A ray diagram showing how we can seea luminous object and a non-luminousobject Chapter 11 Light Shadows and Reflection

What is light? Light is produced by luminous objects, such as fires, electric lamps and stars likethe Sun. The light that we can see is called visible light , but there is also lightthat we cannot see, including ultraviolet light and infrared light. Features of light: a)Light is a form of radiationb)Light travels in straight linesc)Light can t r a v e l t h r o u g h e m p t y s p a c e s d)Light is the fastest thing there is. In space its speed is 300 000 km/s Source of Light Natural Natural light sources include the following . Sun, lightening, glowing rocks (lava from volcanoes) and flames. Some plants and animals give off light (glow worms and some deep sea fish). Human-made There are a lot of sources of human made light, here are s o m e o f t h e m : candles, light bulbs (in torches, around the house), televisions, fireworks. Luminous Object: Objects that give out or emit light of their own are called luminous objects. Example: Candle, Sun and other stars Non-Luminous object: Objects that do not have their own light but shines due to reflected light are callednon luminous objects . Example: Moon How we can show that light travels in straight line? Take a piece of a pipe or a long rubber tube. Now see through it other end of thetube, keeping tube straight then bend the tube and try to see other end againthrough this tube. You will observe if tube is straight we can see other end clearlybut if tube is not straight then we can not see other end of the tube. This showslight travels in a straight line. What will happen when light hits an object? F o u r d i f f e r e n t t h i n g s c a n h a p p e n w h e n l i g h t h i t s a n object: 1. The waves can be reflected or scattered o f f t h e object. 2. The waves can be absorbed by the object. 3. The waves can be refracted through the object. (lightray bend) 4. The waves can pass through the object with no effect

Transparent, Translucent and Opaque Materials 1. Transparent: Transparent objects let light pass throughwithout scattering the rays.Example: plastic bottles, windows and clear glass2.Translucent: A translucent object lets some light throughbut it scatters the rest of the light so much that whateveris on the other side cannot be seen clearly.Example: Frosted glass, butter paper, oiled paper, fog,tissue paper3.Opaque: Materials that do not allow light to pass throughare called opaque materials. Some of the light is absorbedby the material and some is reflected.Example: metals, wood, rock, book Shadow: The shadow is the darker region where the light is blocked. Lig h t t r a v e l s i n straight lines, so it can not reach this region. Shadow Depends on Source of light A. Point source of light (bulb): We will get sharp and dark shadow on the screen. B. If source of light is wide then shadow will have two parts: Umbra -An "umbra" is the part of the shadow where all of thelight from the source is blocked by the shadowing object. Penumbra -A "penumbra" is that region around the umbrawhere the shadow is only partial, or imperfect. Factors on which shape of the shadow depends the shape of the object the position of the source of light and

 the size of the source of light. Why the shadow formed by a flying airplane/bird is not formed on the earth? We cannot see shadow because the umbra is formed close to the object and thepenumbra is too large and too faint to be visible.

Reflection of light: Sending back of light by objects is called reflection of light. a) Regular reflection:

When a beam of light falls on a smooth surface, all ther a y s o f t h e b e a m a r e r e f l e c t e d i n o n l y o n e d i r e c t i o n . T h i s i s c a l l e d r e g u l a r reflection. b) Irregular reflection: When a beam of light falls on an object with an unevens u r f a c e t h e y g e t r e f l e c t e d i n d i f f e r e n t d i r e c t i o n s . T h i s i s c a l l e d i r r e g u l a r reflection or diffused reflection. Pin Hole Camera A pinhole camera is a camera in which the lens is replaced by an extremely smallhole, pierced in very thin material. Light from a scene passes through this singlepoint, producing a more-or-less sharp image on the rear of a light-proof box. Theimage is upsidedown, as in a conventional camera with a lenshttp://www.exploratorium.edu/science_explorer

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