Lecture 6 Beam Design for Moment

Beams, or sometimes referred to as flexure members, are designed on the basis of moment. In ASD and LRFD, the design strength of a beam in flexure is called the nominal flexural moment, Mn. This Mn is multiplied by (LRFD) or divided by (ASD) to obtain the available moment capacity. This available moment capacity must be greater than the maximum applied factored (LRFD) or service (ASD) moment. Beams are designed on the basis of the following LRFD references: AISC Part 3 AISC Spec Chapter F p. 16.1-44

1. Beam Design Considering Yielding: Assuming a beam is adequately laterally braced, it will fail by yielding on the compression flange. Most beams are laterally braced by the metal decking that is attached to the compression flange as shown below: Metal decking puddle-welded to top flange of beam Concrete slab over metal decking

1) LRFD Beam Design: Available Design Flexural Strength = bMn Where: b = 0.90 Mn = nominal flexural moment = Mp = Plastic moment = FyZx Zx = plastic section modulus, in3 = from properties

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2) ASD Beam Design: Available Design Flexural Strength =

Mn b

Where: b = 1.67 Mn = nominal flexural moment = Mp = Plastic moment = FyZx Zx = plastic section modulus, in3 = from properties Example 1 (LRFD) GIVEN: A W16x26 steel beam using A992 steel is continuously laterally braced, and experiences a FACTORED moment = 104 KIP-FT. REQUIRED: 1) Determine the design flexural moment, bMn for the beam. 2) Determine if the beam is adequate. Step 1 Determine bMn for the beam: bMn = 0.90(FyZx) since it is continuously laterally braced = 0.90(50 KSI)(44.2 in3) = 1989 KIP-IN From properties, bMn = 165.8 KIP-FT AISC p. 1-21 Step 2 Determine if the beam is adequate: Since bMn = 165.8 KIP-FT > 104 KIP-FT beam is adequate

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Example 2 (LRFD) GIVEN: The W16x26 beam from Example 1. REQUIRED: Determine the design flexural moment, bMn for the beam using the LRFD Zx Table 3-2 (see AISC p. 3-11 thru 3-19) Step 1 Refer to AISC p. 3-18 for W16x26:

Beam in BOLD is lightest weight for that grouping

Look in the LRFD column bMpx = 166 KIP-FT

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Example 3 (ASD) GIVEN: An A992 steel beam A is continuously laterally braced and carries a superimposed SERVICE (i.e., not factored) floor live load = 100 PSF and a superimposed SERVICE dead load = 85 PSF. Assume initially the beam weighs 30 PLF and check your results. REQUIRED: 1) Design the lightest weight steel beam using the Zx Table 3-2. 2) Design the lightest weight W14 steel beam using the Maximum Total Uniform Load Table 3-6 (see AISC p. 3-33 thru 3-95).

32-0

Beam A

Step 1 Determine SERVICE uniform load, w on beam: By inspecting the ASD load factors AISC p. 2-9, the maximum applied uniform load w = D + L Where: D = uniform dead load, PLF = 7(85 PSF) + 30 PLF = 625 PLF L = uniform live load, PLF = 7(100 PSF) = 700 PLF w = (625 PLF) + (700 PLF) = 1325 PLF = 1.325 KLF Assumed beam wt.

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3@7-0 = 21-0

Girder A

Step 2 Determine maximum SERVICE moment, Ma: w = 1.325 KLF R1 = 21.2 KIPS 32-0 R2 = 21.2 KIPS

wL2 Ma = 8 = 1.325 KLF (32' ) 2 8

Ma = 169.6 KIP-FT Step 3 Select lightest weight beam from Table 3-2: From AISC p. 3-17 look under ASD column to find a b BOLD moment that is equal or larger than the calculated Ma: Use W16x40 M px b = 182 KIP-FT > 169.6 KIP-FT M px

(NOTE: If the assumed beam weight of 30 PLF were increased to 40 PLF, the revised Ma = 170.9 KIP-FT which is still less than 182 KIP-FT)

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Step 4 Determine total SERVICE uniform load on beam: W = Total service load on beam, KIPS = w x span = 1.325 KLF(32-0) = 42.4 KIPS Step 5 Select lightest W14 beam using Table 3-6 Maximum Total Uniform Load tables: From AISC p. 3-67, look find span = 32 then read across to find the lightest weight beam having maximum ASD total uniform load > 42.4 KIPS.
Use W14x43 max. total unif. load = 43.4 KIPS > 42.4 KIPS

(NOTE: Using this method, the lightest possible beam is W16x40 max. total unif. load = 45.5 KIPS > 42.4 KIPS)

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2. Beam Design Considering Lateral-Torsional Buckling The compression flange of a beam behaves like a column it is susceptible to buckling if not adequately laterally braced. This phenomenon of flange buckling of a beam is referred to as lateraltorsional buckling. Consider a skinny yard stick under loading. If it is not properly braced, it will twist and fail under a much smaller load than if it were adequately braced. Therefore, wider-flanged beams are better at resisting lateraltorsional buckling than narrow-flanged beams.

It has been determined that the relationship between distance between lateral bracing and moment capacity looks like the following:

Moment capacity

Distance between lateral supports

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The AISC has developed graphs of LRFD and ASD beam design Mn moments, bMn, and respectively, for beam shapes that has been b mathematically altered from the graph above (for simplicity), and looks like the following: (See AISC p. 5-7 and AISC p. 16.1-33) bMp and Moment capacity
Mp b
Mr b

Real curve AISC curve

bMr and

Lp Distance between lateral supports Where: b = 0.90 (LRFD) b = 1.67 (ASD) Lp = 1.76ry E Fy

Lr

AISC p. 16.1-48

Lr = rts

E 0.7 Fy

AISC p. 16.1-48

E = 29000 KSI Fy = yield stress, KSI Mp = (FyZx) Mr = 0.7(FySx) AISC p. 16.1-47 AISC p. 16.1-269

Sx = Section modulus about x axis from properties, in3

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Example 4 (LRFD) GIVEN: A W14x43 steel girder using A992 steel. It is laterally braced at Lb = 8-0 increments by beams framing into the side. It experiences a maximum FACTORED moment, Mu = 250 KIP-FT. REQUIRED: 1) Draw the graph of design moments vs. unbraced length. 2) Determine the design moment, bMn for an actual unbraced length Lb = 10-0 using formula F2-2 from AISC p. 16.1-47. 3) Determine the design moment using the Beam Available Moments vs. Unbraced Length graphs on AISC p. 3-125. Step 1 Draw graph of design moments vs. unbraced length: From AISC p. 3-17, pick values of Lp, Lr, bMp, and bMr

bMpx = 261 KIP-FT bMn = ???? bMrx = 164 KIP-FT

Real curve AISC curve

Lp = 6.68 ft.

Lr = 20.0 ft. Lb = 10-0

Step 2 - Determine the design moment, bMn for an unbraced length Lb = 8-0 using formula F2-2 from AISC p. 16.1-32 Lb L p Mn = C b M p ( M p 0.7 Fy S x ) L L r p Where: Cb = 1.0 (conservative) Mp = FyZx = (50KSI)(69.6 in3) = 3480 Kip-In

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 10'6.68' Mn = 1.0 3480 Kip In ((3480 0.7(50 KSI )(62.6in 3 ) ) 20'6.68'

= 3159 Kip-In = 263.3 Kip-Ft Therefore, since = 0.9: Mn = 0.9(263.3 Kip-Ft) Mn = 237 Kip-Ft
Since Mn = 237 Kip-Ft < Mu = 250 Kip-Ft, beam is

UNACCEPTABLE

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Step 3 Determine FACTORED moment strength using Table 3-10:

From AISC p. 3-125: For a W14x43 with Fy = 50 KSI Unbraced length Lb = 10-0 LRFD

Mn 237 Kip-Ft

Lb = 10-0

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Example 5 (ASD) and (LRFD) GIVEN: A steel girder is laterally braced at Lb = 10-0, and experiences the service loads as shown below. REQUIRED: Design the lightest weight A992 wide-flange beam using the Available Moment vs. Unbraced Length graphs. Service DL = 900 PLF (incl. beam wt.) Service LL = 1700 PLF

30-0

Step 1 Determine ASD maximum SERVICE moment: w=D+L = (900 PLF) + (1700 PLF) = 2600 PLF = 2.6 KLF Ma = Maximum applied SERVICE moment wL2 = 8 (2.6 KLF )(30'0" ) 2 = 8 Ma = 292.5 Kip-Ft.

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Step 2 Determine LRFD maximum FACTORED moment: wu = 1.2D +1.6 L = 1.2(900 PLF) + 1.6(1700 PLF) = 3800 PLF = 3.8 KLF Mu = Maximum applied FACTORED moment w L2 = u 8 (3.8 KLF )(30'0" ) 2 = 8 Mu = 427.5 Kip-Ft. Step 3 Design lightest beam using Available Moment vs. Unbraced Length graph: From AISC p. 3-121 and 3-119, read up from the bottom at Lb = 10-0 and look up until you hit a solid line for the lightest weight beam exceeding 292.5 Kip-Ft (ASD) and 427.5 Kip-Ft (LRFD). ASD: Use W21x62
Mn 316 Kip ft

LRFD: Use W21x62 M n 474 Kip ft

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