Taylor Chiang Period 2 1/8/12 Chapter 25 Notes by Heading America Moves to the City The Urban Frontier y There

was rapid city growth. NYC had 3.5 million people by 1900, and America had the 2nd most in the world, after London y Due to the invention of the elevator, skyscrapers started to be built y Louis Sullivan built many skyscrapers along with other buildings and coined the phrase form follows function y A lot of Americans lived in houses in the suburbs making them commuters to the cities for work y Districts were separated by businesses, races, ethnicity, and social classes within cities y More jobs in the city drew more people to the city y The Brooklyn Bridge was built in 1883 and by 1900 there were over 1 million telephone numbers y Department stores opened in cities such as Macy s and Marshall Field s, where middle class people could experience a richer lifestyle. General stores were replaced by Mail-order catalogues like Sears and Montgomery Ward y More waste and garbage were created by houses so cans and dumps were created. Cities were dirty and smelly allowing for criminals to flourish y Dumbbell tenements were seven or eight story high building with rooms with minimal ventilation or space allowing for slums to often grew in cities y Flophouses and Lung Blocks were also known as ghettos. They were fetid, poor areas filled with hard working but utterly poor people crammed into tight spaces just like slums y The wealthy often lived in the suburbs The New Immigration y Between 1850-1870 more than 6 million immigrants entered America from Europe y In the 1880s there were 5 million immigrants y Before 1880 most were from British Isles or Scandinavia, both of whom were able to easily take up American life y Starting in 1880 Southern and Eastern Europeans immigrants arrived, they were different religions and from countries without democracies, mostly illiterate and poor, moved into factory cities y Often formed their own districts, for example Little Italy y Some Americans thought they wouldn t be able to assimilate because of all their differences Southern Europe Uprooted y Europe was running out of room so many people left their native countries. The increase in population was partly due to the increase of food shipped from America y Immigration to America was a by-product of European urbanization y The thought of wanting to emigrate to America was known as American fever y Letters from America to friends and relatives in their native country describing the wonders of America were known as American Letters y In America there was freedom from military draft and religious persecution y To convince immigrants to come over some went to Europe bragging about the country and told them to work as cheap laborers, which ended up selling more land and increased the population y Cruelty towards people drove Europeans to America y Jews came from Russia as they could easily assimilate in the cities. Many were often skilled laborers and opened shops, yet not all Americans accepted them y Many immigrants planned on returning to their country with some money and never intended to become American y Those who stayed tried to keep their culture and tradition in America but children often forgot these traditions and became more American Reactions to the New Immigration y Government did little to aid assimilation. Government could not handle the influx of people and crime and corruption ran rampant. City/state gov ts could be run by unofficial bosses, i.e. Boss Tweed. y Bosses exploited immigrants, trading jobs, housing, clothes, fixing problems with the law etc. in exchange for votes.

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Walter Rauschenbusch (1886 NYC), Washington Gladden (Columbus 1882)- preached social gospel, believed that churches should tackle the social issues like poverty. Encouraged ideas of socialism. Opened the minds of middle class th people to the idea of charity and reforms entering into the 20 century. Jane Addams- one of the first generation of college educated women. Established the Hull House, a prominent settlement house in Chicago. Reformer. Won Nobel Peace Prize in 1931. Some Americans didn t like her anti-war sentiment. Hull House offered English lessons, counseling, child care, cultural activities for new immigrants. Lillian Wald s Henry Street Settlement in NYC (1893). Settlement houses became centers of women s activism and reforms. Florence Kelley- fought for women and children s rights in the workplace. Safety laws etc. i.e. the anti-sweatshop law in Illinois of 1893. Fought for welfare of women, children, blacks and consumers. Women entered work force but were almost always single. Jobs were restricted, few options available for women especially black women and immigrants.

Narrowing the Welcome Mat y Nativism rears up again. Fear that immigrants would outnumber and overpower Americans. y Blamed immigrants for downturn of urban gov t. y Unionists didn t like them because they were willing to work for incredibly low wages making strikes impossible and because they brought along ideas like socialism, communism and anarchism. y American Protective Association (1887)- boasted 1 million members, pursued nativist goals. y Encouraging people to vote against Catholics. Anti-foreigner. y Unions believed that if they were entitled to tariffs that protected the price of their goods then they should be entitled to legislation that would protect their wages from immigrants. y First restrictive law passed in 1882- didn t allow paupers, criminals or convicts. y Second in 1885- prohibited importation of workers under contract who would work for cheap pay. y Congress later stopped allowing undesirables such as: insane, polygamists, prostitutes, alcoholics, anarchists, diseased people. y Literacy requirement in 1917. Chinese were also not allowed in (1882). y Statue of Liberty (1886) gifted to the U.S. Churches Confront the Urban Challenge y Christian churches other than Protestant rise, Rockefeller= babtist, Morgan= Episcopalian y Dwight Lyman Moody- former shoe salesman who traveled to cities preaching a gospel of kindness and forgiveness. Helped modernize religion and make it more compatible with city life. y Roman Catholic and Jewish faiths gain more members. 1900 Catholics become largest denomination- 9 million followers. These religions did better pleasing members and appealing to their ways of life. y 150 denominations in American by 1890. y Salvation Army comes to America and starts doing charitable work. y Mary Baker Eddy (1879)- founded Christian Science, believed Christianity was medicine enough. y Wrote Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures in 1875. Gained many followers who were given hope that prayer would relieve their diseases, ailments and struggles. y YMCA/YWCA established before the Civil War, grew a lot after the war, eventually there was one in almost every major city. Darwin Disrupts the Churches y A number of books were published questioning the Bible and traditional religious beliefs. y Darwin s On the Origin of Species (1859)- set forth the theory that people had developed from animals by survival of the fittest. Contrasting the Bible s belief that God created the world and life in 6 days. y Traditionalists (rejected all things Darwin) and Modernists (rejected the Bible) split over this issue. y At first, people supporting Darwin would be fired, discredited etc. Later they are able to reconcile God and science. y Darwinism loosened the strict traditional beliefs and practices. The Lust for Learning y Tax-supported elementary schools are adopted nationwide. Now more tax-supported high schools were popping up. y School becomes compulsory. More school meant less child labor. y Teacher-training schools increased better teachers and education. y Kindergartens (formed from German immigrants traditions) provided care for even younger kids.

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More Catholics meant more parochial schools. Chautauqua movement- launched in 1874, series of public lectures by famous, witty and smart people and home courses to help adults get smarter as their children received public education. Education systems flourish in cities.

Booker T. Washington and Education for Black People y 44% of nonwhites were illiterate y Booker T. Washington was an ex-slave who was called to run the black industrial school in Tuskegee in 1881 y To avoid arguing with segregation and he focused in the black community to increase opportunities. Believed economic independence came from education, which would later lead to social and political equality y In 1896 George Washington Carver joined the faculty and became a famous chemist who discovered new uses for common items such as the peanut, sweet potato and soybean y W.E.B. du Bois thought Washington was condemning the black people to a life of hard, manual labor y He was born in Massachusetts and was the first black person to earn a Ph. D. at Harvard y He wanted equality for blacks and in 1910 helped found NAACP. As appose to Washington s slow approach, Du Bois wanted the smart and talented blacks to be immediately accepted and treated fairly by whites y Differences between du Bois and Washington showed varying view points of blacks in the north versus the south The Hallowed Halls of Ivy y The amount of Colleges and Universities increased. Women s colleges and Co-ed colleges gained ground as well y By 1900 every 4th college graduate was a woman y More Black institutes were also formed, most notably in the South. y In 1862, the Morrill Act gave states with grant of federal land to use to support education. State universities were land-grant colleges y In 1887 the Hatch Act extended the Morrill Act and gave federal funds to create programs for agricultural experimentation in land-grant colleges y Some industrial millionaires funded private colleges such as Cornell and Stanford y Rockefeller gave $550 million for philanthropic purposes including education y Professional and technical schools were also formed; solo experiments were replaced by formal laboratories y Johns Hopkins, in 1876 maintained the countries first high-grade graduate school meaning Americans would not have to go abroad for good education as it was founded on German traditions The March of the Mind y In Colleges, practical courses and specialized training became more popular y Students were allowed to pick their courses by colleges using the electives system y After the Civil War, medical schools prospered creating new discoveries that improved public health y American medical system was also affected by foreign discoveries by Pasteur and Joseph Lister y Life expectancy increased y William James explored the philosophy and psychology of religion through his various papers from his position on Harvard s faculty about psychology The Appeal of the Press y In 1897, The Library of Congress was founded y Andrew Carnegie gave $60 million to help build the public libraries across the country y In 1885 the Linotype was created making the production of newspapers and books easier y Public libraries were known as poor persons universities and there were a lot of public libraries growing in Boston and New York y Semiliterate immigrants, along with urban commuters wanted papers that were simple and concise y Sectionalism was something that the public wanted, so in St. Louis Joseph Pulitzer became a leader at this technique, especially with the New York World y In 1887, William Randolph Hearst built a chain of newspapers, starting with the San Francisco Examiner y These two writers mainly only wanted to report on scandal which did not go well once The Associated Press was created in the 1840s Apostles of Reform y Magazines were semi popular at the time as they contained enough material for a good reading

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The most influential journal of all was probably the liberal and highly intellectual New York Nation. It was primarily read by professors, preachers, and publicists Nation was created in 1865 by Edwin L. Godkin. It crusaded militantly for civil service reform, honesty in government, and a moderate tariff In 1879, Henry George wrote a book called Progress and Poverty He said that the pressure of a growing population on a fixed supply of land unjustifiably pushed up property values, showering unearned profits on owners of land Was controversial as he supported a single tax, and lectured about the misdistribution of wealth Looking Backward was a socialistic novel written by Edward Bellamy where in the year 2000, there were nationalized big businesses to serve the public interest

Postwar Writing y Because literacy increased, so did book reading y Many Post Civil War Americans enjoyed dime novels which depicted the wilds of the West y Many of these types of books parents and adults did not like, but many youths id y Harlan F. Halsey made a fortune off of these books by dashing off about 650 novels in a day y Ben Hur: A Tale of the Christ was written by General Lewis Wallace in 1880 y He wrote this book to challenge Darwinism and was largely successful y Another writer was Horatio Alger who was a Puritan-reared New Englander who in 1866 wrote more than 100 volumes of juvenile fiction about New York newsboys y Walt Whitman remained active after the Civil War in his poetry and in Leaves of Grass y Emily Dickinson was discovered in 1886 after she died and her poems were discovered Literary Landmarks y In novel writing the romantic sentimentality of a youthful era was giving way to a rugged realism that reflected more faithfully the materialism of an industrial society y Kate Chopin was a feminist author, and in 1899 wrote The Awakening which covered topics such as adultery, suicide, and women s ambitions y Mark Twain became famous with the writing of The Celebrated Jumping Frog FO Calavanders Country and The Innocents Abroad y He was a journalist, humorist, satirist, and opponent of social injustice y Teamed up with Charles Dudley Warner in 1873 and wrote The Gilded Age y Bret Harte was another temporary famous author whose wrote about the West. Often wrote about the California gold rush y William Dean Howells was a printer s son from Ohio. In 1871 he became editor in chief of the prestigious Atlantic Monthly y Wrote about ordinary people and about contemporary, controversial, social themes y A Modern Instance deals with divorce; The Rise of Silas Lapham describes the trials of a newly rich pain manufacturer; A Hazard of New Fortunes portrays reformers, strikers, and socialists y Stephen Crane wrote about the underside of life in urban, industrial America y Printed Maggie: A Girl of the Streets which told of a prostitute who committed suicide and The Red Badge of Courage which was about a soldier under fire y Henry James was a New Yorker who turned from Law to literature. Wrote about the confrontation of innocent Americans with Europeans y He made women his central characters, exploring their inner reactions to complex situations with a deftness that marked him as a master of psychological realism y Jack London was a famous as a nature writer in books such as The Call of the Wild, yet turned to writing possibly fascistic revolution in The Iron Heel y Frank Norris wrote The Octopus which was an earthy saga of the railroad and corrupt politicians in CA y Paul Laurence Dunbar and Charles W. Chesnutt were black writers who brought a kind of realism to literature y Dunbar wrote poetry and Chesnutt wrote fiction, both embraced the use of black dialect and folklore y Theodore Dresier wrote Sister Carrie, but its disregard for prevailing moral standards offended his publisher so that the book was taken from circulation The New Morality y In 1872, Victoria Woodhull wrote Woodhull and Clafin s Weekly, which was an editorial that proclaimed her belief in free love

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Anthony Comstock made a lifelong war on the immoral In 1873, the Comstock Law said that there would be no immoral material to be given to the public Showed the sexual attitudes and place of women in society Switchboards and typewriters were tools of women s liberation Economic freedom encouraged sexual freedom

Families and Women in the City y Divorce was an oncoming subject as urban life increased y In cities, people didn t want to have more children because it would just be more money to feed that child y Also, as Women were becoming more independent, they were able to control the amount of children they had and became more adapted to the urban environment y Charlotte Perkins Gilman was a feminist who told women to abandon their dependent lifestyle and contribute to the world by involving themselves in the economy y Also there was an increasing demand in allowing for women to vote y The National American Woman Suffrage Association was founded in 1890 y Carrie Chapman Cat said that women should be given the ability to vote if they were to continue to discharge their traditional duties as homemakers and mothers y This suffrage women only consisted of white women and excluded black women who were a large part y In 1896, Ida B. Wells helped start the black women s club which led to the creation of the National Association of Colored Women Prohibition of Alcohol and Social Progress y During and after the Civil War, there was an increase in the consumption of Liquor y In 1869 the National Prohibition Part was created y And in 1874 The Woman s Christian Temperance Union was made by militant women y In 1919, the national prohibition amendment, the 18th amendment was passed, as the Anti Saloon League were trying to get new states into prohibiting alcohol y Other societies not doing with Alcohol also formed. The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was created in 1866, while the American Red Cross was created in 1881 Artistic Triumphs y Different types of art were becoming more popular such as music and portrait painting y James Whistler was one of the of the most famous portrait painters, along with John Singer Sargent y Mary Cassatt painted women and children y George Inness became one of America s leading landscapists y Thomas Eakins showed much realism in his portraits y Winslow Homer was a great painter who revealed rugged realism and boldness of conception y Augustus Saint- Gaudens was a sculptor who erected the Robert Gould Shaw memorial y Metropolitan Opera House in NY was built in 1883 y Thomas Edison created the phonograph which allowed for music to be played by mechanical means The Business of Amusement y In the 1880s, Americans wanted to have fun so the circus became popular y Baseball was another form of entertainment, and in the 1870 s a professional league was created y Trend from participative sports to spectative sports was shown by the interest in football y Became popular before 1889, when Walter C. Camp chose his first All American Team y In 1891, basketball was created by James Naismith