1. Which one of the following best represents a direct medical cost? a.

pain

EXERCISE

b. transportation c. mortality d. medical professional time

2. Lost productivity is an example of which one of the following cost categories? a. direct medical cost c. indirect cost

b. direct non-medical cost d. intangible cost

3. What is the primary strength of cost-utility analysis? into a common unit of measure

a. its capacity to integrate quality and quantity of life b. its ability to provide decision makers with a c. its capacity to provide a solution for any problem

definitive tool that can justify decisions

other resources compared to other types of economic analyses 4. What is the major difference between cost-effectiveness analysis and cost-utility analysis?

d. the relatively low requirement for time, money, and

measure costs differently

a. cost-utility analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis b. intermediate outcomes can be used in cost-

effectiveness analysis, whereas final outcomes are required in cost-utility analysis c. cost-effectiveness analysis can be performed from

secondary data sources, whereas cost-utility analysis required primary collection of data d. results of a cost-utility analysis carry more weight for

policy makers than results from a cost-effectiveness analysis 5. Which one of the following is the primary difference between cost-minimization analysis and cost analysis? and thus are not measured and cost analysis does not

a. cost analysis assumes that consequences are identical b. cost-minimization analysis measures consequences c. the perspective in cost-minimization analysis is d. cost analysis involves determining the least costly

usually that of the payer or institution

alternative among competing therapies

6. Which one of the following is a primary distinction analysis?

between cost-minimization analysis and cost-effectiveness

analysis, but not in cost-minimization analysis

a. consequences are measured in cost-effectiveness b. in cost-minimization analysis, equivalence of

outcomes takes into consideration both adverse events and measures of effectiveness assessment of costs c. cost-minimization analysis includes a detailed d. outcomes are shown to be equivalent in cost-

minimization analysis and assumed not to be equivalent in cost-effectiveness analysis 7. The term quality-adjusted life year is a multiple of which of the following components? a. Q for quantity and Y for number of years c. Q for quality and Y for number of days

b. Q for quality and Y for number of months d. Q for quality and Y for number of years

8. Which type of economic analysis measures both cost and outcome as the same unit? a. Cost-Benefit Analysis b. Cost-Utility Analysis c. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

9. What type of economic analysis is the most frequent use in medical intervention?

d. Cost-Minimization Analysis

a. Cost-Benefit Analysis b. Cost-Utility Analysis c. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

10. A cost-effectiveness study comparing two alternative for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis was conducted. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of drug B in comparison one of the following is the best interpretation of this ratio? drug B a. it costs $32/case to treat rheumatoid arthritis with b. drug B is more cost-effective than drug A

d. Cost-Minimization Analysis

to drug A was reported to be $32/symptom-free day. Which

drug B, it costs an additional $32 over drug A with drug B than with drug A

c. for every extra symptom-free day gained by using d. it costs $32/case more to treat rheumatoid arthritis

11. From the study conducted by Novello S et al (2005) in the title of Cost-minisation analysis comparing gemcitabine/cisplatin, paclitaxel/carboplatin and

vinorelbine/cisplatin in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer in Italy, the following data were obtained from the study. Costs included in the study were chemotherapy

acquisition costs, chemotherapy administration costs,

hospitalization costs associated with adverse events, costs of other medical resources (e.g. radiotherapy, blood transfusions).

response rate and partial response rate) as shown in Table 2.

Outcomes were measured as response rates (complete

11.1 How many alternatives were included in the study? 11.2 What type of costs was studied? 11.3 Do you agree with the title of the study Cost-

minimisation analysis? Why?