By Silke Weinfurtner
and collaborators: Matt Visser, Stefano Liberati, Piyush Jain, Anglea White, Crispin Gardiner and Bill Unruh
Emergent spacetimes
By Silke Weinfurtner
and collaborators: Matt Visser, Stefano Liberati, Piyush Jain, Anglea White, Crispin Gardiner and Bill Unruh
Outlook
Spacetime geometry and general relativity A world full of effective spacetimes Concept of emergence Emergent spacetimes bearing gifts: .... From emergent spacetimes to emergent gravity...?
independent components (without dynamical equations) In general relativity free particles are freely falling particles - no external force but remain under the inuence of the spacetime geometry. The kinematical equations of motion for free test particles following geodesics:
General relativity also identies (in a coordinate covariant manner) density and ux of energy and momentum in the n dimensional spacetime as the source of the gravitational eld Einstein tensor: Stress-energy tensor:
spacetime
spacetime
Einstein dynamics:
spacetime
Einstein dynamics:
spacetime
Schwarzschild bh
Exact analogy to a massless minimally coupled scalar eld in an effective curved spacetime:
The kinematic equations for small classical or quantum - perturbations (i.e., sound waves) in barotropic, invicid and irrotational uid are given by
ck
|| v||
Natural occurence..?
Problem: The highest wind speeds recorded do not exceed 150 m/s (about 0.5 Mach), due to different physics in the core of the vortex: v r Possibility of supersonic wind ows in tornados..?
velocity parallel to the basin Advantage: Extreme ease with which one can adjust the velocity of the surface waves Via the depth of the basin!
2911
ow direction
Figure 1. The left-to-right ow is supersonic (faster than the velocity of low-wavenumber gravity waves) to the left of the stanchions and subsonic to the right. The jump in average level at the white hole horizon (where the decreasing velocity of the uid just equals the velocity of gravity waves) can be regarded as a zero-wavenumber wave impinging on the white hole from the right. The undulating wave (which camps out due to the viscosity of the water) going off to the right has zero-phase velocity, but a non-zero group velocity, carrying energy away from the white hole horizon. Quantum mechanically, this would mean that the radiation from a white hole horizon would not be thermal around zero wavenumber, but rather would be a non-thermal, high-frequency radiation emitted by the white hole horizon.
Concept of emergence
Example
BEC
2m
U + Vext + 2
SO(2) symmetry
= exp(i)
Example
BEC
[macroscopic variables]
Example
BEC
Small perturbations - linear in density and phase - in the macroscopic mean-eld emerging from an ultra-cold weakly interacting gas of bosons are inner observers experiencing an effective spacetime geometry,
where
c0 U/
2 d1
gab =
c2 v 2 0 vx vy vz
vx 1 0 0
vy 0 1 0
vz 0 ; 0 1
Example
BEC
Macroscopic variables
Microscopic variables
Dt U and the quantum excitations (t, x) around it. Altogether sight we are able to add another set of and absolute commutation relations, one th On inner and out observer and (t, x) = (t, x) + (t, x), where having introduced the emergent spacetime: x), (t, x )] = 0, [ (t, x), (t [ (t, canonical set of quantum eld opera and Inner observer: are a density operators Small excitations in [ (t, x), (t, x )] = (x x ); the system eld operators, experience an effective spacetime and : ) = 0, the geometry represented by and (t, x), (t, x and 0, and (iii) nx), (t, xMapping onto Hermitianphase ) = density uc (t,
) so for topologically trivial regions wit (t, x), (t, xand= i(x x ); is complex ve curved spacetime representedit as (t, x) for a massless spin-ze one can always express by Eq. (20), = n(t, x) exp(i(t two parameters Outercomplex-valued eld, 0 + a of the observer: n + n0 Live in the preferred Hermitian conjugate, su + i , and its frame - the 2n0
macroscopic mean-eld variables! we made use of the fact tha (for example) in [2, 3]. Here
laboratory frame, such that the condensate parameters are (t, x), (t, x ) = functions of [ (t, x), n(t, x )] = 0, n lab-time (absolute time).
In a generic Lagrangian , depdending only a single Scalar eld and its rst derivatives yields an effective Spacetime geometry
For the classical/ quantum uctuations. The equation of Motion for small perturbations around the background Are then given by
Signature of spacetime
v0
gab =
c(t) U (t)/
2 d1
c(t)2 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
n0 (t, x) U (t) = m
U >0 U <0
repulsive ; attractive .
v0
gab =
c(t) U (t)/
2 d1
c(t)2 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
n0 (t, x) U (t) = m
2
U >0 U <0
+c(t) 0 0 0
2
repulsive ; attractive .
0 0 0 +1 0 0 0 +1 0 0 0 +1
gab
c(t) 0 0 0
0 0 0 +1 0 0 0 +1 0 0 0 +1
gab
Lorentzian signature
Riemannian signature
Quantum eld theory on Riemannian manifolds Physical grasp on quantum field on Riemannian manifolds super-Hubble horizon modes in cosmology: Mechanism responsible for enormous particle production works analogous to cosmological particle production during ination:
vk (t) +
2 e
vk (t) = 0, k2 + m2 A
2 = at
Quantum eld theory on Riemannian manifolds Physical grasp on quantum field on Riemannian manifolds super-Hubble horizon modes in cosmology: Mechanism responsible for enormous particle production works analogous to cosmological particle production during ination:
k (t) + k2 d2 H 2 + m2 e2Ht 4 k (t) = 0
vk (t) +
2 e
vk (t) = 0, k2 + m2 A
2 = at
Quantum eld theory on Riemannian manifolds Physical grasp on quantum field on Riemannian manifolds super-Hubble horizon modes in cosmology: Mechanism responsible for enormous particle production works analogous to cosmological particle production during ination:
k (t) + k2 d2 H 2 + m2 e2Ht 4 k (t) = 0
vk (t) +
2 e
vk (t) = 0, k2 + m2 A
2 = at
frozen modes all modes are *frozen* Signicant particle production on ALL scales!???
2m
n0 + n n0 + n
2
H=
dx
2m
U + Vext + 2
Keeping quantum pressure term leads to effective interaction seen by inner observer:
U =U
4mn0
( n0 )2 ( n2 0
n0 )n0
n0 2 n0
harmonic trap
[position dependent sound speed]
condensate in box
[uniform number density]
4mn0
( n0 ) ( n2 0
2
n0 )n0
n0 n2 0
U =U
4mn0
2
condensate in box
[uniform number density]
2 k = c(t) k 2 +
n0 U c (U ) = c2 (U) = c2 (U ) + k m
2
2m
k2
2m
Lorentz symmetry
k4
healing length:
(t) =
2 qp 2
c(t)
/2m c(t)
k c(t) k
2m
k2
U|
ik
Uk = U +
4mn0
k2
where
where
where
where
= A
m + F (k /A) + k /A
i sinh
m2 + k 2 /A + F (k 2 /A) Ad/2 dt
E
Trans-Planckian beats signature Particle production in *real* world with naive LIV terms:
i sinh m2 + k 2 /A + F (k 2 /A) Ad/2 dt
E
Trans-Planckian beats signature Particle production in *real* world with naive LIV terms:
i sinh m2 + k 2 /A + F (k 2 /A) Ad/2 dt
E
Particle production in analogue *world* - a BEC - with quantum pressure correction to the mean-eld:
i sin B
E
m2
2 qp
k4
+B
k 2 /A
d/2
dt
Conclusions for signature change events * quantum modes on a Riemannian manifold have like superHubble horizon modes during ination => Explains particle production * Signature change events in the *real* universe show serious problems: driving the production of an innite number of particle, with innite energy, which are not removed by dimension, rest mass, or even reasonable sub-class of LIV
Conclusions for signature change events * quantum modes on a Riemannian manifold have like superHubble horizon modes during ination => Explains particle production * Signature change events in the *real* universe show serious problems: driving the production of an innite number of particle, with innite energy, which are not removed by dimension, rest mass, or even reasonable sub-class of LIV If there is a way to drive sig. change events within the realm QG, there should be a mechanism to regularize the innities..! (Analogue to the situation in the BEC)
[LIV]
QGP: Summarizes all possible phenomenological consequences from quantum gravity. While different quantum gravity candidates may have completely distinct physical motivation, they can yield similar observable consequences, e.g. Lorentz symmetry breaking at high energies.
1) 2)
Presense of a preferred frame; All frames equal, but transformation laws between frames are modied.
D.Mattingly. Modern tests of Lorentz invariance. Living Reviews in Relativity, 8(5), 2005.
Any emergent spacetimes based on analogue models per denition have a preferred frame: The external observer.
Goldstones theorem...
... whenever a continuos symmetry is spontaneously broken, massless elds, known as Nambu-Goldstone bosons, emerge. [Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell, A. Zee] Per denition Bose-Einstein condensation always (spontaneously) breaks SO(2) symmetry of many-body Hamiltonian!!!
H=
2 2
dx
2m
U + Vext + 2 = exp(i)
SO(2) symmetry
Mass generating mechnism M.Visser and S.W. Phys. Rev., D72:044020, 2005.
all about
symmetries
U AA
U BB
U AB
Mass generating mechnism M.Visser and S.W. Phys. Rev., D72:044020, 2005.
all about
symmetries
U AA
U BB
U AB
Mass generating mechnism M.Visser and S.W. Phys. Rev., D72:044020, 2005.
all about
symmetries
U AA
U BB
U AB
Mono-metricity
More complicated hyperbolic wave equation:
In-phase perturbtion (= mass zero particle): Anti-phase perturbtion (= mass non-zero particle):
[1] [2]
S.Liberati, M.Visser, and S.W.. Class. Quant. Grav., 23:31293154, 2006. S.Liberati, M.Visser, and S.W.. Phys. Rev. Lett., 96:151301, 2006.
* CPT invariant (LIV in the boost subgroup) * has the form as suggested in many (non-renormalizable) effective eld theory approaches * natural suppression of low-order modications in our model!
* analogue LIV scale is given by the microscopic variables: * not a tree-level result. results directly computed from fundamental Hamiltonian * -coefcients are different for
Cosmolgoy
On robustness...
Robustness (against microscopic modications) of quantum eld theory in emergent spacetimes?
P.Jain, S.W., M.Visser, and C.Gardiner. Analogue model of an expanding FRW universe in BoseEinstein condensates: Application of the classical eld method. arXiv:0705.2077, 2006. Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. A.
Emergent FRW universe emerging from Bose gas: Microscopic substructure induces Lorentz symmetry breaking as suggested by many Effective eld theories, i.e., preferred frame induces non-linear dispersion in the boost-subgroup.
S.Liberati, M.Visser, and S.W.. Naturalness in emergent spacetime. Phys. Rev. Lett., 96:151301, 2006.
Particle production in general is not robust and signicant modication may appear.
Planck-modications
Rainbow geometry Modications in: Group and phase velocity Dispersion relation Cosmological horizons k-dependent commutator relation for matter fields
Rainbow geometries
Emergent spacetime exhibits explicit momentum-dependence:
Macroscopic variables determine metric components: Speed of sound for perturbations in the condensate:
Where represents the UV correction!
The closest to a de Sitter like expansion (exact de Sitter in on infrared scales) is given by:
The closest to a de Sitter like expansion (exact de Sitter in on infrared scales) is given by:
Cosmological particle production in emergent rainbow spacetimes Emergent scale factor during ination
|
102 100 ak
26
102 ak 10
0
102 0
50
100 |k|
150
1 200 0 t
3 2 104 102
0 1 t 2 3 104
(a) Scale factor without quantum pressure effects ; (b) Scale factor without quantum pressure effects; ts = 1 105 . ts = 1 105 .
101
101 ak
ak
102 3 2 104 t
102
50
100 |k|
150
1 200 0
(c) Scale factor quantum pressure effects ; ts = (d) Scale factor quantum pressure effects; ts = 1 105 . 1 105 .
3 104
Cosmological particle production in emergent rainbow spacetimes Emergent scale factor during ination
|
102 100 ak
26
102 ak 10
0
102 0
50
100 |k|
150
1 200 0 t
3 2 104 102
0 1 t 2 3 104
(a) Scale factor without quantum pressure effects ; (b) Scale factor without quantum pressure effects; ts = 1 105 . ts = 1 105 .
101
101 ak
ak
102 3 2 104 t
102
50
100 |k|
150
1 200 0
(c) Scale factor quantum pressure effects ; ts = (d) Scale factor quantum pressure effects; ts = 1 105 . 1 105 .
3 104
Cosmological horizons
Phase velocity: Beyond the hydrodynamic limit: phase velocity group velocity Group velocity:
Maximum distance a signal sent at t0 can travel: within the hydrodynamic limit
space
Hubble parameter?
Hubble frequency? Modied Hubble parameter: Early times Late times
time
Frequency ratio
Equation of quantum modes in the hydrodynamic limit:
Sign determines nature of quantum modes! Characteristic value of particle production in the hydrodynamic limit:
Turning point:
Can one always understand the particle production in terms of the frequency ratios?
Emergent spacetimes and experimental cosmology Silke Weinfurtner Simulations versus quantitative predictions
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0
Nk
150
1 200 0
150
(a) Nk (t).
(b) Rk (t).
30 25 20
Nk
15 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 104
dependence, 2one has to give up on a uniform sound-cone structure throughout the condensa 4! h c(t, x) = n(t, x)a(t, x) c0 (x) bn (t) ba (t). (1.21) 2 these scenarios the notion of FRW spacetime has to be restricted to an area where n (x) m 0 approximately constant.) Implementing this parameterization into the line-element (based o gth a(t) = a0 ba (t) and the condensate density n(t, x) = n0 (x)bn (t) are almetric given in equation (1.8)) we have ect to laboratory time t. The initial condensate parameters, at the beginning Lorentz symmetry breaking due to a preferred frame (in our 2 1 d1 d1 0 , are given by a0 and n0 , such that ba (t0 ) = 1 and bn (t0 ) = 21. Without d2 2 d n0 bn (t) 2 = c0 bn (t) d1 ba (t) + dx2 . ( dsnon-negligiblespatial d1 dton the particle specic0.spacetime) the cases where n0 exhibits a effects has we can set t0 = (Notice, that for c0 ba (t) give up on a uniform sound-cone structure throughout the condensate. In is static! production process as the preferred frame d on of FRW spacetime has tous implement ato an area where n (x)d "2 n0 isn (t) d1 ba (t) d2 dt 2 , such that d1 0 Let be restricted change of coordinates = b .) Implementing this parameterization into the line-element (based on the In some sense we are dealing with 2a relative scale-shift 1 d1 d1 bn (" ) n (1.8)) we have 2 2 between the two frames, a ds2 = n0 time-dependent Planck-scale, c0 d" + dx2 , ( c0 ba (" ) 2 1 d d2 n0 d1 bn (t) d1 2 2 2 c0 bn (t) d1 ba (t) d1 it is + dx . where dt obvious that effectively in this(1.22) parameterization for zero background velocity c0 ba (t) are left with one degree of freedom, g(" ) = bn (" )/ba (" ). By inspection this metric represe that enters the scale(kd2 0)2 FRW cosmological spacetime with scale factor factor d at = 2 = spatially b (t) d1 dt , such that nge of coordinates d " bn (t) d1 a
2
. ( bn (" ) 2 ds = dx , in an unexpected way. (The ba (" ) However, in the specic analogue spacetime under current at the non-perturbative corrections have to be included investigation the situation is a effectively in this parameterization as the applicability of velocity we hinges on the validity of the hydrody elaborate one for zero background this interpretation level g( ) = b hydrodynamic uidmetric represents a equations. )/ba " e of freedom, of" then ("limit,(or).inBy inspectionof effective eld theories on the (in this particular case time-depen the language this WHowever it is possiblewithmimicfactor cosmological spacetime to scale an expanding universelaboratory distance) by effective Planck-length, given (in units of and keep the
2
c2 d" 2 + 0
1 d1
1 2(d1)
effective Planck length constant: 1 bn (" ) 2(d1) aFRW (t) = aFRW,0 . ba (" )
Planck,0
bn (t)ba (t)
Emergent gravity
Einstein dynamics:
spacetime
spin-2 particle
Emergent gravity
Einstein dynamics:
spacetime
spin-2 particle
books on the Emergent Spacetime / Analogue Models for Gravity: Articial black holes (Novello, Visser, Volovik) The universe in a helium droplet (Volovik) Quantum Analogues: From phase transitions to black holes and cosmology (Unruh, Schuetzhold)
Id like to thank Matt and everyone at VIC for the warm welcome!
books on the Emergent Spacetime / Analogue Models for Gravity: Articial black holes (Novello, Visser, Volovik) The universe in a helium droplet (Volovik) Quantum Analogues: From phase transitions to black holes and cosmology (Unruh, Schuetzhold)
Id like to thank Matt and everyone at VIC for the warm welcome!