56 Part 4

Chapter 20 Rate of Reaction (Extension)

A. Multiple Choice Questions 3. (a) Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)

 ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
1. A. Reaction between magnesium Method 1 : Measuring the mass of
chloride solution and sodium the reaction mixture
carbonate solution Zinc reacts with dilute hydrochloric
2. D. Reaction between powdered acid to form zinc chloride and
limestone and 2 M hydrochloric acid hydrogen gas. When the hydrogen
3. B. S2O32(aq) + 2H+(aq) gas is allowed to escape, the mass of
 SO2(g) + S(s) + H2O(l) the reaction mixture decreases over
4. C. (1), (2) and (4) only time.
5. A. (1) and (3) only Method 2 : Measuring the volume
6. D. The time for completion of reaction of gas produced
in beaker A is half of that in beaker Zinc reacts with dilute hydrochloric
B. acid to form zinc chloride and
hydrogen gas. The volume of
B. Fill in the Blanks hydrogen gas produced increases
over time.
(b) Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq)
1. Rate of reaction, product
 Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq)
2. reactant, product
Method 1 : Measuring the
3. concentration, surface area, temperature
concentration of product Zinc reacts
with copper(II) sulphate solution to
C. Comprehensive Questions form zinc sulphate solution and
copper metal. The concentrations of
1. (a) Fast the products, zinc sulphate solution
(b) Fast and copper, increase over time.
(c) Steady Method 2 : Measuring the colour
(d) Fast intensity of the reaction mixture
(e) Fast and instantaneous Zinc reacts with copper(II) sulphate
solution to form zinc sulphate
2. (a) Reaction between zinc and copper(II) solution and copper metal. In the
sulphate solution reaction, copper(II) ions are one of
(b) Reaction between magnesium and the reactants and only copper(II) ions
dilute sulphuric acid are coloured. Throughout the reaction,
(c) Rusting of iron the concentration of copper(II) ion
(d) Reaction between dilute and the colour intensity of the
hydrochloric acid and dilute sodium reaction mixture decrease.
hydroxide solution (i.e.
neutralization)

Chapter 20 Solutions (EE).doc


(c) NH4Cl(aq) + NaOH(aq)
 NaCl(aq) + NH3(g) + H2O(l)
Method 1 : Measuring the mass of
the reaction mixture
Ammonium chloride reacts with
dilute sodium hydroxide solution to
form sodium chloride, ammonia gas
and water. When the ammonia gas
is allowed to escape, the mass of the
reaction mixture decreases over
time.
Method 2 : Measuring the volume
of gas produced
Ammonium chloride reacts with
dilute sodium hydroxide solution to
form sodium chloride, ammonia gas
and water. The volume of ammonia
gas produced increases over time.
4. (a) When ethanol is heated with an
oxidizing agent (e.g. acidified
potassium permanganate solution),
ethanoic acid is produced.
[O]
CH3CH2OH(aq) CH3COOH(aq)
ethanol ethanoic acid
[ O ] : acidified potassium
permanganate solution
Observable change(s): The solution
changes from purple to colourless /
pale pink.
(b) When ethanal is heated with an
oxidizing agent (e.g. acidified
potassium permanganate solution),
ethanoic acid is produced.
[O]
CH3CHO(aq) CH3COOH(aq)
ethanal ethanoic acid
[ O ] : acidified potassium
permanganate solution
Observable change(s): The solution
changes from purple to colourless /
pale pink.
Chapter 20 57
(c) Zinc reacts with dilute sulphuric
acid to form zinc sulphate and
hydrogen gas. When the hydrogen
gas is allowed to escape, the mass of
the reaction mixture decreases over
time.
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq)
 ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)
Observable change(s): Zinc
dissolves and colourless gas bubbles
evolve.
(d) Sodium hydrogencarbonate reacts
with dilute hydrochloric acid to
form sodium chloride, carbon
dioxide gas and water. The volume
of carbon dioxide gas produced
increases over time.
NaHCO3(s) + HCl(aq)
 NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Observable change(s): Sodium
hydrogencarbonate dissolves and
colourless gas bubbles evolve.
(e) Magnesium reacts with copper(II)
sulphate solution to form
magnesium sulphate solution and
copper metal. In the reaction,
copper(II) ions are one of the
reactants and only copper(II) ions
are coloured. Throughout the
reaction, the concentration of
copper(II) ion and the colour
intensity of reaction mixture
decrease.
Mg(s) + CuSO4(aq)
(blue)
 Cu(s) + MgSO4(aq)
(colourless)
Observable change(s): Magnesium
dissolves and brown solid is formed.
The solution changes from blue to
colourless / The blue solution
becomes paler.
(f) Dichromate ions react with
hydrogen ions and iron(II) ions to
form chromate(III) ions, iron(III)
Chapter 20 Solutions (EE).doc
58 Part 4

ions and water. The concentration of concentration of the reaction

hydrogen ions decreases over time.
Hence, the pH of the reaction
mixture increases.
Cr2O72(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6Fe2+(aq)
 2Cr3+(aq) + 6Fe3+(aq) +
7H2O(l)
Observable change(s): The solution
changes from orange to yellowish
green.
(g) Copper(II) chloride reacts with 6.
silver nitrate solution to form
copper(II) nitrate solution and silver 7.
chloride. The silver chloride formed
is a white solid and it makes the
reaction mixture cloudy.
CuCl2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq)
 Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2AgCl(s)
Observable change(s): A white solid
is formed over time.
mixture. Therefore, the rate of the
reaction decreases.
(e) The rate of the reaction increases
since a higher concentration of
hydrochloric acid is used. This
allows the reactant particles to
contact with each other more easily,
and thus a faster reaction is resulted.
HKCEE Question
(a) Fe(s) + H2SO4(aq)
 FeSO4(aq) + H2(g)
(b)

5. (a) The rate of the reaction increases.

This is because powdered limestone
has a larger surface area than
limestone chip. The larger surface
area allows the reactant particles to
contact with each other more easily
and this usually causes a faster (c) 3 minutes
reaction. (d) 50 cm3
(b) The rate of the reaction decreases. (e)
This is because decreasing the
temperature decreases the kinetic
energy of reactants, so they collide
at a lower rate. Thus, the reaction
rate decreases.
(c) The rate of the reaction does not
change. Using a large volume of
hydrochloric acid of the same
molarity does not change the
concentration of hydrogen ions.
Therefore, the rate of the reaction
will not change.
(d) The rate of the reaction decreases.
Addition of water to the reaction
mixture will decrease the

Chapter 20 Solutions (EE).doc

 Chapter 20 59

The reaction rate of Test 2 is the (e)

same as that of Test 1. This is
because increasing the volume of
sulphuric acid does not increase the
concentration of hydrogen ions.
Thus, the reaction rate remains
unchanged.
The reaction rate of Test 3 is lower
than that of Test 1. This is because
decreasing of sulphuric acid
decreases the concentration of
hydrogen ions. Thus, the reaction
rate decreases.
The reaction rate of Test 4 is higher
than that of Test 1. This is because
iron powder has a larger surface area
than iron wire, so the reaction rate of The reaction rate of Test 2 is the
Test 4 is higher. same as that of Test 1. This is
because increasing the volume of
8. (a) CaCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) nitric acid does not increase the
 Ca(NO3)2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) concentration of hydrogen ions.
(b) Thus, the reaction rate remains
unchanged.
The reaction rate of Test 3 is higher
than that of Test 1. This is because
increasing the concentration of nitric
acid increases the concentration of
hydrogen ions. Thus, the reaction
rate increases.

The reaction rate of Test 4 is higher

than that of Test 1. This is because
powdered limestone has a larger
surface area than limestone chips.
(c) 3 minutes Thus, the reaction rate of Test 4 is
(d) 50 cm3 higher.
The reaction rate of Test 5 is lower
than that of Test 1. This is because
decreasing the temperature
decreases the kinetic energy of the
reactants, so they collide at a lower
rate. Thus, the reaction rate
decreases.

9  10. HKCEE Questions

Chapter 20 Solutions (EE).doc

60 Part 4

D. Essay-type Question sulphate solution used, the reaction is

carried out at different temperatures (e.g
1. Effect of concentration on the rate of 25 oC, 35 oC and 45 oC). For each reaction
the reaction between zinc and copper(II) mixture, the time required for the
sulphate solution: completion of the reaction is recorded.
At the same temperature and pressure, an The rate of the reaction between zinc and
equal mass of zinc is used to react with copper(II) sulphate solution increases
different concentrations of copper(II) when the temperature of the reaction
sulphate solution (e.g. 1 M, 2 M, 5 M and mixture increases.
10 M). In each of the reaction mixture, the
zinc strip dissolves and some reddish
brown solids (i.e. copper) are deposited.
Also, the solution becomes paler. For each
reaction mixture, the time required for the
completion of the reaction is recorded.
From 10 M copper(II) sulphate solution to
1 M copper(II) sulphate solution, the time
for the completion of reaction increases.
To conclude, when the concentration of
copper(II) sulphate solution increases and
other factors are kept the same, the rate of
the reaction increases.

Effect of surface area on the rate of the

reaction between zinc and copper(II)
sulphate solution:
At the same temperature and pressure, the
same mass of zinc strips and zinc powder
is used to react with the same volume of
copper(II) sulphate solution which is in
excess. For each reaction mixture, the
time required for the completion of the
reaction is recorded. The time for
completion of the reaction for zinc powder
is shorter than that for zinc strips. With the
same mass, zinc powder has a larger total
surface area than zinc strips. To conclude,
when the surface area of zinc increases
and other factors are kept the same, the
rate of the reaction increases.

Effect of temperature on the rate of the

reaction between zinc and copper(II)
sulphate solution:
With the same mass of zinc and same
concentration and volume of copper(II)

Chapter 20 Solutions (EE).doc