ related size shaker, sieve as

a trimming to

particle sample.

size, The size.

eliminating behavior The of

its

particle by

suggested Ir_clynotype shaker

Carrier

will

be D).

obtained

using

(see consist

appendix of a

Inclyno openings it in

series that of are

of the

sieves coarser

that

approximately the nest. which are The

one-half nest of

sieves in by a

clamped

to

the

platform sand shear slotted basalt By samples box and end grains

vibrates prepared

horizontal pouring the through the they grains of the can by height

direc{ion. basalt a tube in

penetr0meter piece are the which close

container ensures to zero of that as the

velocities leave the the

tube. tube soil and

contolling the tube 1/4 The height in.) desired to the the of the t_e the soil

velocity above even the particle can

leaving depo_ite_ be applying of D). _he the

surface spacing be

(about

an

acheived. uniform soil load within SiNce ge_me_r'! penetrates is level .

de,._ity sample container and

acheived the (see depenCent penetr3r._e_e e

measuring itself

appendix _Jpon

penetration surface sample, _mat

stress _n_ch the the

is c_e

sample tree s_il

3_

._:ii sa_T_

:':=,_e_ :_ :e_e

-'::] _:

::

Ers,_ring

--

ORIGINAL PAGE IS oF POOR QUALITY

simplify stress with The by the a the the as

the

mathematics

in mentioned.

determining The

the sample appendix

penetration will D). will be be used removed to bake After from be levelled

previously aid of a of

trimming the moisture An placing period irto units. samples the

tool,_See in the

majority the

sample will vacuum will

baking sample sufficient oven

sample. to

electric it the their in

oven the

prior baking and and placed cooling the gained Once and

chamber. be self removed c=ntained is remove oven any to

samples respective the heated from of can

heating

Before will be

chamber to the I% is be

depressurized moisture chamber. outgassing EXPERIMENTATION The the flight second

during the

transfer content processes

the the out.

moisture

reached, carried

temperature

stage both in on

in a

the ground

procedure based

irvolves laboratory of

conducting and the in lunar path for to

experiment in a

minilab The it can t_o

the

maximum follows a reduced This

simulation a parabolic gravity period

environment. from _hich

aircraft maintain minutes.

flight environment is ample

approximately carry ou: Several determine conclJsive possi=le =o the

time

eperimental possible testing

procedures. arrangements would fun_i_ fl_gh_ provide _ere the i: _f t_e consider most _uld e_er:Te_= 3e to

which

arrangements if the

resu:=S, c_n:u=t

permit=eC, _ortion

ORIGiNaL OF POOR

P/'_GE |_ QUALITY,,

only use based

making the smae

one

flight.

However, for

the

decision flight

was and

made ground

to

testing

apparatus

both

experiments. There will of be soil, ten flights made by the KC-135 in which and flight

the a

density

soil pull

temperature, will the be

vacuum

pressure, The first

reduced

gravitation will and which simulate the mo_t

varied.

experiment conditions conditions (I) (2) (3) (4) The LJ pull second in

maximum packed are as

environmental soil follows: sample. The

densely be met

are

to

reduced gravitational pull of 1.63 m/s'2 soil temperature of eoo degrees Fahrenheit vacuum pressure of 10^-6 tort soil density of 3.24 g/cm'3 flight to experiment help determine will to vary what of She gravitational gravity The

order the

extent basalt.

influences following (1) (2) (3) (4) Flights the other

mechanical are

properties to be met#

conditions

reduced gravitational pull of 4.0 m/s'2 soil temperature of 200 degrees FChrenheit vacuum pressure of 10"-6 tort soll density o? 3.24 g/cm_3 three, four, from will to be five, -200, be met and -I00, help for sic will be 200 conducted respectively. The 3 through following 6. varying All

temperature conditions are

100,

constant. flights

conditions (1) (2) (3) (4) The seventh

reduced gravitational pull of 1.b3 m/s'2 soil temperature of -200, -100, 100, _00 vacuum pressure of 10"-6 tort soil density of 3.24 g/cm_3 and eighth w_ie flight_ keeping
(?50

degree

F.

will all _

be

corlducted conditions torr _;ll

raring

the

vacuum
A:_csDher_C

_r_sure

other ;0

c_stamt. _e the

_res_ure

torr.)

PAC E WS OF POOR Q ALIT ,

testing follows: (1) (2) (3) (4) In as with flights to aid

pressures.

The

condition

requirements

are

as

reduced soil vacuum soil nine in

gravitational temperature pressure density and ten of the how of of 3.24 soil the packed

pull eoo 10^-3 to

of 750

1.63 torr

m/s_2

degree

Fahrenheit

g/cm_3 density environmetal samples. The will be varied so vary

determing and densely to be

conditions following

loosely

conditions (1) (2) (3) (4) Their laboratory same as _he

are reduced soil vacuum soil will in

met: pull of 200 of 1.63 m/s^2

g.-avitational temperature pressure density of be eight the

degree

Fahrenheit e.3 on g/cm^3 earth in are a the of

of 10_-6 torr 1.36 g/cm_3 to tests conducted

which

environmental neglecting through and eight soil

requirements the vary density

flight Experiments vacuum

experiment on_ pressure, steps). tests

simulation the respectively

gravity. temperature, (see

following The results extent in

procedure of the order the

will

be

compared must

to

determine be that would of

to

what

environmental to in design the is a lunar not to but

conditions digging

simualted work the to data most proposed the

implement The testing able

efficient prozedure

environment. limit should actual the be

intent procedure

suggested that would

objectives, be representative

to soil.

yeilo

lunar

PROCEDURE I Sample _ I) use_.

v

Prep_ratio,1 Weigh t_ I000 grams ea_ _,akm =u_e _c_ s_eve sieve which clear_ bee_r _s to _e _ _eig_i_g

_s

ORIGINAL PAGE 15 OF POOR QUALITY

it. (2) Sieve mechanical (3) Funnel container. (4) Pack the soil shaker. soil container to at in heat into to through their a series of sieves sample to obtain using a

respective height

prescribed a oegree 250 level

desired density. (5) Trim sample (6) (?) cooling hour, (8) temperature II. Flight (1) (2) (3) (4) Flight (1) (E) (3) (4) Flight (I) (2) (3) (4) Flight (4) (5) (3) (4) FI ight V (1) (2) (3) (4) Flight VI (I) (2) (4)
v"

ensure 500 at

surface. for and for and one 1 hovheating Fahrenheit procedure

Bake Place unit

sample samples and

Fahrenheit degree

self-contained

Simutaneously setting, environmental

begin

outgassing

In I

flight

condition

requirements

reduced soil vacuum soil

gravitational t_mperature pressure density of of of

pull

of

1.63

m/s^2 F

200 degrees 10A-6 torr 3.e4 g/c_A3

II " " " " 4.9 m/sA2 F 200 degrees I0_-6 torr 3/24 g/cm^3

Ill " " " "

1,65
-200 10"-6 3.24

m/s'e
degrees tort g/cm_3 F

IV " " " " I.a3 -100 I0 ^-6 3.24 m/sAe degrees tort g/cm_3 F

" " " "

1.63

m/sA2 F

100 degrees I0_-6 torr 3.24 g/cmA3

1.63

m/s_2 F

200 degrees 10"-& tor_ 3.24 glc_3

Flig_t

vli

ORIGINAL OF POOR

PAGE

IS

QUALITY

(I) (e) (3) (4) Flight fIX (I) (2) (3) (4) IX (I) (2) (3) (4) X (I) (2) (3) (4) Ground I (I) (2) (3) II (1) (2) (3) llI (I) (2) (3) IV (I) (2) (3) V (I) (2) (3) VI (I) _2J ,3)

" " " "

1.63 m/s'2 200 degrees 10"-3 tort 3.e4 g/cm^3

" " " "

1.63 m/s'2 200 degrees 750 tort 3.24 g/cm_3

Flight

" " " "

1.63 m/s'2 200 degrees 10"-6 torr 1.36 g/cm^3

Flight

" " " " based environmental condition

1.63 m/s'e e0o degrees 10"-6 tort e.3 g/cm'3 requirements

III. Test

soil temperature vacuum pressure soil density of

of of

-200 degrees 10"-6 tort 3.24 g/cm'3

Test

-100 degrees 1C'-& tort 3.24 g/cm^3

Test

100 degrees 10"-6 torr 3.24 g/cm^3

Test

200 degrees lO'-& tort 3.24 g/cm'3

Test

200 degrees 10--3 torr 3.24 g/cm'3

Test

200 degrees 750 torr 3.24 g/cm'3

OF POOR

QUALII_

Test

VII (1) (e) (3) VIII (1) (2) (3)

eoo degrees 10^-6 torr 1.36 g/cm_3

Test

200 degrees I0_-6 tort _.3 g/cm_3

r LJ

--L.

!
S. Digging Implement Methodology INTRDDUCTION The will digging the given be scope to be results utilized implement. of our obtained for The project; how the the the from design design of our of design a lunar implement methodology our design is will pro_ect beyond be can project

this a of

however, results of the

explain to

applied

design

implement.

CONSTRAINTS As environment affect SOIL mentioned displays which earlier some in very be our report, adverse exposed the lunar which will

conditions to it.

equipment MECHANICS Soil

might

interaction a lunar

is digging

very

critical It a

concept must be

in

the

design since system. taken capacity. is edge required the same a

of the

implement. to optimize

considered removal must be

design Some of

will the

need more

bucket/soil which and

critical are angle bucket The critical through angle cf iS of the

factors of cut blade at

into

consideration The cutting of

bearing the the the This the soil

the

through which

very is

important designed to as push the is the

feature. very bucket

angle in

cutting forces angle is The

minimizing the soil. of

internal of friction test

friction soil is

soil. frcm the

internal the direct

angle s_ear

determined above in

_hlch

_es_ribed

report. Deslgr, lng the cutting edge _f the diggi_g impieme_ a: an

__

ORIGINAL OF POOR

PAGE IS QUALITY

:%

angle the blade,

which soil but The not

is

equal

to

the the blade

internal normal wear. with the blade

angle forces

of

Friction the

of

only also

reduces reduces capacity blade bearing years of

against

bearing the Lunar

deals as

the

normal shears

forces through the depth

opposing soil. due is to

bucket soil

capacity compaction. cone

increases The

Hith bearing

soil

numerous

capacity which is The This of the

determined in capacity utilized

from full

the detail is the

static

penetrometer in per size the report.

described bearing can be

previously normal force the

unit and

area. geometry

in

determining

implement. The supply penetration gage for an extending acceleration fov_e various the from can depths. acceleration the following R R m a g The distance is is is is soil the the the of can is is is be the the the = m(a-g) resistance. digging of the constant, to by the force the implement equation: a implement. implement. force of capable be read Once of the implement of penetrating from the force can must be the enough soil. to The

directly the the

penetrometer has be been

maximum implement

determined determined

equation:

penetration mass of the acceleration gravitational work required

amount _x & x _p A

determined penetration penetration implement

following

distance. stress. a_ea.

TEMPErATUrES _J As _en_Io_e_ _revi3,Jsly in _he _e_crt, the temperatures

'-=

OR!GINAL P_GE IS OF POOR QUALITY

on

the

moon

are to eoo

very

extreme.

They

range

from an

-200 object

degrees

Fahrenheit sitting -e0o

degrees in the

Fahrenheit. shade for the will the have

Thus, a

partially degrees

temperature portion the exposed in the ano

of a

Fahrenheit of 200 degrees very

shaded for

temperature portion, material. WEIGHT Due moon, minimize considered. RADIATION The affect radiation, metals, has almost in on main to

Fahrenheit thermal

creating

large

stresses

the is

extreme a very

cost important

of

shipping concern.

material In order

to

the to

weight

weight,

maximization

of

other

constraints

must

be

thing

to

conside." Research

about has been

radiation conducted effects

is

its concerning on

materials. and it was

found are on very

that

radiation

general, no effect

small.

Ultimately, at

radiation all.

physical

properties

MATERIALS A strength materials As stated very important weight are the criteria ratio. extremely lunar For _orkin_ these during extreme our of This strong environment this in reason, this the digging ratio for implement the is

versus which above,

indicates their

densities. very type of must be large

displays any

temperature ecuipment able to It er

variations. material

environment

withstand _as found

ccn_itiors. resea.ch that lunar soll is

ORIGINAL OF pOOR

PAGE Ii QUALITY

very will cause the

gritty result failure knowledge it

and in

coarse. extreme

This wear on

characteristic exposed

of

the and

soil might on this implement

surfaces equipment.

due which would for is

to

poorly our group

designed has to

Based

obtained coat the

concerning digging Another the digging edge

subject, with feature implement order cost the to

be

advisable wear is

teflon which

overall advisable

resistance. to design on the

important

with absorb

replaceable wear. also This reduce

teeth will major

cutting in on a

in long shell term of

result wear

major main

savings digging Another

and

the

implement. important is equipment conditions a piece is not of characteristic elongatinn. on the moon, to fail which The m,,s_ be

x.._j

considered environmental can cause

extreme temperature, material's For be this in suited

mainly if the

equipment into

elongation reason, order for to lunar The lunar into

taken

corrsideration. must which

thermal determine

stress the

calculations type material

performed is best

equipment. geometry too must be This internal considered shape must when be designing broken down and a

digging optimum

implement. dimensions,

radii,

capacity,

weight.

Lj

4a

oR_G_N_.L pAGE IS OF pOOR Q,jALITY

. r

_I_o PARTS

LIST

Ouantit_ I

pescr!o_igD Baseplate (aluminum) 15in.x 15in.x 3/4 in. Insulated 1in. dia. Isolaters x 1/8 in.

Model N/A

_i_

N/A

$10.00

Heating and Cooling Pad 12in. x 12in. x 1in. Soil Sample lOin. dia. Penetrometer Container 8 in. 18 in.

WP-1200

$100.00

N/A

$20.00

B-K AP-2100 Victor Fluids VF-H500

$600.00

HydrauJic 1/2 ton

Actuator

$30.00

Aluminum Support Truss 1in. x 5in. x 56in. 4 Steel 3/8in. Steel 3/8in. Steel 3/8in. Data Bolts x 3/4in. Bolt, x loin. Bolts tin. Aquisition Syste_

r_/A

$30.00

N/A

$2.00

N/A

$4.00

N/A

$2.00

Brainard Kilman N/A

$2000.00

Flange x tin.

lOin.

dia.

$2.00

Subtotal Eg_cen_ _odificat_o_s

$2780.00 $250.0C

Total

$30_0.Co

ORiG]N.r_,L PAGE 1_3 OF POOR QUALITY.

Shear

!e__teE :

_ua_n_ity
I Shear Test Apparatus

Model Geotest $2215 Geotest $3281

_[i_ $12200.00

Data

Aquisition

$2525.00

Subtotal

$14725.00 $150.00

Total

$14875.00

I
T

Vacuum Chamber 4ft. x 4ft. x 4ft.

High Vac $150000.00 Equip.Corp.

Flight

of

the

KC-135

Estimated Flight Time= lhour/trial Rate of Fuel Consumption=20000 Ib/hr Price per pound of fuel=S0.20

OR,G.,_#'OF pOOR

' _'"" QOALITY

V.

CONCLUSIONS Since the and scope of this report concerns to carry the out development the e_perimentj and the of a

methodology the conclusions in The information futur_ In testing

equipment are based

designed on the

methodology,

equlpf_ent,

project

general. methodology the most and cost of that equipment and lunar if in a a time soil certain substantial time and should effective engaging parameter way, money. a great involved principles previously a firm so deal in yield means equipment. does then not that for

proposed allowing and

evaluation this means properties thus that civil

simpler the

terms, mechanical is is not

affect parameter It of

modeled; concluded the basic

conserving this project

also on

required principles

research

engineering of soil.

mechanical are not

properties complexj to them. in the _o It one

testing
=

While group group had

these been give our

in a

our goal

design of the

exposed foundation that

was

to of

civil in

engineering this area value in groups a in that the we

aspects will of be the

project

subsequent In terms of that the We and We

work the we

facilitated. project, areas. our the First, experience attitude by and grea_ duties. enha_ceC it clearly, design we with all "

overall benefitted of developed

group learned each with

feels of other. vendors

several through professional fields have of _a.e

workings also

dealing civil _ea! Las_ly _r a_c

engineers also feel a_d _e bac_ Fee! from

of

mechanical a

engineering. about and the most

learned project grea_ly

or_aniza_icr0 im_zrtan:, s_e_

delegation _a: a .e

problem,

analyze

ORIG=.NAL PAGE IS OF POOR QUALITY

J J

.r

develop

plan

for

its

solution.

_J

_z

_J

__

VI. The design

RECOM_ENDAT]ONS use of Computer Aided Desigtl is a tremendous that the asset next as to group quickly as the

process.

We,the_efore_ with the

recommend available

familirize possible. Conservations encountered. utilize This procedure are possible.

themselves

systems

with More

Nasa

can

be

great should

help be

when conducted

problem so as

is to

conversations to initial the

their project is

knowledre was not The an

design's design of

benefit. a new idea. in for the design areas

finalized_ following

because areas are

improvements recommended

certain further

investigation.

I).

Eventhough

the

shear

tester

is

state

of

the

art In

te';ting apparatus, it utilizes an analog order to obtain better data acquisition,the should be converted to a digital system. 2).Obtaining a data acquisition was difficult since most of manual calculation. 3). Further terms of information 4). Recommend where b l design of information analysis which may that the lunar in in the

system. system

unit for the penetrometer the data is obtained by

methodology vary to

of

the

testing the most

in

parameters to be beneficial. next group accumulated

yield

devise will

more be

specific used in

methods the

data

equipment ( i.e. how _o design process, what are

you u_e this implications.)

ORIG_NAL OF poOP,

p_GE

IS

QUALITY

J i
Vl I. _ckno_l_lg_nts

Battiste,

Richard; Development Laboratories, Oak Robert: personal

Engineer, Oak Ridge, Tennesee

Ridge

National

Bachus,

interview-July Georgia Institute

22,1967, of

School

of

Civil

Engineering, Barksdale,

Technology of

Richard; personal Civil Engineering, D.;personal Engineering interview,

interview-July 30,1987p School Georgia Institute of Technology teaching assistant, School o_

Brown,

Civil

Burns, Equipment Carrier,

Mike;

telephone

interview-August Mass.

17,1987,

High

Vacuum

Corporation, David,III; Carrier Don; Inc.

telephone intervie_J, Inc., Lakeland, Florida interview-August

Principle,

Bromwell

and

Conrade,

personal

4,!987,

Brainard

Kilman

| Desai, P.U.; personal Mechanical interview, Engineering, Associate Georgia Professor, Institute of School of Technology

M--Laren, McMurray,
f

Brice; Gary; teaching Engineering, A.; assistant, School Georgia Institute of Mechanical Technology Corporation,

of

P_'ten,

Chief Engineer, GeotesK Lincolnwood, Illinois

Instrument

Perkins,
I

Ed; personal interview, teaching assistant, Civil Engineering, Georgia Institute of Dr. W.W.; Schonl of Technology Group Advisor-Design Mechanical Engineering, Project, Georgia

School Technology Professor, Institute

of

Williams,

of

Woldenberg,

J.M., President, Geotest Lincolnwood, Illinois

Instrument

Corporation,

VIII.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ASTM; ASTM; ASTM

P_rRc_e_ure_s_F_or__Te_sti_ng_Soils Proc_du_r__Eor_Ie_ting__oil_,

, Baltimore, Baltimore,

ASTM, ASTM,

1964 1944

; _Sg_eci_l__Prg;_gUE__Eg_r_I_m_ti_ng'_oil__ng_Boc_k_EQE

__ngi_n__eri_ng__u_r__o__s___t_h__itio_, easto_, Md., ASTM,

1970

ASTM;
Baldwin,

_Sx_m_o_si_u_m_o_n_!_ir__ct_-sb_e_a____T_i_ng__of__Soi!_s, New York,

R.; !he_Ea_ce___f Press, 1949 th_e__MR_o_n,Chicago, University of

1952

Chicago

Bowles,

Joseph ; _eogi_n_e_eri_ng__P___o__e__ti_o_s_o_f__s_oi!___o__!b_i_ _Me_a_sur_eme_nts, New York, Mcgraw-Hill, 1970 David,Ill; concerning Rough Manuscript lunar materials, on forthcoming book Lakeland, Fla., 198"7 Samole_s_,

Carrier,

Chamberlain,

J. and Watkins, Houston, The Lunar

C.; Th_e__A_Rol__o_15_ Lunar Science Institute, 197_

L/
Costes, N. and Mitchel I, J. ; Prgc_edlngs___f__he_&unar_-sci_ence Confer_ence_VRlum_e_3-_Phy_si__a!__Pro_er_i_, "Apol Io Soil Mechanics I;._estigation", New York, Pergamon Press, 19"70 H. and Mitchel, J.; _Soils, NASA-CR-133460, S_tatlc 1973 Penetration II

Durgunoglu,

Re s!_tance__of

Fielder,

G.; G__o_l_og__a_n_d__P_h__ics__of___h__M_{!oD, Amsterdam, Publishing Co., 1971 G.; _L_u_n_ar_G_e_o_Iog_, London, Lutterworth Press,

Elsevier

Fielder, Geochemica

1965

et Cosmochemica Science Conference 19"71

ACTA; P_ro_c_e_e_dingsof the Second Lunar Vol. I , Houston, The MIT Press,

GJest,

J.E. and Greeley, Publications,

R.; 1977

Geologi(_on_the

Moon,

London,

Wykeham

HabiO,

Pierre; _A_n__Ou_tli_e__f__S_oil__a___d___o_k_____b__-i__s, Cambridge Press, 1983 K. ; Ma_ua! of Laborator'_Soi!_Ees_ti_ng_Vo!-1, Halstec_ Press, IgB0
, 3., Gall, E. and Kahn, H ., Lunar Soll

New

York,

Head.

New

York,

_ub_a_

q ___i_.____=___us'--" ..Z c_

Phase

B--_art

I _

II

, Chlo,

DeD:.

of

_.ne Army,

lq_

ORIG=,NAL FAGE _S OF POOR QUALI_Y.

Jumikis,

A.R.; _O_C@_K_@___@__@_!__@_i_, Nostrand Company, 1967 R.H.; _Ri!___D___g_!__DgiD_iDg, Prertice Hall , 1960 Frank; 1980 _Q_-_!_-!_Q_E, New

Princeton,

NJ,

Van

Karol,

Englewood

Cliffs,

NJ,

Krieth,

York

, Harper

and

Row,

Kezdi,

Arpad; _D_gR__g___i___b_DiE_, Scientific, 1994 T.; Soil 1951 TestL_g For Enq_neecs, New

Amsterdam,

Elsevier

Lambe,

York,

Wiley

and

Sons,

LaPelle,

R.R.; 197_

P_ac_ica!_V_cuum

S_st_ms,

New

York,

Mzgraw

Hill,

Lienhard,

J.; __U__I_DWf_-!_S_W_W_, Prentice-Hall, 1981 John F.; Elsevier LgD___ig[_Qb___O__im_Digl_g_, Scientific Publishing to the 1968 Singletary, Mechanics

New

Jersey,

Lindsay,
Z

New Co., of 1976 Solids, New

York,

LJ

Popov,

Egor; Introduction Prentice-Hall, J.B. and _D____i_i_D, Laboratory G.; 1964 J. and York, A.; Soil Books

Jersey,

Rittenhouse,

J._.; Lockheed

___EIQ_ Palo-Alto

Research

Salisbury,

_b_-_D_-__-_,

New

York,

Academic

Press,

Shigley,

Mitchell, L., _Di_-_giD_Dg__gD, Mcgraw Hill, 1983 _g_Ei_g__-!_RE_-_D____, Inc.,1981 New York,

New

Singh,

APT

Symonds,

W.A., Des_gn_Miss_o___d__D_i_nm_n_a__Co_!derations the Selection g_ Materials fo___Qa_e, Seattle, The Boeing Company

in Wash.,

_JJ

I
\

IXu

LIST

OF

APPENDICES

Appendix

A:

Design

Drawings

Appendix

B:

Sample

Calculations

Appendix

C:

Design

Decisions

Appendix

D:

After

Market

Equipment

Appendix

E:

Weekly

Progress

Reports

Appendix

F:

Miscellaneous

APPENDIX DESIGN

DRAWINGS

I
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I

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ORIGINAL

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ORIGINAL PAGE I_ OF POOR QUALITY

PENETROMETER
,
m_ _m y

SETUP
(TYP) (TYP)

_--NUT _=",----WASHER

=_

' 1 11-.--_3/8

COPPER TUBING CONNECTED TO CONTROL UNIT

3/8 X l&l12 ACTUATOR LONG HYDRAULIC X 1/2 LONG BOLTS

8_
--HYDRAULIC PISTON

_IGON FLEX TUBING TO PRESSURE GAGE LOCATED OUTSIDE CHAMBER

-c:_

III I Fe-----INTERNAL III . I II_-EXTERNAL III

ROD ROD

1:3,
"-----CONE

FIGURE

- NO

SCALE

PENETROMETER

TEST

APPARATUS

J i'--^
I--

ALUMINUM SUPPORT STRUCTURE/ HYDRAULIC__...._/ ACTUATOR PENETROMETER SAMPLE J! i

42

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_oplac 0 181 18; _IJJ Q IB4 O |B_ et.e.I $heal Parts

SOIL/Direct
Ban Ho4,s...; Jr! Wl 8 Ibs,
_hl_

Shear
W| |0 Ib _, Wl 101b_. IOIbs 4 Ibs Sh_?

,;_ .... ".:';-.:. "" :- -.-'.: :,;,

:, ,..., - .. ". ".

_reeCl_hnJl_Olt D, eclSh@a_t_ox GrlpOel A_,$emb/7 WI 6 Ib$

_-_l_ ) d,:_m NL.|WI 4 Ibs Sh|_ ;) x2 NPIW! 71b% ,_hr._ WI FOI 2.112 ,l_am $;,ml,h,$ hh.lWt

BIonic POIOII$ P_a#CtSel As_,cmbfy r,lulWI 1/21b Glippet 6 Ibs As$cmblr For 2

2- 1;'2 .SPI_q 2 d,am

d_lert F.t.| Of l_tj foe D IFJ4 G,,r:,,'r Wl I Ib S_m(31cs NPt W1 4 Ibs ,_t _ #."t

_,4,;,"
,_-,..

: _-P-, - - ._,K,_'.._ _
-=.

-, _d__lW_ _ ...: ..'_

= ,._;-_._.: , .
.., ,:.;,:

D" 185 D- 1JI6 D-IBZ

$pccm_nCuffet. ShP9 WI IIb

Foe 2- |i2

I 1 IhJck $.zm|;l(.S

NCI W!

| '2 b. ?JC'I WI

i._:,_.--:.:-: ,.:'-.',, '.: _ Mk\__.;_+, . . .'_..<,:.." ... :..-_i'. _,,.:..... -. ,.'._ ..... ..-.,,....-:_VI_._"_.,.p,;:',,..

" .'.,_,...

'-' -.'--_.,-""'. ...,." .....:_.-_1

,_uJte Specirt_n Culler For 2 2 . 3,4 fhJ(k $,]rr[,l(._, I/2 Ib. Sn_J WI 1 Ib 0 190 Shear Bow CoupJ_,g Net WI 1_2 Ib. Shl_ Wl Itb W$-I. | Ag We_hL WS-4. 4 _p We,gM. DS-I2. Co_eslve MJter_ds D_f# $/_ets Pkg of 100 DS-13. C..ohes_o_less Mat_ls Dat* Sheets P_g oi 100 LC-|. O_lllndicaloe. Clockw,se. I 000 0 (X)I LCg. D_llndlcato#. Counlefc/ockwlse. I _<30 0001'

. _._, _'." "_,.S k _'_t_.,;,- '_- _,=,._.,_ ." ";.._ ".__._._'.J.C_._,_,..,

,J

":_"

""."

Direct
Functio_ Corrveds

Shear
Har_ O_rate_

Conversion
D.e_l Shear A_ralus

Set
(D- 110 _er,es) to mO Io-z c,,_

_,_-,r"'_-,.','."-',_._;_..... :.

".;,..-_...._..,

_:',_
Ioo.

Ik'_.':__---._'_ ;,-:'_. ':' ..,; /

.,a<._. ... . . :._

h_e hlode/s
lr_lu_$ molo(,zed tr aNd_iS_ u0_il. SOtockets. clam arK_ co_nec cJ_m guard, revers_o and olt_t CO_troIs. a_CI assembly d_,_,,r_ _-f2J. 110vAC._0Hz. I;_ D.125._. 220v AC. 50_60 Hz. 1,Weights Net 155 Ibs [703kg}. $h09 _30 I1_ [90 7 kg) hn,g he, ks.

Hand
Function
_t4.s e_M_ll

Opera
v_mt.,ll liraat to_ strer_th

ted Direct
ar'_ m, ar.,_tty tt_e*

Shear
hor_to_tal

Apparatus
Io_ to mmOle to

Tes_g Standards AS T M 0- 30_0 Specfficatio_s ,-... "" _"_r,q, ._:_-_._ ,-. i-._ _'_"'_ ,-" _.a:_ .... ,._-_.._ , , .-_. ., -':'..;, _ ..... ,_. . ,,._-, _6._ L.i ....... ,,.:.... . . _,:.._.. Ha.'_ 00erwteO c,$,'_ t_, be. ; "._ -- ....... .-,---_. : ..... ._ ,. ,. :. _....,'_.,-:.., ....:. _;":"'-_ '" - ... - . -' , >"t_-_ ,,-, ........ , ......

[_

"_'_ " .,_,._,t;t" ._V_. ':_ -';.,/;,,, .t,,:-..-__-, ._" ",

'm,_, : _: ,:_ ....

._ ....

. *..-,-.:-..-.

$_Meala,_ee, w,2.'_t _m4w_a,o_$

Nl_t

O..41,e_,_ltoe ._,,o 24

1CK_

tOCOI

_..

./.,...

-, .:,v,.,

'_-'. v-.d _._ 4_, 9 9 w 2_ I I_ _K(tl

Mo_/s
Im_ O-110,_L _.llO_. SO4_,m'_ cufle_ ar<I _up_;_; For 2" 2 ' safeties Foe2-1/2 _m samples 250 rbs CIock*,$e. 25 mm 00t Coutl_erclock_s$_. 25 _ men 0 01 rtml of data sJ_ets

cr,_-_..-_._:,,:: _:__.r..._._, -_.-)_,.t._::,c,g_-._..":

E_l_l',_l_;_-"...._-'_'.._',,___>.Tr2,__"_:.,.,,. _

".'-_.--,', "," ", --...--7.-,, ._._; : _

." *'N" '-*--=-"_'-,.-...-p.. -,

[ilf_,,.:,,_r_._'X

Weights Net 165 Ibs : SI_;1

Acesso_leslOp[ions [C-|2. Met.re_ O_llnd<,lto_ {C.-I_I. Mtlr_ D,,llltl_li$tOt.

Table
Fc_ction

Model

D)ect

Shear

Apparatus

I"t_aSur_l SJ'_ar Strength Testing Standards _.S TU D- 3C_O

TC.I. V',=_F 1_ Models 0,_30,4 D, _,20_ We;_hf$

Foe 2 2 s_m_es F_e 2._ 20.am ,_l--:es

79
_L __ _r ,,, I

ORIGINAL OF POOR

PAGE

IS

QUALITY

i
ReDlacemont D-JSt. 1_|8_. D- 183. D +184. Parts

SO!

L/Oirect

Shear

"

She_vBoxl'lo_lng NIWI 81bs,Shl)g W; tOIbs Distm:lShe_tBol__-112"d_m NeIWl 4 rl>s;Shp_ Y,PI t01bs D+te<f $/_Mt Box. 2" x 2" Ne! W1 7 Its. Shp_ Wl 10 Ib$ G/l_Oet A+tsem_, Wt E Ibs F_ 2-1/'2" d,am samples Not Wl 4 Ibs. ,_1-<_ Gr_:_. Y_1

D- 18+!. B,onz* Po_ous Plate SoL 2ol/2"d_am. Assembly Ne; Wl I/2 lb, Shl:_ Wt Of#5. G_IppecAssemblT. 6 |b_ Fo 2"z

set o! two for D+ tel IIb NcfWt 4 Ibs .Shag

2"t, amp_e$

|,116. Sp,ecJ'men Curler. Foq 2-112" d_,m x 1" Ihrck _mDle$ N (:t _,',/t 1,'2 It; Shag Wt 1 D- 28Z. Squace Specin'mln Cur/e/. Four 2- 2 x 014" thick Sampte5 Net W. t/21b,Shl>9 +Nt 1 It) D.PgO, SheatBoCou_lir_,NelWt t/21b;Shpg Wt I Ib W$+/. f lgWe_tt WS-4. 4 Jg Weight+ DS-12. Co_ Male_z"b Dala $_ts+ Pkg. o! 100 DS-13. Cohesk>n/eu MatetL'lt Darm Sheets, P'_.g of tOO. LC-I. 1_1 _d+_JIIo+'. CI,ockwiS4_; 1 000" 0 001 ". LC-9. D_llndicJrfot. Co_nterck>ckwise; t.O00" 0001".

Motorized
Function _l_Ir, T_t;ng .'_TM St=ndar_ D-30_O.

Direct Shear Apparatus

loads to sample Io m_lsure sheM strer_lth

vett_?,,lll lind ho_izo_lal

Spec_fic+tior_ $+m.p_ s+z_ 2" 2- I_,aar* c_ 2-1t2" _m

0 4 S'/m=n

8 t I.,_,4_ r_f',o

F_P4

Wek_ed i_eet. ,IP4m-,IH hn,4Jh 21"w x 34" I I_ SD_O) ..

Mode/= Inck_es

SOecb_H_

cut/e< _,r,d m,p01y ol d_ta sheets

D- 12_,4. Fc* 2+ 2"sam_es. 110vAC, 60 Ptz. 1r D- 120.4-4, Fo* 2" 2" -Jmp_s 22C_ AC. 5C,150 Hz, D.I2OB. Fo+2-tf'2"d++u'n. sa_ IIC, vAC. 60Hz. D- ;20B-4. Fm 2.1/2" d=u_ Mingles 22Ov AC. 50/60 1500 lb. _wfi_JI _ CJp._:/l/es: D. T24A. For 2" x 2" t_n"4:_Je$ 110v AC, 60 Hz. 1_ D.I24A-4. Fo+ 2" x 2"sam_es ?'2C, AC,5_:60 v Hz. D-J24B, For 2.1/'2"d_lm samples 110v/.C. 60Hz. D.124B-4. For 2-l/2-d_lm s4t'n4_,eS 220v AC, 50/6_ Weights O..120Se_Me$ D._24 ,_r,es Net 2_C _:_'s (_182kgl Ne_ 29C "s {_31Z]k;_

; a+ 1_ HZ. 1 ,_

I_ I;Y Hz.

12

ACcessories/ Options LC. 12, ldott_c G#llnd,_Jto_. LC._3+ M41tr_c _ l'tdk'Jtol

CIocJtw_e, 2.5 mmta_e 0 01 men _+'l_u,a:.C_s Cc_P, te_tOCk_,;$e. 25 mm Car_e 001 r_m

8O

t.
ORIGiN,_L OF POOR PAGE IS

QUALITY

SOL/Direct
!

Shear

. t0AD 10 PU_P __-_.

SIUO

RAM ""_-_

_ _ _

I r

RAM 6(ARtNG PLAT(

" , "_

Lo ._,,p

1-J

|." .....

4)' , I ,_q;

PLA _-"! ._ .

__

I ....

,4 ._

Field Direct
Function H_h lo_,t_ MmleS _ tos! P_ls. S.oecm.a S_r_'s [kKr,< Mode4s $4! mCk.K_s P_

Shear

Set
mass _t_ sod lun,'_el_nd a

aDa, cily for u_-pl'ace sheM le'shn 9 ofror_ _>CkS. for SDe_I beM,n.g apt_..at_or_s in e_.avatK)_, t_ns 3" $J4 h D. 11OOwa_J 2 Hydraulic I,.oad_ 9 I_l_s wdh gaU_S 1 TwO.,_/:_KI. Ma/'K_I Cot'<entree I:_.lon $ VMi,lbio SDeed Elc_lt_c I_mp 2 HO,'.I4_ t2" L

Pump

2 Saherical B,_i_ Ai'*,_r,.h_.n_ D...,'BO. 4,_O.DOonb Losdu_,ln,_,'_. 110,_AC, EOHZ. 1,_. D-|Ir_.dL 400.O(X) lb. Lo4d;n9 Rains. :_'2_ AC.$0 Hz. le _-;i;0M. klelri. 180.CO0kg_,ngRsm.s 110vACI_OHz. 1#. B-;&I_. M_t i=. '/BO.OCO k, L,o_ding P_m_. 2"JPv AC. 5OHm. _#. Net 8,_0 g_. (372 kg I. ,_Ptpg. g",_ R_ Order (41 t 3 kg| Sel;_ll_to_ I_o_d_ to local te_tm, g

Special Note Be_'mg _late.= rmt included. _ogr _km t_qHn_4ntlk

Need product or help in a hurry? In Continental U.S. (excluding Illinois), Puerto Rico, St. Thomas, St. John, and St. Croix, dialtoll-free:

1-800-323-1242
In Illinois, dial:

1-800-942-3374

83

SOIL/Direct
l=

Shear

Shear

Box Housing

Direct Shear
Function
_O#_lalns and shears Soil

Box
samite in D;_e! Shear Apparalu'S (Model Ser=e5

Function Costa;he s._ear box and walef to test saturaled sample in D,tec! Sl-bea_ A_,watus (Idodel Series D-110. 1:)-120.D-! 24 a,'_ D,-130). Specff_Jtk_ls
C,onlrrlucho_ Ibta,c_med W,m casl l_o_zf/ ho_et m,O_nl,,r_

{:)-1toA, D-120A, [:)-124A and D-130A). Specir_Jtions San,p_ ,ze ;t" 2" 3;4 m,c_ Cwe,_,_ P,n= _J,gnugoerand_ Models D-l_3. Weights Nel 7 lbs ; ShDg 10 tbs. bo, sectons

Modets
D.IIL

We_h==
Net 8 Ib$ ; ShPg tO|b$

Spare --_._. -."_..-......t Box

s,amr.'_ L", Direct Shezr ApC,_rat_s {Model Sert_',l

Gripper

Assembly

Function HOdS too and bot1_n o_ Io_l s4_mple it, MO_.I D-182 Shear Box _uring shear tesJ_ng_ allows wate_ to paSS. Specif'tc_flo_j
Sau_e S,zI. 2-;/2 Ckam

Direct Shear
Furc-tion
COrdJl_I Ilttd Shoat% Io_|

D.t 106, D-t2CB. _,',pe S_m

D-12_B. D-t 24'tar,(:l_-13_B)1 1- e_:_

k_*=, r_ O_ m4KP,,N_d b*o,_zt

2-tiT"dam
Ur-'_:_ "-i_

Coma, vctmlt

Mocks
D.I_?. Weights
Net 4 ]bl.; SI'I_ I0 !_:_

Motets i)-18.4. Weights Nel 4 [bs ; Shag. 6 Replacement P_rts O-_1,11.B/o/tze Porotn P_ateS4L W_th LraS.torqDo*r_ 1_r=l_'_. Ne'_Wl 1/2 Ib. Shag w1. _.lb.

ORiGINP.L PAGE IS OF POOR QUALITY

81

SOILDirect

Shear

Spare
Function Holds le_h_

Gripper

Assembly
,n Model D- 1B3 Shear Boa during shear

top ar<l bottom of soil sample a.'_l allO'_$ water I0 _.,as4

Specifications _._.,_
U_r

5,ze
$e<f,o_

2 2 _,,,..a.te
RPClH_,e_ t0 receive a_ |T_n !_4_dLe_ Yc_e

Mode_J D-II$.

Weights
Net 4 Ibt. S_D9 6 _bs

Laboratory
Functi_ I_lasutez b,l.re $pec _ar

Vane Tcstsr
of sama4e ;n mold by _o_at_r_ mserled flr, s unt'[

s_'ength

_c_or4

Modets

Specimen
Function Cut soi; semple Models D-I#6. O-liT.

Cutters
lo s;ze of shear box_

No(e Sam,_ D.,_O0. We/gt_ Nel_'51bs

no( induded.

|11kg},Shp_

_OIt,.(qgkg)
J. ,

} :_ 2.112"" d_am. I" th.-_ samples Machined s|eel FLr 2' 2"" 314- thick um_oles. M_ch,n--O brawl4 ! lb.

Weights He[ I/2 _) ; ShDg.

She _r Box Coupling

Funct Transf(r_ /__q_s Models D-)_. Weights Net I;2 C_at al_mi/_um cortstru, c'iK>n )n $h_arir_ _ (Mode Seq_s from IxOv_ng D-110. 0-120. tirol [O Shear box O-124 and O-130| m D,recf ,Shear

tb. St_l:>_g 1 _b
J

82

ORiGfNI_I...PAGE" IS OF POOR 0UA_. try

/-

!,

STORE

AP-2100-'
i | _ I

Rapid selection of locations for field density tests Evaluating backfills in trenches and behind wafts Ughtfoundation gations investi.

Earthwork control for embankments Muck "&soft so#probes

/

Probinp shallow marine deposits Probing beneath existing shallow foundations Pavement subcjrade evaluations

For rapid correlation of field CBR tests

FAST AND EASY Brainard-Kilman's new Portable Static Cone Penetrometer is unmatched in accuracy and ease of operation for quickly measuring soil consistency. The Portal:'.e Static Cone Penetrometer is specifically de:igned _or use in l!ne-grE, neJ, soft soils to depths as .-'uch as 30 feet! Operation co_idn't be easier: simply force the Cone into the soil approximately 6 inches, back off until the gauge reads zero, then advance another 6 inches. Cone Stress is read directly on the conveniently mounted gauge. NO SOIL FRICTION Th_ Brainard-K;"nan Porta-

ble Static Cone Penetrometer features dual rod construction. As the inner rod functions independently of the outer rod, scil friction is not a factor with this uniL Cone Stress as read on the gauge can be easily correlat_cI to local soil constants wimout having to adjust for the soil friction coefficient. MEANT TO BE USED Brainard-K_lman designed the

Portable Static Cone Penetrometer to be an extremely rugged device, built for day-in, day-out use. High strength aluminum and steels were used in the design to protect and maintain the accuracy of the 0 - 70 KG/CM2 Gauge. LIC-HTWEIGHT, SELF CCNTA;NED The basic Portable Static Cone Penetrometer weighs omy 5 pounds! Even with extension rods, the device is eas!;y carried t:y 1 person. Tc:ally self ::..n. tained, tl-e Portable Static Cone PePetromete, r,_:u_res "_oauxi.:ar/ e;uipme'_t.

'II,

BRAIIIARD.

NltmAil

P .3 Be= ',59. 5:one Mtn, GA 3C086 (4C,4 _9-2720 1-8C0-241.9468

ORIGINAL

PAGE

IS

OF POOR QUALITY

II

I I

STORE

AP-2100
T III

SPECIFICATIONS
AP-2100 A Portable Static Cone Penetrometer with 4' Rod Assembly AP-2100 B Portable Static Cone Penetrometer with 2.5' Rod Assembly
I

RANGE:OcMax: 0-70KG/CM=
LOAD LIMIT: 250 LBS

i: CONE
Material:Stainless Ste.4 Cone End Angle: 60 o Max. SectionArea: 1.5cm2 ROD ASSEMBLY Ma_=f_ Outer Rod: High Strength 4140 Chromoly tubing Inner Rod: Centedess Ground316 S_ Steel

weight 6061-T6 Aluminum, Anodized fOrprotection. Stainlessinsertpreventsrod threadsfrom wearing Smoothlyfinished inside bore and pistonfor low friction coefficient

GAUGE
Size: 2.5"o_meter Range:0 - 70 KG/CM2 Built-ingauge-zeroingadjustrnentand integralgauge guardband

HEAD ASSEMBLY
Material: High Strength.light

' 0RDERII' G
PART NO.
DESCRIPTION

INFORMATION
PRICE $ 525.00 $ 510.00 $ $ S $ $
| |l

AP-2100 A AP-21(_0 B AP-2100-14 AP-2100-16 AP-2100-18 AP-2100-8 AP,2100-11

Penetrometerwith 4' "starter" assembly rod Penetrometerwith 2.5' "staded'rod assembry ACCESSORIES 4' "extension"rod assemb:y 2,5' "extensionrod assembly REPLACEMENT PARTS Cone Assembly 4' "starter"rod assembly 25' "starter"rod assembly
I

63.5O 53.50 51.50 6350 53.50

effec:;ve 6 15_87. pnces & $Decdca::on$ suo=eC !o change w,thou! nC:<:o

i t t =

P O Box 1959. S'ne M',n, GA 3C086

BRAINARD-HILmAN (4C.4)462,';'20 :J-_-._-"0-24 _-9468

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To: From: O+te:

GT5812B Ga'ry yon Mcmurray GT29ESB Malcolm Todd Butler 87/06/30. 16.49.o_

Subject:Soil1 To: From: Oat_: Group Or.Williams. Me EI82 Instructor. Group E 6/31/87 Members: Todd Butler Charles Cline Linton Hutcheson Steve Scruggs Mike Smith Nadim Zakhia

the objective of group k is to design a test apparatus and procedure used to determine the mechanical properties of simulated lunar soil. we met with gary.to define our objective since initla|ly there was some confusion as to the guidelines the project was to follow, thus far, we have discussed our objective, collected literature and researched some major topics pertaining to our project, in addition to researching literature, we plan to contact various geological services in order to collect additional data which might be helpful in our research. this equal progress basis. report reflects the work of each group member on an

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DATE: Instructor

July

15.

1987

TO:

Dr.

W;lliams,

FROM: GroupE SUBJECT: Progress

_E E182 i , Report
.)

on the

Soil

ExperimEnt

During the pas:t week, our group has been researching various reports and data which are relevant to our study of soii mechanics. Research has been done on the types of test that would provide the most information on the physical properties of soll with the least amount of test equil_nent. The shear and penetration tests were selected because (11 they are relatively simple, (2) there is much available terrestrial experlen_e with these types of tests. These tests would allow for the measurement of sol) properties such as: bearing capacities. angle of internal friction, stress-strain relationships, base roughness and failure modes for local and general shear. A meeting was held Tuesday the l_th to discuss some methods that may be used to simulate the lunar test environment. Various reports have been requested from NASA and should arrive later this week. INDIVIDUAL INPUT=

Penetration Test: L!nton,Todd Shear Test: Mike.Steve Vacuum Chamber: Charles.Nadim Cad/Cam: hike Processing: Linton

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TO: DR. WILLIAMS, _E E182 iNSTRUCTOR

Date:

July

22.

1987
$ i
1 i

FROM:

Group Progress Report on Soil Experiment i )

SUBJECT:

f/
This week our group has been involved in further research of the critical design parameters of the soll experiment. Various sources of information pertaining to the env:ronmental conditions of lunar soil have been investigated. The group has determined a number of areas that are critical to the test design. Radiation has been a major subject of our research this past week. We are not yet sure how radiation will effect the soil, if at all, however we do intend to find out in the very near future. Our group is also continuing with reseach of how to best simulate the lunar environment. This seems to be one of the major problems which will have to be solved. Each member has selected one or several of the environmental conditions in order to galn "expertise" In that particular ram. Each member has also been directed to submit, In written form, summary of pertinent information on their area of expertise to Linton Hutcheson who will be giving the oral presentation next week. As seen in the Initial paragraph, our group has a general Idea of what we will design, and now we are gathering concrete design criteria as well as methodology for use of a soil experiment.

,i

INOVIDUAL

INPUT:

Soil Simulant: Charles, Nadim Radiation= Linton, Todd Temperature Gradient: hike, Steve Gravity and Atmosphere= All Members Processing: Linton Cad/Cam: _ike

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July To: From: Subject: Dr. Williams, Group Progress Report, Soil Experiment ME 4182 Instructor

2g,19_7

During the past week, we have spent time gathering information data for our presentation which was given by Llnton Hutcheson on July 28. Each group member was assigned a certain topic to research for the presentation. The topics and responsible group members are as follows: TOPIC Introduction Environmental Types Equip. of Tests Conditions Proposed Utilizing Test GROUP L i nton Steve,f_ike, Steve, Todd L i nton next to to be week, put it we ell are planning together so to continue that we can the research be thinking Mike, Char les,Nadim MEMBER

and

Char 1 es, Had im,Todd

Design

Conclusion In the trying like will

ind start of how we member

would

model the responsible

test for

in order to make it work. the same topic as assigned

Each group previously.

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_J To: From: Date: Subject: To , Dr. GT5812B GT29_SB 87/08/0k. 5o116 Williins. ME ;182 Report, Instructor Soil Experiment Gary Yon _cmurray Malcolm Todd Butler IG.17.O)

From: Group Subject: Progress

Ou-ing the past week, our group continued researching the same topics as assigned previously. However, an effort was made to determine exactly what the internal angle of friction is and how it is determined. Our dran_ing for the week reflects this. We are also at the point of starting to correlate our research material into a rough draft. Starting this week, we plan to call additional meetings in order to start finalizing our repcrt. Topics of the week and responsible group members are as follows: Top|c Environmental conditions Group Flember (s)

Steve,Nadim,Charles

Type Test Proposed -Shear test -Penetration Te_t -Soil /4echanics -Word Processing -CAD/CA_

Steve,Rike L i nton,Todd L ; nton,Nad Todd /4;ke

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To :GT5812B Gary Von From: GT2945b Malcolm

_cmurrar Todd Butler

Date:

87/07/07.

17.O8.17.

To:

Dr.Willlams,

ME 4182

Instructor concerning the the mechanical test apparatus properties and procedure simulated

From: Subject:

Group 4 Progress report used to determine lunar soil. has been done

of

Research

on

the

environmental

characteristics

of

the

J_oon. The environmentel conditions design constraints on the testing constraints include the following: atmosphere, Other the test temperature, related des|gn and projects designs in geologlca|

of the moon impose the greatest apparatus. The most important soil mechanics, r_diation, lack gravitatlopnat studied in order pull. to determine to in to

of

reduced were

if our gather

digging implement apparatus. Various on project. so|l

these reports companies that

can be used were interviewed may possibly be

information into our

testing

procedures

Incorporated

our

We met on project: 1) What a_ b) 2_

tuesday

the

7th

and

discussed

the

following

ideas

concerning

tests we should choose Shear test Penetration test meeting and split meetings a to rough do: conditions:

to

work

on.

Possible to _ry frequent

times that are best for up Into three groups of and then meetings _Ith draft of our problem

everyone. We would two for the more all members present. at the

like

We L|tt

also of 1) 2) J) k) 5)

composed things

statement

meeting.

Environmental

Linton,Nadim,Todd

Soli testing apparatus: Todd, Linton, Nadim Lunar excavating bucket (report):Nadim,Steve,Charles Nasa soil testing literature:Steve,Mike,Charles CAD/CAM:MIke

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DATE: TO: Dr. Williams, Group 4 Report on Soil Experiment is being an outline developed for the this formal ME 4182 Instructor

AUG.

IO.

1987

FROM:

SUBJECT:

Progress

The actual testing was held last thursday listed as follows: I II

to

procedure layout

week. report

A meeting which is

A. B. C. . III A. B. C. D. E. F. G. IV V VI VII VIII IX INDIVIDUAL RIKE I SRITH: INPUT: This week the I

ABSTRACT PROBLER STATENENT$ INTRODUCTION PERFORRANCE OBJECTIVE CONSTRAINTS DESIGN DETAILS SURJCkRY ENVIRONRENTAL SIRULATION SOIL SIRULATION SHEAR TEST PENETRATION TEST T:ST PROCEDURE RETHOD OF EVALUATION / DIGGING PARTS LIST / COST CONCLUSION RECORRENDATIONS ACKNOWLEDGERENTS BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICIES ANALYSIS

IP,PLERENT

continued catalogs

to

do and

research picked

on some

the

direct

shear for

test. our

looked

through

vendor

candldates

rirect shear machine. I spoke with hr. Jay Voldenberg of Geotest Instrument Corporation. I am currently awaiting the arrival of information from him. Gaotest has an instrumented model which outputs 0 to 2 volt signals. I am still searching for a suitable recording device. LINTON HUTCHESON= This past weekend I worked with Todd on finishing the abstract and problem statement of the outline. I have located various studies on cohesionless soil which utilize the static penetroaHeter as the testing implement. I have gathered books which contain information on the testing also obtained On Wednsday I some testing procedures involving the shear and penetration tests. some ball park estimates on the costs of penetrometers. am going to contact Brainard Kilman Manufacturing on apparatus. of vacuum, radiation, chamber test facilities. and temperature on I

CHARLES materials.

CLINE: Studied affects Searched for vacuum

TODD BUTLER: Contacted Civil Engineering Dave Brown, and Ed Perkins concerning shear test apparatus. Got information apparatus. NADIR ZAKHIA: How temperature and visa versa. Also for the at in at ambient atmosphere. atmosphere). SCRUGG$: temperature is ( Therefore,

and talked with Dr. Bachus, the static penetrometer and on manufacturers of testing

results in lower normal stiffness of

an increase in the shear strength st-ass, the sLiffness in a vacuum same soil ;s as for e]evated in temperature a vacuum than greater

approximatly

the

STEVE

Attempted

to

call

Bromwell

and

Carrier

Inc.

to

get

information

on basalt
find Further a

soil quarry

recipe to that basalt on

verify can

be

our assumptions obtained from. on simulant

about the simulant Attended meeting and shear test.

and to Thursday.

solidlflcation

information

DATE: TO: Dr. Williams, Group Progress Report was that held the for Sat. des;on Soil Experiment discuss section 19th HE k182 Instructor

AUGUST

19.

1987

FROM=

SUBJECT=

It be is

was

A meeting decided

the 15th to discussion on Wed. the responsibil|ties

a deadline for the rough of our report should

draft. list

ready to submit a breakdown of

to Charles each members

for typing. The followlng for the final report:

TODD BUTLER: model construction, locate equipment to be used in final presentation, editing report. MIKE SMITH: organize and complete drawings to be used in report. STEVE SCRUGS: aid Charles in preparing report for typing, help prepare for presentation. NADIM ZAKHIA: outline end organize the appendlcies for report, typing CHARLES CLINE= type report LINTON HUTCHESON: model constuction, prepare and give oral presentation, in preparing visuals, INPUT= help organize final report.

visuals

aid

INDIVIDUAL

TODD BUTLER: Borrowed static cone. penetrometer from Brainard Killman Inc. Gathered materials for model and began construction. Finished rough draft of digging implement section of report. LINTON HUTCHESON: Arranged to borrow a direct shear test unit from the civil engineering school. Aiding in model contruction. Located equipment needed to modify the penetrometer for our experiment. MIKE SMITH: Locating and confering with the manufacturers of the shear tester to find out if the neccesary modifications can be made. Weekly drawing. STEVE SCRUGS: Obtained information on soil simulant. CHARLES CLINE: Located an off the self device that would both heat and ool the soil sample for the penetration test. Contacted the chamber and to specify the location of window. NADIN ZAKHIA: Studied information of outgassing effects vender on soils. to size

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SHEAR APPARATUS INTRODUCTIONs The direct shear test is used Co measure the shear strength of sell under drained conditions. This test In well suited to a consolidated drained teat because the drainase paths throush the test specimen are short, thereby allowtn8 excess pore pressure to be dissipated fairly rapidly. The test can be performed on all sotl materials end on undisturbed or remolded samples. A relatlvely thln sell specimen Is placed In 8 rlald box that is divided horizontally tnCo two frames; the specimen is confined under m vertical (normal) stress and a horizontal force is applied so as to fall the specimen alan8 a horizontal plane st Its mid point. Cenerally a minimum of 3 specimens, each under 8 different normal stress, are teated. Several other shear testtn8 systems have evolved tn the last few years. Some of the most elantftcent developments are presented st the and of this section. The btexial apparatus developed by Professors Vardoultkss and Droscher and the simple sheer apparatus developed by Professor Budhu are available only from Geotest. The rtn8 shear and debris flow apparatus are available throuah exclusive 88raemants vtth the respective
maflufectnrers,

MOTORIZED DIRECT RESIDUAL SHEAR APPARATUS Ceotast manufactures 3 different direct shear machines. These machines offer a combination of features not available from any other manufacturer: Pneumatic application of consolidation load Automatic residual sheer feature Tension and compression load cell for measurement of shear 6nd residual shear stress Rapid return feature Easy access to shear box Dlaltal display of rate of strain Coneoldatlon end sheer loads up to 2,200 Ibf (10 kN) standard Speed controlled steplessly to within +/11 Use of corrosion resistant materiels throuahout Extremely compact in jilt end attractive in appearance Guaranteed easiest all defects for 2 years Kade and serviced in U.S.A. Applyin8 consolidation load pneueatlcelly means that virtually any sample slze can be accommodated without chanain8 welaht sets, as Is necessary on lever loaded unite. Loads can be appXted Instantaneously and without impact. There is no effect from ambient vibration. Mhen plactns the shear box in position, the vertical loadin 8 frame can be easily removed to provide easy access to the sample. Performin$ a maximum pont residual shear teats is automatic. travel and then besins the sheer test. is reached, the machine automatically The operator When the reverses

sets preset

I 7

The apparatus $2213

follovlng are available:

models

of

motorized

dlrecti

residual

HOTORIZED DIRECT SHEAR APPARATUS This machine offers all features previously described. Normal load Is indicated on a 6n diameter teat gage accurate to I/4 of I percent. Rate of strain Is digitally displayed. Consolidation and sheer strain are displayed by respectlve dial indicators included. Shear and residual shear stress are soused by compresslon-tension load cell and displayed in I Ibf increments or In international unite on a dlaicaZ readout vlCh s measured 2 volt output to interface with recorder or computer. Any single size shear box, housing, cutting shoe and extruder up to 4X4n Is included. No thor accessories ere necessary. Cepaclty Is 2,200 lbf (I0 kN) for normal (_onsolldatlon) and shear loads Speed range (strain rate) Is .0000_ to .0_0 Inch (.OOC5 to _3 rim) per minute. A rapid return feature permits quick ropositzonin8 st sad of test. Speed is controlled to better then +/IZ Of mat point. Standard voltage characteristics are 115 VAC. For 230 VAC, specify S2213-3. Shipping Weights 190 lbm (87 ks); 10 cu. ft. DIGITAL DIRECT SHEAR APPARATUS This machine is a completely instrumented version of S2215. Both dlal indicators have been replaced with LVDT-dial indicator combinations and digital displays. The 6 w test gauge has been replaced by pressure transducer which o_splays normal load In 1 lbf increments or kgf on digits1 display. All 4 displays have measured 2 volt analog output to interface with s recorder of computar. A fifth display with no output indicates exact race of strain, Size and weight is Sane as $2215. Apparatus is furnished complete with one shear box and accessories up to 4X4" (see description of S2215). Standard voltage characteristics are 115 Vat. For 230 VAC, pacify S2215-3, STRESS STRAIN DIGITAL DIRECT SHEAR APPARATUS $2216 has same digital displays as S2215 but includes additional Instrumentation to permlt performance of controlled stress shear tests as well as controlled rats of strain tests. An additional controller permits loud to be applied at s constant race of stress which is set st the operators option. Size and weight is sane as S2213 end S2215. Standard voltage characteristics era 115 VAC. For 230 VAC, specify S2216-3. ACCESSORIES $2228 Outer Shear Box Housing The houstn8 Is machined from cast nays1 bronze and highly resistant to corrosion. It has 8reyes St bottom assist In drainage of saturation rater. This housing accommodate any Gsotest shesr box up to 4X4" (IOXIO cm). S2230 Shear Box 212" (5.04 X 5.04 ca) $2216 $2215

%__t

is to will

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LEVER MOTORIZED DIRECT/RESIDUAL SHEAR APPARATUS This apparatus, not nnnufactured by Geotest, offers a lover cost method to perform direct and residual shear tests then $2213, 15 end 16 previously described. Its features and quality compare very favorably to other foreisn manufactured shear apparatus mow boise sold in the U.S.A. Any size standard shear box up to 4x4" (100xl00 ms) can be ccommodated. The vertical load is pplled to the specimen by a lOs1 lever losdln8 system. The carriaae is mounted on low friction ball track. Shearln8 load is applied by an Inflnately variable electronic drive unit vlth cruel rate of strain diaitslly displayed. Speeds can be varied fro ,001 to 1.2 n per minute. The carria8e constructed of non-ferrous material con_ains the 2 halves of the brass shear box. Two dial indicator measure respectively consolidation and sheer strain. I provtn8 rim 8. 3 kN capacity, ensures shear stress. Four limit witches prevent overrun in my direction. Residual shear test re accomplished by reversins travel. Mxiuu horizontal travel is 40 mm. Ippsrtus includes 11 necessary cceoriee except shear box which usa be ordered eprstely. Standard vetaht set of 50 k s total ts included. Dtmenstos re 44x23x46" (l100xS80xl160 an). Stndard voltaae is 115 VlC. "For 230 VAC, specify S2208-3. Shtppin$ Yeiahts 570 lbs (259 ha)! 42 cu. ft. Accessories 52208-A into for $2208

52208

Shear Box 2.5" diameter. The shear box includes 2 porous tones and shear machine crriae. Sample i 1" hiah. Shear Shear Shear cutters Box Box Box and 60 nn 60z60 lOOxlO0 tempers diameter. an. am. for above size are 1o

adapter

to

flt

$2208-B $2208-C $2208-G Sample S2340

availhie.

POETABLE DIRECT SHEAR APPARATUS (LST) This ppsrtus makes it possible to study mechanism to initiate debris flows as undrained shear of loose sediment in sttu. LST refers to Land Slide Testina. Dr. KyoJi Sooa is the inventor of the LST. The complete apparatus is carried in ltsht, aluminum alloy, attache type carryia8 case. Means re provided to take an undisturbed sample esurin8 20x20x10 cue saturstin8 the ample and immediately perfornin8 the test. Normal load is applied by newts8 a weight ales8 s sraduated lever arm. Shesrins force is applied vlth hand screw Jack, The shear box has an upper and lover portion which ere free to eve durln8 test. A 200 ksf provin8 rims and ruler measure shesr stress and strain.

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The coeplete apparatus supplied includes matched set of proving rings, 50 k 8 of welshs, consolidation dlal indicator, sample preparelee rlnss wlth hollow punch and porous stones. Overall dimensions are 70x70xl_5 ca. Voltage requirements ere 115/60/I. For 230/$0/I, specify $2350-3. Shipping Vetght: 500 lba (227 k8); 30 cu. ft. ,_ RING SHEAR TYPE DEBRIS FLOW APPARATUS This apparatus leo invented by Dr. KyoJt Sassa is now being used by the U.S. Geological Survey to study mechanism in liquified land slides including debris flov. in use a sample is placed in a ring type sheer box referred to as 8 sample box and saturated vith rater. The sample box consists of an upper half ring .and lover half ring and the sample sheers along the Junction of the tvo rings vhen a turning eveeat is applied to the lover half ring vhile the upper half ring resins stationary. A vrticl load is applied to the sample vhile the torque and/or turning anglo re being measured as the sample is sheared. O.D. of sample box is A8 ca; I.D. is 30 c and over 11 height of upper and lover halves is 9 ca. Shearing force is provided by errs motor. The high speed range using the motor driv is useful in performing liquefaction taste vhile the lov speed range is racemended for drained shear tests. Usia8 the serve drive provides a controlled rats of strsin test while using the serve drive with feedback allows testing to be dons under controlled rate of stress conditions. Vrtical (norms1 provdod from n air otire top surface of loading) compressor. sample. is dune pnouatlcally Load is applied vlth evenly air over $2360

Load calls measure vortical and shearing forces; turning an$1e is measured by potentioeter; volume change by a dial indicator and differentia1 transferor| vortical displaceeat is measured vith dial indicator. The following & properties are digitally displayed on electronic readouts with outputs that will Interface to data recording system or computer If desired ts vertical load, shearing torque, turning angle and volume change. Here copies request SIHPLE detailed of papers from Cosiest. information presented on by Dr. this Sassa apparatus as are available well upon ss

SHEAR APPARATUS

INTRODUCTION A simple shear test - 8 plane strain test in vhich the prlnclpal axes of stress and strain rotate-closely spproxleates the conditions likely to occur in 8 sell ass in any practical situations. There are seversl very interesting simple shear devices bein 8 sold throughout the vorld. Almost all are nov based on the Norvsgian Geotechntcal Institute (NGI) design vhtch

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5. The device can be controlled manually or by s computer.

6. Digltal stresses, and volume strip chart S2AOI

readouts are standard items for normsl stresses, sheer pore water pressures, vertical and shear displacements change. For cyclic tests, a six channel high speed recorder s recommended and can be provided. SHEAR APPARATUS

BUDHU SIMPLE

Vertical load is mpplled pneunatlcally in a system similar to our direct shear apparatus ($2213, 15, 16). When placln8 the shear box in position, the vertical loading frame can be easily removed to provide emsy access to the sample and load cell. Vertical and shear displacements arm measured by speclally deimned LVDT'm end dimitslly displayed, Normal stress, hear stress and pore pressures arm measured by a special load cell in the center of the top platen 8nd di$itslly displayed with measured output for connection to s computer or recorder. Additionally the apparatus has an IEEE-488 interface. Nazimum vertical tress is 1500 kPa. However, a higher capacity can be provided If cyclic and closed loop control is not required, n lower cost drive system mtmilsr to that provided in our direct shear apparatus can be offered. The system provided in $2401 ts fully automated serve-controlled apparatus with capability of applying static or cyclic (up to 2 Hertz) simple shear loadin8 to the sample under drained or undrained conditions to s maximum applied shear aires of 1500 kPa. The system is capable of applying load under both strain-controlled and stress-controlled conditions. Loadln$ can be controlled manually or by a computer. To achieve sample uaturatlou, buck pressures to I000 kP8 can bm applied. Pore pressure can be msnsurod throumhout rill test phases. All components in contact with sample pore fluid ere of corrosion resistent materials. Soils ramming from loose sands, d/latent silts and soft to very stiff clays can be tested. A separate control panel, similar monitors and controls back pressure, pressure mad volume chasms. in appearance dimltally to S424. displays pore

Any size sample square (or circular if desired) can be provided up to 70x70 mm (or 2.8 w dlsmeter). Standard sizes now available are 45z45 and 65z65 am. The sample is enclosed within a rubber membrane and surrounded by square articulated teflon costed rings Apparatus Includes one size shear box and sample preparation accessories which permit both tube and stiffer trimmed nmples to be conveniently installed. The basic simple shear apparatus occuplostable space of 40z16". The control panel measures 23x12x40 1/2 w. Additional space should be provided for s 6 channel recorder, data lesser. printer etc. if needed. Computer software is being developed and viii be available in a short period of time.

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The 8o11 specimen is a rlsht rectansular priam wlth dimensions IAOx4Oz80 mu. Two opposite faces are supported by walls enclosed between two rigid walls Inducln8 plane-straln conditions. The speclnen Is surrounded by a thln rubber membrane. The axial load Is klneaatlcally applied by an enlarsed upper plato sulded to Frevent any tllt or eccentricity. The bottom plate Is enlarsed and horizontally 8ulded by a linear besrln$ parallel to the plane of deformation. All the surfaces In contact wlth the specimen are glass lined end lubricated to minimize friction. The assemblase Is placed Into a conventlonel trlazlal ceil in loadln8 frame, in order to apply the conflnlu8 pressure and to drive the top plate vertically. Internally located 1osd-cells allow for accurate measurement of "the azlsl force, its eccentricity and the friction alone the side walls. LVDT displacement transducers monitor the axial and the lateral displacements of the specimen, and the horizontal movement of the bess plate. Additional modifications to the apparatus will permit measurement of pore pressure and intermediate principal stress. $2600 is the basic btaztsl apparatus less the various LVDTes. load calls, and transducers needed to completely instrument tht apparatus. The cell and instrumentation are listed separately. The load frame recommended is SS720, $5721, or $5722. OTHEE SHE&R TEST E-280 APPARATUS

POCKET PENETROHETER The pocket sotl penetronetor is 8 for clssstfytn8 soils. It is a sprin8 measure compressive strength of soil polished 1/4 a diameter loadtn8 piston of .25". The end ares is .OS square foot is available as an option for use Compressive load in tons per square is Indicated by resdin8 ,tale on piston reached Is shown by friction flus. L belt loop Is Included. Length 6 1/4". Shlppln 8 Waisht= 11b (.45 ks) | .I cu. E-281Penetroneter E-28S A_apter Foot 1"

frequently used instrument operated devtce used to by pushin8 s 8round and into sot1 to depth inch. I special adaptor in very sensitive 80118. foot or KS per square ca barrel. Haztmun rosdtn8 plastlc csrryln8 case wlth ft.

diameter.

TORSIONAL VANE SHEAR DEVICE This vane taster is used to rapidly detsrntne sheer etrenach of cohesive soils in the fie1# or laboratory. Xn use the vaned foot is inserted into a flat soil surface and the upper portion is turned davelopin8 tncressin8 torsional force until the soil shears. The maximum roadln8 retained by the pointer Is recorded and then manually returned to zero. The standard vane device has 8 medium vaned foot and a scale of 0 co 1TSF or Ka/sq. cm. in .05 units. A wrench is included to replace standard vane vlch sensitive (E-288S) or hlsh cspaclty (E-285HC) vaned foot. The

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Apollo 12: Penetrometer (Surveyor 11I) Apollo 12: Vacuum Direct Shear Apollo 12: Direct Shear (Surveyor III) Luna 16 & 20: Direct Shear and Coulomb Devtce

N/A 0-0.7 0.1-3.1 3.9-5.9 28-35 13-56 20-25

Hitche11 (1970) Jaffe (1971) Carrier et al. 1973c) Jaffe (1973) (1972b,

Leonovtch et al. (]974, 1975); Gromov et al.

(1971)

Assumed Hean of 69 values Hean of 25 values Estimated

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" 7.,,d_W_ " _

_'_

"

"

r_sudt =n

__

--

d _'-

_'_1_%

S_2

"

"

"

;_ -..,._ ,_

%.=._;-, -., " "

;; -" ;

._

_, "_ -_

_/t[_'_'

ORI(_NAL OF POOR

P#.GE

!_

QUALITY

//-

_:_

_..':

<_:o ._'; --+_,-+_;<:_+%+_'.,+-_._

_.+_o_.'-_:_-__

_, ,_1:._ _,-

_--_-_.mP_.,,._;,s-_.,_,:_

.--

+"*

-'_=_-+_-:'+=_'-'-+

'_'-

_-v+_+_''

'

+ _-

"+'

"_'

--_i_

41.---An unknown

amoull

ot_de

_6ol

4.1.1

_tUpll_

I_rust

miCl_lllr+.__

r+sistaneetcstdata,

orcone

and

duce a si_ch

+4 IPflc6o_-Com

""_'+<" 4.,.2,o,. _F,'._:_ __.,,<o,+ o,y tho,e th:,,,-.--- +.<,.".into Penetrometer--Pqp rate ofdepth penetrat|oo of 2 to 4 n;_--_._ 4v'+_'_cur ,+ well.defined point clurmi cw=n .me F ,_o., ,_e*,+,, _.d._o. oro_ 2O m.*)-el+ -heno_,_,+;,;',._+'_.'_,,r+ ,,,oveme,,t _ orthetopo,,,,+. _,o_._,.+ m_
f.ricdon-<one part of th_ lpeae tip, mdata. Other rates o1'Imm=Irldon l_tweeo tests. _t'v+_._llll W __s in reladon -_/II I_ ua ---, m l_,_r. _:'stJ_ of the " i I_ _-(me to the top of the push " lls,c omprss.mn,.of pusn roas w: " Up. _ er Nm I.--'i'bt rail d: IVmm (10 ml&,_ t_ ti_ t_ _,_P-l_._h--_'_l_tb.._l_ff_ rmdslmcevdu4_*lumusinllbe_|il_l_--,.fiv
ll_l_l) II Wll.ll_llll 101" I,I_ _. 91Je _. $UilICl

_nll mechardid mr up. The lower

11 a mlnde to which the cone attaches, g_ Pu_t unto the Olnle enlales tbe ulleevelodlhenbolhlclvaoce

;"'" -'imumucnutwomlrdso(mlmcvcm mm+,i+++r.m,m++;-___m-l,,*".+.._-,;....,..,,

iu .._-,-.- i u_ lum, vru_l WL '.U_ '_"w'_l. CmU _'l _"_.

...................
effect hi _ to _

:; -,_- _.-<_._._:_
il_'U+c Im_'_mrs.
N_nt II-..'1"_

..._.+._'_.1 ._:&.,be <_o.<one _'_.' m p+.+_o_p.-., ,+,, ,+

WDm '+---.

_iote 3), this i_c_nt ordmmly at not less than I.O in. (2_ ram) movement of the inner

$.2 ert+ _. face--Use f ethe thrust m er

*."he ,""
-.

--y co,st_ oi' _

o_ _

days. .........

dm_l<kr. |IV

duc_r_l,

_m_.f m_v _ _ ..... " --sO4Pl_losl_ly

'--

,. _ "_

""_l

" --_.A _l_F'uture _ snows one euml_e 141 _ "." -drluU Iold ten cml lu_tmth]_Y

u_, ....

"_"."

""

the onehet.e,.-, ,e so. -+ -c_. no.w 4urml the _ re-

v,or_n- ego
,., _"_m,_i_ "" .':"--Imc_hnllOft .S.3 Drift exceedlnl v'_'.'_

_"

..nlxl6oa mSiSULm:_S) It the suffsc_ by able device such Is hydraulic or e1m.. c__ .r. w''ml nl_" " -

nine(s) olx_ned _ dlt sUmdazd _"ql l_, IAr-.-,ll4m_4/Pe_tmm_trL. 4.2 1 Co_ P_IPo_Pt+P--(#) /_lw_

| _ll"_ple pressure wnc* ml con+ naples _ _+IP_I'.. - .......... -'"s friction l __.-_tain._soonuspossibieafterthe

ds " _n

:"

I_silmfor pecm_Pometer ...... in electr_-ceme.... .+ ,- ,) ..... .._

,.z r--,.---_.._....--k-4 -- .,,,,._ --.,=..-.-+,

.
,6

e._ .._ qlJi

|

I_ J. Uil_
---din + ,_--r+_ ......

.I
,++, ..... -

-,
P-_ ......
" "- --_e_cu_ -able + v_th
"

.+;_,.,
push rods
; .... "" -, +i -d "-'0 an _a-

............

....

,.m

........ ,_ n_..--

,. _

._ _-r

u=lxu_ummm"uPtmli coon I_sistucl al _I

:_. _-usum._ i

I_

rls_su_ce is Cmml_l -

r--I_rU -''_ o_ "

........ ooso'_u
.=-...k;. w...,--..,.. ,.,,

ransm,ts u_ crusmmlr
,.4mull d ..n

........

,--+ .............
each
" " "

o i:_.-,,._._ _ _ system. _..,_,..,,+-,.,_,+ v,+ne._-._----:* -_";-,'-_""A'----'e -'_ repush rod'-kul_ interval

--

-lures to om

pout

--"

(see

u+_u_ u. _ umu=__._,+ s_;muv_ ._ im _ ..&l IO_t_ rentwomergr+: _..L _++_ . . -._,,_ .._..,.Jw----:, . It,/_ .+,me. m_'al step tO- _ III li 413.1 I uSml continuous

_"-

.2..I) _

ro_-mlJ.JVem ,_.:---_--| ..'--. _""

rill dow_llll_

mT_asr

n.
nl

cimt three o= m +sS rodsm r.ol__ikl +

extinded tip _
"

_ m+
+.

thelush m<h..
"

......
Note

by
any
""

r,g over

Id_anc+

it to
" " " +

Ittco_d

the LoJdlJ t_nl_S)

tl_

+
U

on

" _. _
"" "

4 shows- one desil_ for an eke! aul+'mne sou _.e._.. ^_.. v. ..... : .........
_,41

. l+w_rg mac4me--IDml ;_ ..... ..,_..,..,.+._. ................

el_i

m,o_..o_, t+_. m__!.

-._i._-+,
___i_ llke+

up..
,w

"

" .(20 y 2 Fr_&m.Co_,+ 2

" " oo_uo ..k,.;. two rl;lumlacl$ =__ ...L .=- .._ m.
lull

m). . ::++-lllm_'n_mi+mm)Omcone e+ Pe_tromem';I _Lt _,,,d the redsumce, " cone or :

. ......... oanall __ - _d
ri_.

..

,m. i,m=m>m+t., d.+-.'mdm4.UI_[ i....... ........ I_ --It"

_l_mli J).l_S
. ii I=XlLIgU:MUCI

_niCrvlls I_lmb deplb of note tuem iu *--* ........ ._---m

m

re+m), r.i,_ce,
.r..+.,.A;.. _ ill uI. t_uj m

coot,,,of
obl_a

+oq, on::_ i-'y" ._._. ,

r-'_-" .;v. ......
elLA

s4 w, "
i_n

Cb I_ of

_+._s
e,

.---

+-+

m.mll_

v--.

-+-l-.o(

e_

Li3_

U_

_.;cr._-.

1_34_g

a.r;..

I_ III!

at...

no_

exce_rl_

_.

Jr.

.--

r--

macmnemu._ao i coosr._t r_e

aneemlpeneu'om while r_ mnlmmde

",,J,*_,ofl_. _, .,._ .: ........ Ilneve

exte_lion

Wh_tl_lm_l_llk,i.-, _.,_ -'-wu !!_ Ikkl_

I! *--

..r--.,: ............

1- 412

lad check +' -'- .... rid-

l_r_ . or surfa --. -' $clll.che" ___ +..s _, r+ ......

lso

.... _ .......... ....... " . >Ti .t--D_p _. _ .mUnip....Im_. JrellUU1L_(_f_llllst:llosst431_). modem a_hiMs me kylkluMc pisto_l _

oblam second measuRm_l mw qkmd ren_P o_ reegl_e the tip if" this check " . .--r'- Iotai r_stanee of thl cone plus dll ikll | |IiI sedsfletov/ fo_ d_ iccuracy des_ _ +..,..___,,.'-_ ._,.._ .L_., ..... "-,o-_ ; (Ira," ...... _im+-_uou ipvc_ tag s.ccv_ _g_+_------" ::.. II _ n_sUL_ce ompooellllsJ.

IiJrs

1,0. ,,+_

_,,
. macmne --_+'+-d re-

No., '0--_L_= .Or .m.,-,j__:_.

I m_

+.._.._

.., e,,<.,o,-

+-_,;_.t "+
_, l,lined th_ .'el a re . . o,

7':_. _.+-_ _';+_,,+:_:'

,.dlrlym tlm=sur_eorKir-_'_elai'+n.
_'_ --

,, _. ..... -_e _[ _J_ st_IC--_nE'uS[ ;S SUDS, Static rellct_lL 7 "t-J " -

m mo-gm_m m urn=up ._q_,--,. ++ m hlcSo_ meism_alenl (_ No_ 14)..,,d,_Pl Neon.. iI--TI_ soil kictioe &k)_l ml %-'..:,._ il ,.l_l_n_o_edmmt_loldo_tl_ +__.j.,_l_ II _+ml _ql_ I_ _ i_ll_l_| .:. OO_" _'I[

co,,d -x ._+_,...<.._, ",-+"_'+.."',_I P" .o,,o,+,c, -y +e.nce, he- d++., o. _,,

_,,+,_ . ......... 4.Z.J Kcormng

__, +tO_tlO4 OJ Ffifioq _ionl r._,, lmlll+,-,TS,t,,m .... t',h;_ frictiOn reduction Ib'---- t-.r-. ......... = ...... _._ +.. _mmascmepe_etrometero.epm_a_,u_,_ n_sllm:e ompoa+n. determmed

by

ri._o,

+e he )bhi ed on

_ roll'reliSh

and electric bps us noted the frk:doa r_ducden,

m 1.3. iouo-

1_ pc l:_tmeer

.l Ge_Pr_:

uora--lO

i
+ _
_

"---: _:-"_'-.-:."._-_-.,+.,.._,,.__._._._.---_-_,_,:_-_
"_1.'' "--

,ce . IL id-

_"
_-

+ :_:::" :_: ++?=i_ ","--_-:- '-+.:-:";,= ._;" +, .-: ._..,i.-. "T,: " -.,-Z .

_+- "

.-

....

., . .+ :..+ .

_ . +. ,

..

..<!_,- .,_...-+..: -_':..:

-" ..:.;..
+_+_:+

ORIGIP+AL PAGE IS OF POOR QUALITY

:-'-1:

_.l MecAa_cal Pemrtrometera: $.1.1 lm_rr Rod Fr_c_on--So_

paw6cles
|l

COI_APS[D Ir_llllll_l I( i JJlilll_llik_ Ct _

and conosioo can incressedie friction be.

tv, c_n inner rods and pash rods. Ip_'l_

resuhb_l _,, _l_ficunt errors in the measuremeat of the resistance _mponeot(s). C3esn
and lubricate the inner rods. .5.1.2 Weig4t of l.aer Rods_For ira. proved accuracy at low values o(co_e resistawe. correct the thrust data to h_cbde the accumulated v,e[ght c_ the inner g6cls from the tip to d_e topmost rod.

_.8.3 Jammqg--Sofl
s_cUn8 surfaces or bcn_q

parities

bctween

o( the dp may jam

Cbe mechamsm dural d_e many extemk)es and co, apses of the telescopingmechanical tip. Stop the s_ndi_ as soonusuncu'recta-

---

._

/f /"

-.

/
.o/

+ +-.,+

ORIGII_AL

PAGE

_$

OF POOR QUALITY

CONTENTS

+ r =

3 PREFACE PART I: ............................. INTRODUCTION .............. .... .................. 5 9

Back_ud

_o,._,_..."
Apps_tck

".'..:"

.'..."

"." "."

...........................

9 9 10 12
,

PART -- zQmPMr.,rr AND StATZ_AUS ............... v_mm r,.stUty ......................

, . .... .... Lm_r Sotl fdmalm_ ...................... TestCoehtfesrs . , , , o . . , . .... PART m: 8PECTMEN PREPARATION .... In tim Workt_ AND Clmmt_r ............ OF TEST RESULTS .... AND TEST

12 12 1: 14 14 :4 14 16 IS IS 17 2O 22

PROCEDURES

Test Bpeolmeu Coutstesr PART IV: t_pport

DISCLq_OM

PRESrNTATION

Prelimtnmr7 Tern l.kmti_ Effects On SLmulmst ................... Pump Down ud OutpsstnE T._ ................ Nltrotms Overlay Tests ..................... Thooreticsl _tiou ..................... PART V: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..........

23 24

REFERENCES

............................

TABLES FIGU'RES APPENDIX

[ sod I-M

A - DIFFUSION

OF GAS THROUGH

A POROUS

MEDIUM

_J

mp...._

..

LUNAR PART

BOIL STIMULANT I, OUTGASSlIqG

STUDY,

PKASE B

CHARACTERISTIC8

PART

INTNODUCTION

Bac_ud I. earth's A st_17 frsvity to develop finl4 lunar soft stmuls_t whose of hear physlcsl IM_vior r_ced in the _vtty

spprozfmatse

the behavior

soil in UI

field of the moon was tniUatod in Pineal Year I_M. Tha first phase of the study which was completed and reported(l)" in April 1966. m to dmlop a mstorinL dostpsteal Type A Lunar Soil Stmulmst. _hich. in su sevtromnnt vtuTts_ frum stmospharie to 10 tort. would have certain ptucribod properties. Tbs material developed under this phase _u 8prmmlsr sad m composed o ummthered _ rock, cruslhmd msd procmse_! to fall within ths i_lulatlon hand showu on FI/psrl i. Othsr pertine_ properUu tnoluded the foUowb_ a. _b c. __ n_dk cJm_ Particle _ rrse fatt _ specific reflecUvtty jTsvlty (sibodo) ........... ............. ............ t.W0-liS0 $. 02-3,16 0.0";-0.0S 2. S-5 cm (I-| more severe kz/mS0JS-S0

StnhaZe under simulated estromuts _ISht of 0.3S2 Iq_cm 2 (6 [bs/In. 2) ........... study requires

In.)

S.

The second phase of tho overall

euvlronmnt

for the testing. The Typ4 A slmuhmt was uded in the PhaD B invesUl_t(ou, study varies from the roul_ng z.aup

developod durinl the inlthd phase of the study The required vacuum level for the PhaN B to 81pproxJ.m, atoiy bd0 -5 tort. Should tim

Type A stmuhmt prove unacceptable in the Phase B euv/roumeut, it will be modified to approxin_to certain outgass/ng end thermal properties establtabed from _trilor sthdtoe. The Phace B tnvesusntlon is broken into two part_: (1) outlnssinl_ chavacteristice and _) thermal properties. Phase C of tbs overtU study will test th_ lunar soil stmulant in u envtrmunent of l0 "8 tort and below. This vacuum level s_roncbss test of the ability of the itmar that of th@ lunar surface Dd will provide severe soil slmuLtnt to meet prsecrtbed properties. and Scc_ cbarscterlstics of' Is limited to dlqcuson the crushed

Purpoge

$. Tbs purpo_ of th/s report is to presee_ the out4_usin| the i_mulAn_ produced under the first phaJ4 study. The report sion o( the rnult_ o( cenditJoninlG out4ptssfniG and overlay

experiment8

RsISe_J I_mbers

In psrlmthesls//_ore_cPs.

PRECED|NG PAGE BLANK NOT FILMED

. o .........

IIIII I

o-

dlabaso material Problem stets that should be overcome so that rash-rated vacuum chambers may be evscuatod to specific pressuro with a minimum of delay due to sfmulant outpsstng sro discussed. The results reported herein consUtute the first part o_ Lunsr SoU 8imuhmt Study, Phsse B. described sbovo.

Annroech
"o

4. The ldifh vacuum factlity svslhd)le at then Laborttories wss used to detarmine tin outpsstn_ clnrtcterlstlcs of the stmul_nt. Tits tuta tncluded the toUowt_: Kk. _ _ time required to pomp down to spoctfic snd under repeated pump prossu:o,

"

OutSsss_ng rate st the spoctftc pressure,

. The oetpsstnS chsrulntiaUcs oyr.les cl pump down sad represmrl_tJoe. IS. "the espertmemml spproub _Biderstloe of tiM, follovtnl; boksvlor envlrmment:

of tlm slmulnt

in sccompltsh characteristics

the work in this study tnvolvod _r the sSmulsnt tn the Phase n

ollminsto,

A- Becsnss water vapor is the most dlfftcult soerce of og_tsstng the simulant should be stored so as to ezcludo moislnre.

to

b_. CoedNoatng of tho stmul_t should be so desllpmd ss to remove much edoorbod wster from tho h_torlor of tho matorlal u possiblo prior to placement ia tim _ cimmber. 8. The toctmlquos employed tncluded couslderstioo o_ the tollowlnl:

_. Coedlt/onlnt tltlu _r the matlrisl In sir. ovah_tod by set/as ot plots provide valuable iaslSht '-to

of the matsr/sls m accompl/sbed by heaU_ all quanThe effocthreness of tb4 _ of precoadit/o_ml wts rohtUng p_ksure to time. Analysis or this data should ps losds In be ant/ctpatsd for larp quantities of me"

exam/nod st/ons.

b_. Tho _ ot nitrogen overlays between successive pump down was to evaluats overall systlm charscterlsUcs under simulated day to day ope.r-

-_.c 8poclal e:n_pbasls wss placed on describing pump dov_ tn the rc_i_htng so that ccmpleto piclztre of ps loed ts function of time could be obtained.

10

obtatn4_ of admulut

d_ A closed form ooluUoa d tho one-d[monslonli and tim tboorotlcal rolstlonaddp betwo_ pro88_ro wss plottod.

dlffuadoo equltloat sad depth within miss

ll

j-

II

"b

-i"
"i

PART

H:

EQUIPMENT

AND MATER_L8

Vs_

Tacl11_

V. .:
i paun_J:

_s

h_h v8_
dtffuiae 10 -2 tOrro

fs_-tllty used for this study coMtsts

pu_ st uhtch 8rid wrk_q dtuhJr. Tb pump

d three m_Jor cemmtchniul foropu_

forq_nnp,

rs_d

at 7.1 liters
of adM_

per second (IS cfm). provJdu

opero_od pro v'_vt, prop nd flu e_

Jsl_tl or rm_t

pumpt_

don

to
Is tnL

pressure

point the dIHustoa

"s put Into tbo sym

"\

by apeaJq a pao_nstio_y 8ta_ b_RMm tbO _

A ustor ooolod obev_ befl_ Io nlmtntn b_kJ_,untq.

lS-e_ (_-ts.) e41 _ pump vinh s Nmt_l pumpln8 speed of 1440 Iltero por seooed fJ06o.c_) provides the eq_blll_ o(s_ ttR JdSh v_ rues. Tits pumpi_r speed d the sys_n is sftocted by coaductsace IosNs(s_ at tbsent_ m 1hotnesS, b) tntbolb_Md, (_ Jatbep_ovslro, rod(d0 tntbseb_befflo. The ioeses eamb4w to Mdue tbs sot ImmpIM speed to spproxlmstsly 111 II_ Imr (M_dm). 'rbs working ebsmb_ eouises d a _ 46-4m (lS-k.) 8ttlsless tee!
foodtbrouSb ooUar _ _ bsll _r. A butyl rubber by a 44J-era ftS-b_) hofor f_skst pTovJdu tbs prfncfpb by 46-cm (l|-fL) bs/l fltr soel. bfSh

8.
tin _

Prtsmt_
l_s

is m_ml_ored by three pups.

eud_qs In Ibo tool_s_

A thsrn, oeouplo puss

xsqo, ud Is uud

phtood in
to

prairie

prettily

Inndk:_o _dn,m_ dlffuloa lpamp _ be a_lvsled. Aee, ld uffnods _ p_qp_ pr_ddoau 8)tlssu_nz__ eqablll_ dam'n_ _ m_ 10"/W_'r rsnq_. Tbs Imnle Is mo_mted in tbs tbro_ _ beU_Mm tbo u_-kt_g dmmber sn_ tbo _ Bed _IU tbondoro Jndtcsto preesuro samovhst iouer tbn 0m prem in t_ _ork_g ares. A dual dumber los/sstlm gstJSs is mounts! la 8hs foed_-uq_h ooLhu, and pr_vldss
preen x_ltnss In tbs _oridsg r.bamber from 8tmospbsro doun b ths mid 10 -4 Iorr

ro_o. lJo4b laeisaUm gsusu _ontlmmes rocord a_ proHuro

o,

8_ro_ _Jrsus

to t strip chart reor6sr _dltch ylalds a tbne _ tmospbsro don Io ths ultlmsto pn_-

L_u_r |. Tbs Type A 8/mulut wu

Soft 8tmul_t uNd in tbs hdtlal phase d this study aed _ss

st_red tn polyot_l_o 11nod tool d_um. Tbo qunt_ty to bo _sted .as dro,_n fr_ tills s_ocJgtlO. The moisturo ooetut of tbs stored 81muisnt was loss tlnn 1% dry

Test catabors
10.

Four Isst co_al_rs

wore used in this progrsm

Jusdsro dsscrtbed

more

r
!

t
t
!

!
$ fully fa Isbulsr tom below. ptpo cut to _ sad _ pr_ two Stoups d oatsl_rs Each eyBa_r ooufm ot s _ ot studArd sluml_sa to u sb_ _ plats. Tim four cyUndsrs _nbased on nominal volume. The tailor voluzne A ored _sta. bssls T_ larpr tor estfmaUq volmu _ _t_t_rl ps _ bas_! were oo either uaod \ ++ tsar m used tot _ m_ority for uoparatl_ tom to provS_ _iume or surtaos

l
i

[
i i
F Test C_rs

Ok:nmary

C_tst_r

Dim_ee_W

CN

WeiSht d
D/sm_sr m I_ m Am m s olsme m s 8/muhust t !

A B1 Bz B3

10.16 Z0.16 1_. 07 15. _4

10.16 8._8 |S. 40 ",S. 2<

Sl. 07 319.25 114. ,it 183.

_3.87 I(L_.X3

I. 18 3.82

|784.41

3. 82

_eversloa

Fsetor

em x O. _104 ,, incbu cut 2 x O. 166 - squsre bschos cm3 x O. OSl - cubic inches

_ xZ.So3,

pounds

13

_L

PART

m:

BPECIMEN

PREPARAT/OH

AND TEST

PROCEDb'RE8

_,t st_c_m
11. The 1_Tpe A stmulant tskm directly from the stoc1_ wu losdod Into the _st container throush a c_ne-shspedbopper suppiledwtthaqulckqMmJ_ valve. The d/staace h_m tbs valve totlM_bot_m _a_ts/ser Is :_-m (l_-In.). The slm.lsnt was allou_ to fall frooly into oach em_nor, _t so _ _t _ms i W assets uniformity d placement denstt_.

p r.

S_mplo,

8111.us_madoo_(xxtdttkmodum_

IvOr_St,

b/tin

eoe_, i__ly_'=___. __wzss_ __y oo the _ mama. _ _ omt_ m ma_ _ roam tsm_rUn_. ooadltJon sppros_su_i_ '..i 1_sso.t wu dsvelop0d. IS.
t brojd _ CorporaUou(2) c_ tho ordor off _lc snd N_soe_ _r _nd co_positJo,

_ve

The temperatures to i

_ i

were _

provide

d b d_'t d prohttJq u shmllM k_t/f_d water vspor as cbo prtmsry of I x 104 tort. Tbs prtmary obJocflve

edju_tq. Tire Aero Vac caiEued_ product at pressL es d the ovm boattn_ was to drive

moisture as veil s_ ale more ti851d_ adsorbed _nttsr molKulos. Vey lnvuUsa_sd _hs compe_tl_ d the ps dssorbed durb_ tin o_tSssstn8 of Ix.dsrs _I m.ds u t Itnctke d tsapert_mr_. 1"oq _ 'k-t _ d b l_J wls q_ro:i_t_/! b ns_ br ill ,.,i _ _ t_/t

predam/ns_(xx_t/tmmtpsmltsrvspor, hrtlurmore. _stotalq.anUt_ofSu e,_Ived b,c_ued wlth tsmperat_re to s mui_ st shout 400 C. Tts proport/on _
tb/s i _ tompers_n_. __ Fl_m th/s to ur_tor vspor also _ ovldm_, it rosy be inferred to mazhnum at this that bssthq the 8fmul_nt Ix)

in ez_ss o_ _ C ,dll be _ t_ ee_ustnS by supply_c enerl_y to remove the more t/Oily boundwater moleculu sdsorbed on the shnul_t pert/cles sur_tCe8.

Co._.r

Smoort In _, Workt_ Clamber

14. IniU_ly, ;be aontslners were placed in the vscuum chsmber o_ stsLnless steel ptsto that measured 40.6-c:n (16-1=.) in clbune_r. Tho pht_o Nned as a positive

14

OR!G!NAL PAGE IS OF POOR QUALITY

i
!

prou_U_ for the j_n_p should say fW,_u'fnf oc_tr u4dch u_ould spill tim s/mul_t aut of the coatnlner. _ it _ts verified that pyserb_ does not present problem uhm pumping occurs _ hotrod matorls], the plato was repltcod wl(b stainless stoel mesh c_ts_tnf0.e4-cm (0._ln.)openin_. JWoftbs 160OCrasweremsdeontbo mesh. Altbo_h s_mo red_cttce tn pumping speed m snttcJ_ted when the plato vms used, tlm e/_at _ not appear to Im too _t.

15

ORIGINAL

PAGE IS

OF POOR QUALITY

PART IV:

DISC_SION

AND PRESENTATION

OF _

RZSULq_J

PreUmtnary

Tern

IS. Beforo start/n8 tim rut seriss, several prol_lnary pump dons were completod oe uncm_t/omd materiel to develop tscbniqun for control of l_m-'_qr_ if modod. Geyser_r _ts observod repeetsdly, bet was surly eoetrolled by bleedl_ dry ultrosmb_to tbouptoslrvsl_s. TIUstsclm_esrslmdtbspressurefJlbsckamber to t level above the crtUctl pysertnf presmre (4_J tort), and permtttod the ps to eoeepo frem tlm 8hnulmt ud Im lmmped amty Jn s nas-vlol_t mmm6r. Tim up to air valve muld thee be loood gra&mlly and Immp don pmmeded wi_mtt 8eymrtng. Goymrl_. wbmuaeoatrolled, eeeblbequltovtolent. In mmeeam8, p_eredmato_lal was found s_bstqaC to tim inside tep mnq_ee d am bell Jar. u well u tbrmqbma tbo warSdq ebsmber sad thrmt. 8ubmquaet tosts oa emditkeed mstorlad thst did mot p3mer _ro _ bscam of errs_ bebsvior tram tbs odd osUnds 8mSm. Tlds behavior ues s_ to stein8 bsmma tbs estbodo sad tbs snodo ef tbs 8su_. It t8 bolleve_ tkat omno d tim tim dust emittod durl_ lge_i_nd_ was oloetroetatlesll 7 8_ Jo an eleetrod_ amJ _ the dtm_ _ 8m_e _ ud en_ permature d_oebax_. After tboru_ _ wttb pumJ_ ebmJeal m_.vmt. and _trama_ teelmiq_l, tim _ opemUoe m_wed to mrmal mid m dmermal Imlmv_r wat dmorv_l tlmrmft_.

Boathz

Effect8 oe Jtta_Jant

11. A color chmq_/n tl_ stmulat boesme sptMursnt after tbo matsrtal wss bmtsd D _So C. X-ray d/ffncUoa ssslysh, on ssmpl_s o( baksd ud uabs]md s/mulsnt _ essmstlally no oa_pos/t/oml dlflhrrlee. It lsbeltmmd dmt tbs but csused Fo l_s comslnod Is ths feldspsr msd ir_om_ to tinge from mmbtnod forra_ 8rid forrio lr_ Io elUmr adl forrous Irm or all for3_ troL 8ac_ a chup _11_ners//y muse s mlmrsl to _ UKhtor ht coSor. _ ordsr _n ms/utto Ute ms4_ni_de o( color ebmq_s, rumples _uncondlUoaod, IS0o Cces_tioeodssd:_So coodldoeod matorlsl were subJoctod to Munu_ color ebsrt ualysis, la sddlU_e to tin color ov81ustl_, _ reflec_vit7 mesJure_ents _re ts_s ee ssmples e_ uncou_tSmod sad 5_$o C eosdlUomd stmulat. Tbsre _ms no meeeurs/_ d_erm_s tn slbedo withl_ the s_cumcy of _ pbo_metsr esed. Tbe remdts tre mnmrl_ u tollm_:

16

.-

/
/ // /

Optical Property

Chuo

Due to Heatins

CondtUoabs 8sepia
History

Muneall Color Deaortpttou

Moderate Gray Olive

Munsall Color Number

Albodo

UncondSUosod

sY 4/2

1'.0

1s0 C

Dark Broqm

Yellowish

10YR S/2

325 C

Dark Yellowish Brown

10YR 4/4

7.0

pump Down ud

OUtlFtntnc Tests
have repe(4r_<l pump down times measured ) sad JstYet s. smoog others, required

17. G4me_. Previous JnvesUptors in bouts for their etudlee. Vey And Nelsc_tt, pumping cvacustkm. times to mtnlmlse Pump down times

the posalt_llt7 d disturbinz the soil structure during were Ioq partly because o[ the cuq_asaing ot the fine

minerel powders level spproschinc

used and partly becsuea tssUng wee to be accomplished at a Tscuum that o( the lunar surface. Other invesUipttors expanded a great deml

o( effort to incure clean particle

surfaces

prior to teatinS.

CondIUcob_ o( szuupins

prior to tostLuK bev_incindsd chemical baths(5), bekocut in vscuum(6).).(7)(_ zrindfnz in an inert atmospberoOJ), sad cleavalpt o( sp_imns in wun_nua_P. Although these t_hnlques are necoeaary for test/rig in be r_! vac_mm, for tests to be accomplished at 1 10 "u tort. they are not believed to be osuential

18.

Pump Dovn T..eats-

Flpres

2 thresh

9 are m series

of pressure

versus

time curves showing pump down times and for the two qusntttles o( elmulant. sfter roqhbq; for the 1. S.Iq (2.64-1b)

for the two temperatures used for comllUcuing Flip,tea 2 and 3 show the pump down curves sample for difforlnE _ of eucposure to each

o( the condlUoed_ temperst,-'el. Yk;ures 4 and S repeat these curves for the 3. 8-kK _. 38-1b) samples placed in the 61 container. Fi_res 6 and 7 are of the same type for the 3. 8-_ (8.38-1b) sample placed in the B2 container. Fil_re 8 compares the pump
down thnes Fibres between abe 1.2-I_ for 7 are (2.64-Ib) and 3.8-kg (8.38-U)J In Figure samples embracing baked at the from of IS0 C temperature 2 through 24 hours abstracted and for 64 hours. 8 the curves

to show a band of values

the rsrq_

exposure

Umea.

Fil_tre 9 presents

a comparison

of the pump down curves

bet_en

the

17

ORiGTrJAL PAGE IS OF POOR QUALITY

two q_nUtioe
I

of 81mulut oxpot_d f_ 14 I_zrs to 08_ of tbo temperatures.

.o

II. C_ttttoninE Period. The l_sults of tits outpsstnt esperimmsts sre shown Ist Fl_ros 2 thrmq_S sndfnTsbloL Zschof tbsflpros sbov tlmt, bsseMr81, u the pertod o( ozpoeure to the b_tod emir_.ment tnc_sees, the time ruqulred to sttzin 8tyro pressure decreues. For each sot d ms, bove_r, tbs relsttve Jmprovemmt for oscb J_ont o( ezpomro time docruMe. This sulEosts tbo posslbtllty ar apUmizinf exposure Un_ rehdive to elspsed time nscesury to resch tin vu_m hn_ldeslre_ F_ the v_m system ued md for Ibe quutflloo d simulsnt _t_ tim _um 4NJM_[tJOtt_ tJaO W ogtlmlJod Jo b4JJ4 ]NJ_Fs. SO. C_oadJt_ul_ Tmnnersture. The _ effect d bsstt_ the s_tsnt Jo _o ts spVarut from s compsrism _ pefn of f_uree (FlSzre Z with 3; 4 with s_ sad S u_tlt 7) _ _ s stplttmnt _ tn pmnp dram Ume rupdrml to resck sty selected prsmre. Tbs idsbsr tsmperslure evtdsat/y tnU_du_e 8Tester smt d gm'ms/emrly into the mus ems_ tits mm tisktly bored 8ss _ to deso_ mm rmdfly Id be pumpod oet mm qul_dT. Those mm ffSbfly brand ue sot s_Uvs_ toss 8zut mt marne by the lover tseqwrn_re _est,

ssd _

bioed eet ov_

s Imgu" per_

ot m_.

21. Reduct_utnP_inE'Ftm_Due_H_tb_. FIstreSmmuurl_the e_ect d cmdtticelz_ t_npertt_ at _e apUm_m |4-boer e.zposm period for the threequ_s_t_ofs_elznt. IssUcues, pu_ln_Umerequlredtormchlzl0 -s terr ws redeced for mmplos eugead _o _UO C relst_ to staples espoeed to lSOO C. q'bo sevt_ la ttme rosy bo espreseed tn tbs form of a perceata_ re6sctim tn time bssedo_atsioeserperto_ lnsUmuJu, pempt_tmerequtredto_er.hlzl04 tort ms reduced by sppz_tm_oly 7S5 for _ qmmttlos esposed to the htSS_ tempers_re. A slmfl_ _ rosy be msds botNen uscoud_tSoeed sUnub_t md hosed stmuhntt. la tbsso euu. Uto esvt_s In ttme smant to X. 65 fo_ ssmplos bN_d _n _LS_ C snd J_ forssmplesbse_tol_0C. Gb,_dy. evmtbsionr _mpersture oedmcet_

ts ef_

ts tmprov_

o_ersU pe:Y_

_t. RedueUoutnPumntn_TtmoD_etoCoudittoeb_Pe.-tod. FlsureSccmo paros pemp down curvoa for tbo dtf_rmt quuUtios o( stm_dant mqpoeod to sn estlroamemt d 1S0o C for 14 bouts msd _or b6 _. Reforuce to tbi8 fl_re 8rid to Tsblo I shows some tmps_suet In requtred pump don time for osr_h quutity. Tbs percmtsSe reductim in ttme for tin ,q 8rid lJ_ qmumttes sre respectively S 8rid S_. However, IRe percentile roductl_ for tbs B1 quntit7 Is 14_. Tbs wider coetstner. B1, sppls_atly permits more ef_clmst removsl o( Ins bocsuu of tl_ fr_tor cross sectSm_ aru ssposed to the vsctnms uvirmsment. However, the reductice of time obUtl_d duo to tbs lot_r period of bs_t_ is not believed to be slSnttlc_nt. J3. 4_Mly_ds o( Pump Dos_ Curves. AnsJys/8 of the sh_pos o( the pu_p down emrves 8bo_n an Ftsure 8 bslps to dsflne tbs chsrsctsr o( m_t_ssln_. Tbs b_tUa] poL_t

18

ORiGiNAL OF POOR

PAGE

iS

QUALITY

fJ
f f_ o

- /

,!
m_ each curve octl_Ltod. ,-ted, given is the first pressure rspreseats resdl_ recorded after the diffusion when esch test pump ,mas was tarm_-

The final points

pressure as Um ultimate are r_soBably

fillips

and should not be interpreted qpmatity of soil. Tho curves

pressure of tim system for the iinusr through most of t]Mlr lengths. rata Is are nonstaedy 8ystsm

The fact that the slopes are spproxinmtsly parallel 8hews tbst the pumplqt couianl into the low iO$ tort rule for all qusnUflus tasSeL Tbe curves
so

linetr

st the start

(lndicstJqr

bust7

lu

load which

must

be removed

before

sins pumpin z ca,, proceed), sad at tbo sad (indicating thst both virtual leekslp is sppr_eldnqr tbe pmping espscity of the system). Z4. I_ rrise d tbe diffusion The I_gth of Ume rqulr_ll to reulh in an lmportnt indicator of the torsi

slid reel

./

.f

pump

down II_rore soutime required to

reach the specified pressure level Tsbin I Usta the Umss required to mch each of fear pressure isvols from aumespborin pressure. Tbo pressure level "Rm_dnll" refers to the Urns t which tbe ronghlng pump was _lvod _ and the dlfluslon pump m8 _ In gesersL, mostbeordsroflorZxM period pursU_ the correepondlnl presmum tn ths clmmber t th/s "2 tort. it ts sppereat from tim table t]mt tim Umo

hJ stone funcfloa (4 tbo qum_ty elf simuisat pmnp dram Umus Is the raq0d_ reices

used. lqlptre J0 presents comfor four quusUtiss of simuisnt. betumm tbe B ! re8 iLtld/or

Tbe fect that tbs roul0_ing period for tbo B 2 rumples is lntermedinte end A qlmt|litle8 guglesl8 further reiaflollshJp wits cross 8oct/ram|

depths of material. In order to lnvestJpte this reiaUoushfp, thfrd B qmtnttty Lntermedinte in depth betweon B 1 nd B2 wss pumped down. The B3 pump down curve sppesrs to be incomdsteat in thst it does not fall botweea the carves for tbo eztromo B c_emJaer8. Time did not permit sa evslusUoQ of factors other than |_otrle and _ However fe_ qualitative obesrvstinas may be mede despite tin sppsrm_ incm,dstaecy. All qusnt/tlu pumped down to 200 micros in essoutinlly Lbo esmo period of Ume. Therefief, the A sad B2 ssmple8 pumped don to 80 mlermm in spproxtmataly tl_ muno time. Ou tbo other hand, the BI sad B3 esmpiss diverlrnd and required bent me and a bslf times as loag to resch the iN} micr_m presum'e level. From 80 Jerome dram to the pressure at whinh thu dlffusloa p_.mp 1ms acUvsted, sUB qusnUUos required substanOslly greater periods of pumping than the A qusntity. An auseesme=t of the effect of the container on outgssstng in the roul0dng reap wP.8 not possible at this Ume. Hoverer. the results Indicate that simuhmt outpselng is primarily reuthing problem, and tbst say slips taken to sulpuest roughln_ especinlly In the redes from 100 micro8 on down should improve overall s_ performance. 25. Effect or (_utntlty of S|muiant 5m Pumvlnr Ttmo_ Curves showtn_ the reistJomdflp bet_eeu quantity of simulant and roughing time. time to 5 l0"_ torr. time ta I 10-S tot.s" and time to 5 x 10"6 ton- are shown in Ficure 15. it should be noted thet the curve for tbe roughing ,ins is timer. This indicates that the pumping Cspsclty required to pump do_s chsmber _l,al_i_ the slmulant in gtvec time should be proportloaal to the quantity of slmuisnt. The curves for the time to resch lover pressures sresot |lnesrt_t appear to sppr_tch linear behsvlor asymptotlcail.v inrllor quSalittss of slmulsaL Consequently. 8n estimate of the pumping time required for uch given qu_ntity of 8tmutsnt csa he 88tlmlted If information concern|nil the size oZ the chamber in wklch It Is to be use_. pumping system for the chamber and 19

for

ORIGINAL
. .

PAGE

IS

OF POOR QUALITY.

_o

ulUmato _uum

Iovel d ttn empty chsmber ts S/vm.

Z6. Cl/tostnIRiti. 11_resul_dtboeelpN_LtocslcuhJt/onsars mbo_ oa Tibll I and lndicato C14d_1ytli ilio OUtSUSl_ sate dspond8 strm_Sy m ttw smelt d mai_ since _ oe_ rate for _i-_ p.H _ _ _i i__ N _ _u i _for S._ _.8 _ __t (_rs Bi _ _.

An empbmtim tor thls bebavior Js bued on tbe dbm_doa d _ dg_dm d Sauee _-aeqOt poroes medl8 8tyro k Appmdtz A. Frem 8bo turves it mn bo ua tlutt the is eouidsrsbly Id_tar at a dsp4bd _J-em _.U-_) 6.... _ e. ata _d

..

lemovid at shy liveil prusurl limn does the sllorisr cmilnsr sad thozilo_ biihsroulpssinllrsl. Tlmiht, r6oi.oSisIsilmli_tzimilisldm_dsntllbsn

bu

a I

Wrtsod b_ vJolma q_b_val d martial md ooc_.od at _ I and 10 tort prosing. A _ _ _ pyser/_ ws observed frequem_ ca oced/tSmodmaterial _lsced tn tho ]_t _. TbomsetofpyNrlM_v'_mtlebember b_dboonev_c_ttod koibm_lO0 tolO0 _or_. 'r___k_Lmt,. a_lwum,wlf_dby _/ qqxm,nm_ d mwnl em_ilbio_ Imh_ _ w _mm _m,,o tl_ _l_mn_ vte_ e_qk

lqiliolen

Ovlrhty

Tellil

ltl.

Tll

ovlirbly

llplrimltltll

rllmhl

are shown on Ffllres

U through 14.

l0

ORIGrI'_'AL OF POOR

PAGE

!_

QUALITY

_o. ./

.u

Those fisures sbev the compeer h/story d pressure s,, functJou ot t/me Jut include pertde durinj which the ohtuber I0 let up to stspheric pressure with dr), nitrojsu, 'J'ho pressure vfrsu0 Wme eurv| for JJmiJJr staples pumped don wJNllgmm_D';Jy iN pJoJedd N N fJpJ'8 be, eoDpoFJ_, 'Jr_ _ d f_pdto84d

:!

_arbls

m_l

_ Je _

of beralld_l

rJsp JJdm5 is J'JJsm W,

.!

_J

_. The verity exp6rbemis were or_bmlly dulpmd to provide Informlice as to bow tim sbnulant mmld bebsve under editions uppre_met_ K dsy to dry q_rsUoem In mu-retod chsmber. T_ drsmatfc improveu in system performnee wits brutus. Tins toclmlquo of n/tr_u overlsy _t8 limply to pump dome to 8fveu pressure level. lose _ pto vstvs sad them Ja_redn,oo atTSttope _ _ werldsf :_udJer dmm_ Ib8 _.,Io-slr u|ve, Ja if emmJ 868 pregsm, e k8 JIMN_4dsK ebsmbet uog smeephetje for tits dersUea d abe oveflsy poth, d. Yad_ ff summarises Ill dsts for ofeb_ overlay uprimms. Vsrlablas tested Iscludo; duzsuine o(overhty, cumber o( overlay periods, dureUoa of pre-ooedlt/oein_ st IS0 y sad ads d conesnor. pumpla_ period bepn at atmospberin prouure. The colams bsadsd "Pump Dew" Isddi_to the _ o( time to re_eh each m_ed pressure ssd _8 mered from the tJme be mocbenlcsl pump _ms curried. 'l"se cotumns batded "To_i Time Elapsed" re sccmnulaflve Ume periods sad laeinde both previor, s ov_y the8 sad provkms pemping b/story. In Ip_ersl, o_mcustl_ (Mrhe chamber at',_,_ overlay prot ceedod so rep/dly thst the first reliable pressure rsedfn_ could not be _Xelnod unUI p_ro of about ] x 10-S tort htd b44a _Ncbod. Figures U through 14 8x'e pregguro versus einpNd tJme curves or aU test nma except A-2401. Tim _ indJc_le U_ pressure rand Ume 8t which the chsmber m let up to dry alt_'ol_u for eer.h everiay. Ffl_m !1 through 13 preseuz compsrisou or 64 hour couditineing versus Z4 hour ditimdn_ for mch qutnUty of slmulan_ t_ed. Ffpre 14 ohm thst the time required to rmch given preset level ms)- be sll_iflclntly rsduc,xJ by Intuq_ the c]mmber up to dry nttrolpm in the rmshlq; sia_ ud repettl_ ,i,,, overlay proc=ss at frequent Intervets. It Is sppete_ from these results thm pump down
Urn to _Jve_ pl"eel_re |evol 18 'educed after p4_tod of overlay, lid t]_t

pressure level ausinod for jtveu elapsed time Is lower thss tJmt which would have occurred bsd there beeu no creaky. R foUo_s thst Improven In system performance cen be obmJnod by repeat_J overlays begun after templelee of snd that dry nitroBe overlays tin be used s ts_'.haiquo of outSuslN_ quasLtUos d simuls_ _=storlaL These cc, ecl,uslou are empbulzed by soUn_ thst normal pump dram ca A-24 umples requires spprox/nuUdy 140 mlnstn to sck preJstru lo_tl of ! x 10.6 ton. "me rq_etod overJtp on Ju_ple A-|4..3 (lrlK, 14) show thst t_sl einpa4d Ltme of oel._ 122micro Including the two l0 mhmt4 overbty periods Is requital to reich the prenurs 5 z 10"$ tore. Thus, stvh_ of shout 40 minutes pumpfnK t/me oc_xrs when usfng repated overlays as pump dos technique. Time did no( permit more thorough 4w'uaUcm of the po4Lem_lity of overlay as u aid to cuqptsslng. 31. A possible ezplamtlon of this beerier Is thst the dry sitrOl_m I_tS acts 8s dehydr=tting sl_mL This folbw8 flu, the fact thst 8beorbed weter is the most difficult source of m_LKnse_qC elllest to in v_cuum system. Small glass wtc_mm syeum_s are baked out at temp4retureo in excess of _00C to

2i

1-t

in ....

j-

**

t rsmm _
J

tlm wsl_r sdsorbsd m the lllSs* wsUs. Tbs balsm_ Imhmm the surfsce d ml, oeb,d nl, r mobcul# nd b d*ul_ or m=b,r d noble l_ msr OJm surt,_ Is dlst, rmlmMl by *b, ,ff, ctlv, _ n,fly ot tlm wst, r h _ plllmlillll _ lmslllsUv*ly I_. II01 precisely _ llmtr

lllOlllelll_ III0IIlIIXI_ to dlNt mn m17 Im d_ssod

-o

t !

i !
)
*

i
i

1_or_dc_

__

|
t

dapA d o_o note a 3rllu5 permmbJllty u psxsunetets. roduoos

ll. Tb ooepflntiou uJ_J A discus_oe d the soluttoe to aehlovo prossuros

sidt viti tie, ud ts pnsuutod tn to tbo JO tort "o

tho Umo _

stole st dq_J_ Is ms

d _-m

I_0-I_.

II

_I

"

ORIGINAL

PAOE

!$

_:'

OF POOR QUALITY

I I

El

Z3

ORiGiNAL OF POOR

PAGE iS QUALITY

TABLE 7.2.7-1.

Compresstb|l|ty

Parameters

of Lunar Sotl Recommended Typ|cal : Value

Parameter Compression Loose Dense Recompress|on Index, Cc

Range

0.01 Index, Cr 0.000

- 0.11 - 0.013

0.3 0.05 0.003 Unknown

Haxtmum Past Presure Coeff|ctent of Lateral Stress, Normally consolidated Over-consolidated Recompacted
,\

Ko

0.4

- 0.5

0.45 Unknown 0.7

ec o,c' l eq

t-I

v-I

i-I

i_
J I

__
I I

i_e I

w-I
I

PI
I

.. I ____I _ o

! I I

I I I

o N

TABLE 7.2.8-1.

Estimates of Lunar Soti Cohesion and Friction (after Httche11 et al.. |972d, 1974) Fr|ctton Angle, (deqrees)

Angle

Source

Cohesion, c (k_al_ REHOTESENSING 24-240 _0.007 _0

Re_erences

EARLY INFERRED:

0 _28 _25

Hal_ian (1964) Oaffe (1964) Jaffe (1965)

INFERRED:

BOULDERTRACKS 0.35 O.l, O.S 33 10-30 21-5S 26-50 Nordmyer (1967) Hoore(1970) Hovland and Httchell (19711 Httche11 et al. (1973a)

(39 ) (37_)

_ollo 17 - North, East and South masstfs SURVEYOR |: TY& Landing Data TVI Landtn9 Data TV & Land|ng Data 111: 5o11 Mechanics Surface Sampler W& Landing Data VI: Yernter Att|tude Engtne Jets

)0 0.]5-15 0.4 - 0.13

0 SS 30-40 >3S 4S-60 0 35

Hala.11an (1966) Jaffe (1967) Chrtstensen et al. (1967) Scott and Roberson(1968a) Chrtstensen Chr]stensen Chrtstensen et al. et al. et al. (1968a) (1968b) (1968b)

0 for 10 for >0.07 for 0.05-1.7

SURVEYORHODEL III & Vl1: Sotl Hechantcs Surface Smpler 0.35-0.70 35-37 Scott and Roberson (19691

APOLLO 11 LH Landing, Bootprtnts, Crater Slope Stab|ltty Core Tube, Flag Pole, SIR Shaft Penetration APOLLO 12 IJI Landing, Bootprints, Crater Slope Stability

Consistent wtth Surveyor Model 0.75-2.1 37-45

Costes et al.

(1969)

Costes et al.

(19711

Cons|stent wlth Surveyor Hodel

Scott

et al.

(1970)

Core Tube, SWC Shaft Penetration LUHOKHOD 1 VaneShear - Lowest Highest

0.56-0.75

38-44

Costes et al.

(19711

" .ode .

3.9-4.9 O.26-1.1 1.2 -4.8 0.64-2.6 O.17-1,0 0.52-2.7 O.34-1.8

H/A 50-25 50-25 50-2S 45-25 45-25 45-25

_.onovfch -HJtchell

et al. (1971,19721 et al. (1972d);

><.

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et al.

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et al. et al. et al.

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et al. et al.

(1972a) (1972a)

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et al. et al. et al. et al.

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(1973a) (1973a)

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et al.

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et al.

(1974,

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ORIG!!_AL OF POOR

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