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Cl ass XI : Phy si cs
Chapt er 10: Mechani cal Pr oper t i es of Fl ui ds
Key Lear ni ng:
1. Fluid has a propert y t hat is flow. The fluid does not have any
resist ance t o change of it s shape. The shape of a fluid governed by t he
shape of it s cont ainer.
2. A liquid is incompressible and has a free surface of it s own. A gas is
compressible and it expands t o occupy all t he space available t o it .
3. Liquids and gases t oget her are known as fluids.
4. Pressure at a point is force upon area, and it is a scalar quant it y. Unit
of pressure is pascal. I t s SI unit is N m
- 2
.
5. Average pressure P
av
is defined as t he rat io of t he force t o area
av
F
P
A
= .
6. Pascal is t he unit of t he pressure. I t is t he same as N m
- 2
. Ot her
common unit s of pressure are
1 at m = 1.01 x 10
5
Pa
1 bar = 10
5
Pa
1 t orr = 133 Pa = 0.133 kPa
1 mm of Hg = 1 t orr = 133 Pa
5. Pressure is defined as normal force per unit area.
dF
P
dA

=
6. The pressure difference bet ween t wo point s in a st at ic fluid of uniform
densit y r is proport ional t o t he dept h h.
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7. Pascals law st at es t hat a change in pressure at any point in an
enclosed fluid at rest is t ransmit t ed undiminished t o all point s in t he
fluid.
8. Gauge pressure measures t he excess pressure above t he at mospheric
pressure.
9. Flow of a fluid whose densit y is independent of bot h posit ion and t ime
is said t o be incompressible.
10. I f t he frict ional forces in a moving fluid are negligible, t he flow is
called non viscous.
11. I f a fluid element has a nonzero angular velocit y at every point , t he
flow is said t o non- rot at ional.
12.Orderly flow of a fluid is called st reamlined or st eady flow.
13. I n st reamlined flow, every liquid element crossing a point has t he
same velocit y.
14. Disorderly flow of fluid is called t urbulent Flow.
15. A st reamline is defined as a curve such t hat t he t angent t o any point
on t he curve gives t he direct ion of fluid flow at t hat point .
16. Like in a st eady or st reamline flow, no t wo st reamlines ever cross
each ot her.
17. The great er is t he spacing bet ween st reamlines in a region, t he
smaller is t he fluid velocit y t here.
18. A bundle of st reamlines forming a t ubular region is called a t ube of
flow.
19. When t he flow is incompressible, non- viscous, st eady and non-
rot at ional, it is called ideal fluid flow.
20. Equat ion of cont inuit y says t hat t he product of area of cross sect ion
and velocit y remains const ant t hrough out t he flow.
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21. I n case of varying densit y or compressible liquids, t he equat ion of
cont inuit y modifies t o product of t he densit y, area of cross sect ion and
velocit y of t he flow remaining const ant as opposed t o Av = const ant .
22. I f t he fluid velocit y is less t han a cert ain limit ing value called crit ical
velocit y, t he flow is st eady or st reamlined; as it s speed exceeds t he
crit ical velocit y it becomes t urbulent .
23. Equat ion of cont inuit y t ells us t hat fluid speed is great er in narrow
regions as compared t o wider regions.
24. I f t he speed of a fluid element increases as it flows, t he pressure of
t he fluid must decrease and vice versa This is one implicat ion of
Bernoullis Principle.
25. Bernoulli was t he first one t o relat e t his pressure difference t o velocit y
changes.
26. Bernoulli also explained t he relat ion bet ween t he height of a fluid and
changes in pressure and speed of fluid.
27. Along a st reamline, t he sum of t he pressure, t he kinet ic energy per
unit volume and t he pot ent ial energy per unit volume remains
const ant . This is t he st at ement of Bernoullis Principle.
28. Bernoullis principle holds t rue in case of ideal fluid flow which is
incompressible; irrot at ional and st reamlined.
29. Bernoulli' s principle, which result s from conservat ion of energy,
relat es t he height , pressure, and speed of an ideal fluid whet her it is a
liquid or a gas.
30. The speed of out flow of a liquid from a hole in an open t ank is called
t he speed of efflux.
31. Velocit y of fluid flowing out t hrough end B as v
B =
2gh . This is called
Torricellis Law.
32. Vent urimet er is t he device used t o measure t he flow speed of an
incompressible liquid.
33. As per Bernoullis principle, t he pressure above t he wing is lower t han
t he pressure below it because t he air is moving fast er above t he wing.
This higher pressure at t he bot t om compared t o t he t op, applies an
upward force t o t he wing t o lift it upwards. This is called dynamic lift .
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34. Magnus effect is t he curving in t he pat h of t he ball int roduced due t o
t he difference in pressure above and below t he ball.
35. The speed of efflux from a hole in an open t ank is given by \2gh.
36. I deal fluid is incompressible and nonviscous.
37. Viscosit y describes a fluid' s int ernal resist ance t o flow and may be
t hought of as a measure of fluid frict ion.
38.Viscous fluid flows fast est at t he cent er of t he cylindrical pipe and is at
rest at t he surface of t he cylinder .
39. Viscosit y is int ernal frict ion in a fluid.
40. Surface t ension is due t o molecular forces.
41. The difference in energy of t he bulk molecules and t he surface
molecules gives rise t o surface t ension.
42. Drops have a spherical shape because spherical shape has t he
minimum surface area for a given volume of a free liquid.
43. Surface t ension is also responsible for t he wiggling of soap bubbles.
Great er is t he at t ract ive force bet ween molecules of a liquid, great er is
it s surface t ension and great er is it s resist ance t o t he increase in
surface area.
44. Surface t ension can be quant it at ively defined as t he energy required per
unit increase in surface area.
45. Angle of cont act is t he angle formed bet ween t he solid/ liquid int erface
and t he liquid/ vapor int erface and it has a vert ex where t he t hree int erfaces
meet .
46. When t he cont act angle is acut e, t he liquid wet s t he solid, like wat er on a
glass surface.
47. When t he cont act angle is obt use, t he liquid does not wet t he solid like
wat er on t hese flower pet als.
48. Angle of cont act is a good measure of Cleanliness of a surface. Organic
Cont aminat ion increases t he angle of cont act .
49. Surface t ension of a liquid decreases wit h t he rise in t emperat ure
because molecules get ext ra energy t o overcome t heir mut ual at t ract ion.
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50. Due t o surface t ension, t he liquid surface squeezes it self t o minimum
surface area.
51. The great er is t he surface t ension of t he liquid, great er is t he excess
pressure required for bubble format ion inside it .
52. Capillary act ion is t he t endency of a liquid t o rise in narrow t ubes due t o
surface t ension,
53. Height of liquid column rising in a capillary t ube depends upon:
- On it s cont act angle u
- direct ly on it s surface t ension S
- I nversely on it s densit y
- I nversely on radius r of t he t ube
54. Addit ion of det ergent in wat er lowers t he surface t ension which helps
wit h t he cleansing act ion.
Top For mul ae:
1. Pressure of a fluid having densit y at height h, P = h g
2. Gauge pressure = t ot al pressure at mospheric pressure
3. For hydraulic lift
1 2
1 2
F F
a a
=
4. Surface t ension, S = F /
5. Work done = surface t ension x increase in area
6. Excess of pressure inside t he liquid drop p =
i o
2S
P P
r
=
7. Excess of pressure inside t he soap bubble p =
i o
4S
P P
r
=
8. Tot al pressure in t he air bubble at a dept h h below t he surface of liquid
of densit y is
P =
o
2S
P h g
r
+ +
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9. I n case of capillary, ascent / descent formula, h =
2Scos
r g
u

, where u is
t he angle of cont act .
10. Newt ons viscous dragging force, F =
dv
A
dx
q , where qis coefficient of
viscosit y, A is t he area of layer of liquid and
dv
dx
is t he velocit y gradient .
11. According t o Poisseuille, t he volume of t he liquid flowing per second
t hrough t he t ube V =
4
Pr
8
t
q
12. St okes law, F = 6 rv tq
13. Terminal velocit y,
2
2r ( )g
v
9
o
=
q
, where and o are t he densit ies of
spherical body and medium respect ively; r is t he radius of spherical body.
14. Reynolds number,
N
Dv
R

=
q
, where D is t he diamet er of t he t ube and
v is t he velocit y of liquid flow t hrough t ube.
15. Volume of liquid flowing per second t hrough a t ube, V = a v, where a
is t he area of cross sect ion and v is t he velocit y of liquid t hrough t ube.
16. Bernoullis t heorem:
Pressure energy per unit mass + pot ent ial energy per unit mass + kinet ic
energy per unit mass = const ant
2
P 1
gh v cons t an t
2
+ + =

17. Vent urimet er, volume of liquid flowing per second

m
1 2 2 2
1 2
2 gh
V a a
(a a )

=

Where a
1
and a
2
are t he areas of cross- sect ion of bigger and smaller t ube;
h is t he difference of pressure head at t wo t ubes of vent urimet er.
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18. Velocit y of efflux, v = 2gh