Chapter 7: Language of Chemistry

IUPAC
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, IUPAC, has set rules for naming compounds. IUPAC set the rules for the naming and classification of inorganic compounds in 1940.

These rules, referred to as IUPAC nomenclature, are still in use today.

Classification of Compounds

Ionic Compounds
Binary ionic compounds contain two elements: one metal and one nonmetal.
NaCl and AlCl3 are binary ionic compounds.

Ternary ionic compounds contain three elements, at least one metal and one nonmetal.
KNO3 and Al(NO3)3 are ternary ionic compounds.

Molecular Compounds
Binary molecular compounds contain two elements and both are nonmetals.
Some examples of binary molecular compounds are ammonia, NH3; methane, CH4; carbon dioxide, CO2; and tetraphosphorous trisulfide, P4S3.

Aqueous Acids
An aqueous solution is produced when a compound dissolves in water. It is indicated by the symbol (aq). A binary acid is an aqueous solution of a compound containing hydrogen and one other nonmetal. HF (aq) is a binary acid. A ternary oxyacid is an aqueous solution of a compound containing hydrogen, oxygen, and one other nonmetal. HNO3(aq) is a ternary oxyacid.

Classification of Ions
An ion is an atom or group of atoms with a charge. A positively charged ion is called a cation. A negatively charged ion is called an anion. A group of atoms bound together that has an overall charge is called a polyatomic anion.

Metals Form Positive Ions

Metals form positive ions (cations) by a loss of their valence electrons. with the electron configuration of the nearest noble gas. that have fewer electrons than protons. Group 1A metals ion 1+ Group 2A metals ion 2+ Group 3A metals ion 3+

Monoatomic Cations
Cations are named for the parent atom followed by the word ion.
Na+ is named sodium ion.

Al3+ is named aluminum ion.

This rule applies for metals that usually form one ion. This includes the main group metals along with Ag+, Zn2+, and Cd2+. Exceptions include tin and lead.

Metals that Form Multiple Ions

Metals that Form Multiple Ions

If a metal can form more than one cation, it is named by the parent followed by the charge in Roman numerals in parentheses, ending with the word ion.

Cation
Cr2+ Cr3+ Mn2+ Fe2+

Stock System
chromium (II) chromium (III) manganese (II) iron (II)

Fe3+
Co2+ Co3+ Ni2+ Cu1+

iron (III)
cobalt (II) cobalt (III) nickel (II) copper (I)

Cu2+
Sn2+ Sn4+ Hg22+ Hg2+

copper (II)
tin (II) tin (IV) mercury (I) mercury (II)

Pb2+ Pb4+

lead (II) lead (IV)

Non-metals form Negative Ions

Nonmetals form negative ions (anions) by gaining electrons. form negatively charged ions with 3-, 2-, or 1- charges. Non-metals ions are named by changing the end of their element name with the suffix ide.
N3 is the nitride ion.

O2 is the oxide ion.

Br is the bromide ion.

Ion Charges

Some Ionic Charges

I-

Learning Check
A. The symbol for the magnesium ion is 1) Mg1+. 2) Mg2+.
3) Mg2- .

B. For aluminum to achieve a noble gas configuration, the change of electrons requires a 1) loss of 3e-. 2) gain of 3e-. 3) a gain of 5e-. C. The symbol for the aluminum ion is 1) Al3+. 2) Al3-. D. The number of valence electrons in sulfur is 1) 4e-. 2) 6e-.

3) Al+.

3) 8e-.

E. The ionic charge of sulfur is 1) 2+. 2) 2-.

3) 4-.

NaCl formation reaction video

Ionic Compounds
Ionic compounds

consist of positive and negative ions.

have attractions called ionic bonds between positively and negatively charged ions. have high melting and boiling points. are solid at room temperature.

Ionic Formulas
An ionic formula consists of positively and negatively charged ions. is neutral.
M+ + X- MX Cation + Anion Ionic compound

the symbol of the metal (cation) is written first followed by the symbol of the nonmetal (anion).

Ionic Formulas
Examples: 1). Na+ and Cl form NaCl or sodium chloride. 2). Mg2+ and Cl form MgCl2 or magnesium chloride. 3). Na+ and S2 form Na2S or sodium sulfide.

Learning Check
Select the correct formula for each of the following ionic compounds. A. Al3+ and Cl1) AlCl3 Mg2+ and N31) MgN K+ and I1). K2I

2) AlCl

3) Al3Cl

B.

2) Mg2N3

3) Mg3N2

C.

2). KI2

3). KI

Naming Binary Ionic Compounds

Naming FeCl2
To name FeCl2 1. Determine the charge of the cation using the charge of the anion (Cl-). 2. Name the cation by the element name and add a Roman numeral in parenthesis to show its charge. Fe2+ = iron(II) 3. Write the anion with an ide ending. FeCl2 = iron(II) chloride

Naming Cr2O3
To name Cr2O3 1. Determine the charge of cation from the anion (O2-). 2. Name the cation by the element name and add a Roman numeral in parenthesis to show its charge. Cr3+ = chromium(III) 3. Write the anion with an ide ending. chromium(III) oxide = Cr2O3

Learning Check
Select the correct name for each. A. Fe2S3 1) iron sulfide 2) iron(II) sulfide 3) iron(III) sulfide B. CuO 1) copper oxide 2) copper(I) oxide 3) copper(II) oxide

Learning Check
What is the correct formula for each of the following?
A. Copper(I) nitride 1) CuN B. Lead(IV) oxide 1) PbO2 2) PbO 3) Pb2O4 2) CuN3 3) Cu3N

Learning Check
Name the following ionic compounds. A. MgI2
B. CaO C. FeBr2 D. K3P E. CuCl

Polyatomic Ions
A polyatomic ion
is a group of atoms. has an overall ionic charge. Some examples of polyatomic ions are

NH4+
NO3 CO32 HCO3

ammonium
nitrate carbonate hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate)

OH
NO2

hydroxide
nitrite

PO43 phosphate

Polyatomic Ions
Polyatomic anions that contain one or more elements combined with oxygen are called oxyanions. end in ate. NO3
NO2

nitrate
nitrite

PO43
PO33

phosphate
phosphite (bicarbonate) (bisulfite)

with one oxygen less end in ite.

with hydrogen attached use the prefix hydrogen (or bi).

HCO3 HSO3 hydrogen carbonate hydrogen sulfite

Naming Ternary Ionic Compounds

The positive ion is named first followed by the name of the polyatomic ion. NaNO3 sodium nitrate

K2SO4 Fe2(CO3) 3
NH4Cl

potassium sulfate iron(III) carbonate

ammonium chloride

Learning Check
Match each formula with the correct name. A. MgS MgSO3 1) magnesium sulfite 2) magnesium sulfate

MgSO4
B. Ca(ClO3)2

3) magnesium sulfide
1) calcium chlorate

CaCl2
Ca(ClO2)2

2) calcium chlorite
3) calcium chloride

Learning Check
Name each of the following compounds: A. B. Mg(NO3)2 Cu(ClO3)2

C. D.
E.

PbO2 Fe2(SO4)3
Ba3(PO3)2

Learning Check
Select the correct formula for each.
A. aluminum nitrate 1) AlNO3 B. copper(II) nitrate 2) Al(NO)3 3) Al(NO3)3

1) CuNO3
C. iron(III) hydroxide 1) FeOH

2) Cu(NO3)2
2) Fe3OH

3) Cu2(NO3)
3) Fe(OH)3

D. tin(IV) hydroxide 1) Sn(OH)4 2) Sn(OH)2 3) Sn4(OH)

Learning Check
Write the chemical formula for each of the following compounds: A. B. calcium carbonate chromium (III) bromide

C.
D. E.

mercury (I) oxide

ammonium chlorite silver nitrate

Critical Thinking: Potassium

Potassium is an extremely reactive element (its violent reaction with water is pictured below).

How can such a reactive element (with water) be essential for human life? Good sources of potassium include fish, meat, fruit, dark vegetables, and nuts.

Binary Molecular Compounds

Binary molecular compounds are composed of two nonmetal elements. A molecule is the simplest representative particle of a binary molecular compound.

IUPAC has set the following order for writing the elements in a binary molecular compound:
C, P, N, H, S, I, Br, Cl, O, and F

Naming Molecular Compounds

To name molecular compounds STEP 1: First element in formula is named first. STEP 2: Second element is named next using the prefixes in table 4.12 to denote the number of atoms present and an ide ending. STEP 3: Prefixes on 1st element are used EXCEPT mono. ex. CO is carbon monoxide
Table 4.12

Examples
1. 2. 3. 4. BF3 = boron trifluoride NO = nitrogen monoxide N2O5 = dinitrogen pentoxide P4S3 = tetraphosphorus trisulfide

Common names always used: H2O = water NH3 = ammonia

Learning Check
Select the correct name for each compound.
A. SiCl4 1) silicon chloride 2) tetrasilicon chloride 3) silicon tetrachloride 1) phosphorus oxide 2) phosphorus pentoxide 3) diphosphorus pentoxide 1) dichlorine heptoxide 2) dichlorine oxide 3) chlorine heptoxide

B.

P2O5

C.

Cl2O7

Learning Check
Write the correct formula for each of the following. A. phosphorus pentachloride

B. dinitrogen trioxide
C. sulfur hexafluoride

Learning Check
Identify each compound as ionic or covalent and give its correct name.

A. SO3
B. BaCl2 C. (NH4)3PO4 D. Cu2CO3

E. N2O4

Learning Check
Write the formulas for the following. A. calcium nitrate B. boron trifluoride

C. aluminum carbonate D. dinitrogen tetroxide E. copper(I) phosphate

Binary Acids
A binary acid is an aqueous solution of a compound containing hydrogen and a nonmetal. The formula of an acid always begins with H:
HF (aq)

Binary acids are named by using the prefix hydro- before the element stem and adding the suffix -ic acid.
HF (aq) is hydrofluoric acid. HI (aq) is hydroiodic acid.

Ternary Oxyacids
Ternary oxyacids are aqueous solutions of a compound containing hydrogen and an oxyanion.
If the acid is derived from an oxyanion ending in -ate, the suffix is changed to -ic acid.
HNO3 (aq) is nitric acid (from NO3-, nitrate ion).

If the acid is derived from an oxyanion ending in -ite, the suffix is changed to -ous acid.
HNO2 (aq) is nitrous acid (from NO2-, nitrite ion).

Oxyanions and Oxyacids

Below is an example of ternary oxyacid and ternary compound naming.
Ternary Oxyacid
HClO HClO2 HClO3 hypochlorous acid chlorous acid chloric acid NaClO NaClO2 NaClO3

Ternary Compound
sodium hypochlorite sodium chlorite sodium chlorate

HClO4

perchloric acid

NaClO4

sodium perchlorate

Learning Check
Provide the name of the acid. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. HCN = H2S = H3PO4 = HNO2 = H2SO3 = HClO4 = HClO =