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CCNA Exploration version 4.0

Objectives

Compare and contrast classful and classless IP addressing. Review VLSM and explain the benefits of classless IP addressing. Describe the role of the Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) standard in making efficient use of scarce IPv4 addresses

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Introduction
Prior to 1981, IP addresses used only the first 8 bits to specify the
network portion of the address In 1981, RFC 791 modified the IPv4 32-bit address to allow for three different classes IP address space was depleting rapidly The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) introduced Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) CIDR uses Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM) to help conserve address space. VLSM is simply subnetting a subnet Subnets can be further subnetted in multiple levels In addition to subnetting, it became possible to summarize a large collection of classful networks into an aggregate route, or supernet.

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Classful and Classless Addressing

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http://www.isc.org/index.pl?/ops/ds/host-count-history.php

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Classful IP Addressing

As of January 2007, there are over 433 million hosts on internet Initiatives to conserve IPv4 address space include: 1. VLSM & CIDR notation (1993, RFC 1519) 2. Network Address Translation (1994, RFC 1631) 3. Private Addressing (1996, RFC 1918)

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Classful IP Addressing

The High Order Bits These are the leftmost bits in a 32 bit address

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Classful IP Addressing

Classes of IP addresses are identified by the decimal number of the 1st octet Class A address begin with a 0 bit Range of class A addresses 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 Class B address begin with a 1 bit and a 0 bit Range of class B addresses 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 Class C addresses begin with two 1 bits & a 0 bit Range of class C addresses 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255

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Classful IP Addressing

The IPv4 Classful Addressing Structure (RFC 790) An IP address has 2 parts: The network portion Found on the left side of an IP address The host portion Found on the right side of an IP address

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Classful IP Addressing

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Classful Routing Protocol

Recall that classful routing protocols (i.e. RIPv1) do not send subnet masks in their routing updates Router receives the routing update could determine the subnet mask simply by examining the value of the first octet in the network address, or by applying its ingress interface mask for subnetted routes. The reason is that the Subnet mask is directly related to the network address
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Classful Routing Protocol

RT ? Send & Receive routing updates ?

R1

R2

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Extra: The problems of IP v4

1.
Exhaustion of the Class B network address space. One fundamental cause of this problem is the lack of a network class of a size that is appropriate for midsized organization. Class C, with a maximum of 254 host addresses, is too small, whereas Class B, which allows up to 65534 host addresses, is too large for most organizations but was the best fit available for use with subnetting. Growth of routing tables in Internet routers beyond the ability of current software, hardware, and people to effectively manage. Eventual exhaustion of the 32-bit IPv4 address space. The design and deployment of CIDR was intended to solve these problems by providing a mechanism to slow the growth of global routing tables and to reduce the rate of consumption of IPv4 address space. It did not and does not attempt to solve the third problem, which is of a more long-term nature; instead, it endeavors to ease enough of the short- to midterm difficulties to allow the Internet to continue to function efficiently while progress is made on a longer-term solution. http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4632.txt

2. 3.

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Classless IP Addressing
Classless Inter-domain Routing (CIDR RFC 1517)
Allows for: More efficient use of IPv4 address space Prefix aggregation, which reduced the size of routing tables (route summarization ) Requires subnet mask to be included in routing update because address class is meaningless

Recall purpose of a subnet mask:

To determine the network and host portion of an IP address

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CIDR and Route Summarization

CIDR & Route Summarization CIDR uses Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM) to allocate IP addresses to subnets according to individual need rather than by class. CIDR allowed for prefix aggregation, which you already know as route summarization. A supernet summarizes multiple network addresses with a mask less than the classful mask. Propagating VLSM and supernet routes requires a classless routing protocol, because the subnet mask can no longer be determined by the value of the first octet.

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Classless Routing Protocol

Characteristics of classless routing protocols: Routing updates include the subnet mask Supports VLSM Supports Route Summarization

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Classless Routing Protocol

Routing Routing updates Supports Protocol Include subnet VLSM Mask

Classful Classless

Ability to send Supernet routes No Yes

No Yes

No Yes

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Classless Routing Protocol

R1(config)# ip route 172.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 loopback1 RT: S 172.0.0.0/8

Note:
Classful routing protocols cannot send supernet routes because the receiving router will apply the default classful to the network address in the routing update. When a supernet route is in a routing table, for example, as a static route, a classful routing protocol will not include that route in its updates.
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VLSM

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VLSM in Action

Classful routing Only allows for one subnet mask for all networks VLSM & classless routing This is the process of subnetting a subnet More than one subnet mask can be used Animation 6.2.1

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207.21.24.192/30 207.21.24.96/27

207.21.24.204/30 207.21.24.216/30 207.21.24.64/27 207.21.24.128/27 207.21.24.212/30

207.21.24.196/30

207.21.24.208/30 207.21.24.200/30

207.21.24.160/27

207.21.24.224/27

207.21.24.32/27

207.21.24.0/27

This network has seven /27 subnets with 30 hosts each AND seven /30
subnets with 2 hosts each (one left over). /30 subnets with 2 hosts per subnet do not waste host addresses on serial networks .
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VLSM and the Routing Table

Routing Table without VLSM RouterX#show ip route 207.21.24.0/27 is subnetted, 4 subnets C 207.21.24.0 is directly connected, Serial0 C 207.21.24.32 is directly connected, Serial1 C 207.21.24.64 is directly connected, Serial2 C 207.21.24.96 is directly connected, FastEthernet0

Displays one subnet mask for all child routes. Classful mask is assumed for the parent route.

Routing Table with VLSM RouterX#show ip route 207.21.24.0/24 is variably subnetted, 4 subnets, 2 masks C 207.21.24.192 /30 is directly connected, Serial0 C 207.21.24.196 /30 is directly connected, Serial1 C 207.21.24.200 /30 is directly connected, Serial2 C 207.21.24.96 /27 is directly connected, FastEthernet0

Each child routes displays its own subnet mask. Classful mask is included for the parent route.

Parent Route shows classful mask instead of subnet mask of the child routes. Each Child Routes includes its subnet mask.
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VLSM

VLSM the process of sub-netting a subnet to fit your needs Example: Subnet 10.1.0.0/16, 8 more bits are borrowed again, to create 256 subnets with a /24 mask. Mask allows for 254 host addresses per subnet Subnets range from: 10.1.0.0 / 24 to 10.1.255.0 / 24
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VLSM

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All Zeros and All Ones Subnets

Using the All Ones Subnet

There is no command to enable or disable the use of the all-ones subnet, it is

enabled by default.

The use of the all-ones subnet has always been explicitly allowed and the use
of subnet zero is explicitly allowed since Cisco IOS version 12.0. Router(config)#ip subnet-zero RFC 1878 states, "This practice (of excluding all-zeros and all-ones subnets) is obsolete! Modern software will be able to utilize all definable networks." Today, the use of subnet zero and the all-ones subnet is generally accepted and most vendors support their use, though, on certain networks, particularly the ones using legacy software, the use of subnet zero and the all-ones subnet can lead to problems. CCO: Subnet Zero and the All-Ones Subnet http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk648/tk361/technologies_tech_note09186a 0080093f18.shtml
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CIDR

http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4632.txt

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Route Summarization

Route summarization done by CIDR Routes are summarized with masks that are less than that of the default classful mask Example: 172.16.0.0 / 13 is the summarized route for the 172.16.0.0 / 16 to 172.23.0.0 / 16 classful networks

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Calculating Route Summarization

Steps to calculate a route summary List networks in binary format Count number of left most matching bits to determine summary routes mask Copy the matching bits and add zero bits to determine the summarized network address
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Without CIDR, a router must maintain individual routing table entries for these class B networks.

With CIDR, a router can summarize these routes into eight networks by using a 13-bit prefix: 172.24.0.0 /13
Steps: 1. Count the number of left-most matching bits, /13 2. Add all zeros after the last matching bit: 172.24.0.0 = 10101100 00011000 00000000 00000000
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CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing)

By using a prefix address to summarizes routes, administrators can keep routing table entries manageable, which means the following More efficient routing A reduced number of CPU cycles when recalculating a routing table, or when sorting through the routing table entries to find a match Reduced router memory requirements Route summarization is also known as: Route aggregation Supernetting Supernetting is essentially the inverse of subnetting.
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Supernetting Example
Company XYZ needs to address 400 hosts. Its ISP gives them two contiguous Class C addresses:
207.21.54.0/24 207.21.55.0/24 Company XYZ can use a prefix of 207.21.54.0 /23 to supernet these two contiguous networks. (Yielding 510 hosts) 207.21.54.0 /23 207.21.54.0/24 207.21.55.0/24

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Supernetting Example

With the ISP acting as the addressing authority for a CIDR block of addresses, the ISPs customer networks, which include XYZ, can be advertised among Internet routers as a single supernet.

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CIDR and the Provider

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CIDR and the provider

200.199.48.0/24 200.199.49.0/24 200.199.50.0/24 200.199.51.0/24 200.199.48.0/22 200.199.52.0/24 200.199.53.0/24 200.199.54.0/24 200.199.55.0/24 200.199.52.0/22 200.199.56.0/24 200.199.57.0/24 .. 200.199.63.0/24 200.199.56.0/21 11001000 11000111 001100 00 00000000 11001000 11000111 001100 01 00000000 11001000 11000111 001100 10 00000000 11001000 11000111 001100 11 00000000 11001000 11000111 001100 00 00000000 11001000 11000111 001101 00 00000000 11001000 11000111 001101 01 00000000 11001000 11000111 001101 10 00000000 11001000 11000111 001101 11 00000000 11001000 11000111 001101 00 00000000 11001000 11000111 00111 000 00000000 11001000 11000111 00111 001 00000000 11001000 11000111 00111 111 00000000 11001000 11000111 00111 000 00000000

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CIDR Restrictions

Dynamic routing protocols must send network address and mask (prefix-length) information in their routing updates. In other words, CIDR requires classless routing protocols for dynamic routing.

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Route flapping

Route flapping occurs when a router interface alternates rapidly between the up and down states. Route flapping, and it can cripple a router with excessive updates and recalculations. However, the summarization configuration prevents the RTC route flapping from affecting any other routers. The loss of one network does not invalidate the route to the supernet. While RTC may be kept busy dealing with its own route flap, RTZ, and all upstream routers, are unaware of any downstream problem. Summarization effectively insulates the other routers from the problem of route flapping.
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Extra: Configure a route aggregation with RIP version2

S0/0

RTA(config)#router rip ver 2 no auto-summary RTA(config)#int s0/0 ip summary-address rip 200.199.48.0 255.255.252.0
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Labs

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Summary

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