University Use of NIF Science

Gilbert Collins IFSA University Use of NIF

LLNL-PRES-416675
This work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344

dynamic compression

MBar compression PV ~ eV, Bonds change GBar compression PV ~ KeV, Atoms change

NIF will create 1033 neutrons per cm2 per second, equivalent to a supernova

NIF will create thermal plasmas at the conditions of stellar interiors

NIF generates pressures found at the center of Jupiter

NIF will produce enough x-ray flux to simulate conditions in an accretion disk

NIF will access unprecedented energy densities

Hydrogen Phase space for high energy density science

Log Temperature (K)

Log density (gcm-3)

4

Hydrogen Phase space for high energy density science

Log Temperature (K)

Log density (gcm-3)

5

Hydrogen Phase space for high energy density science

Log Temperature (K)

Log density (gcm-3)

6

Hydrogen Phase space for high energy density science

Cold fuel 1 Kg/cc

Log Temperature (K)

Hot spot 108 K

Log density (gcm-3)

7

Hydrogen Phase space for high energy density science

Log Temperature (K)

Previous experiments Log density (gcm-3)

8

Hydrogen Phase space for high energy density science

With Burning plasmas

High energy density regime to explore with NIF

Log Temperature (K)

Log density (gcm-3)

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NIFs Pulseshaping and Burn will enable extreme solid state to fusion experiments
Pulse shape ultra-high pressure plasma and solid-state experiments 150 Total power (TW) NIF can produce P > 1 Gbar shocks, P> 10s Mbar for Ramp compression
4 Temperature (K)

Iron
Fluid

75

With Shoc precom k pressed D-> ~5 g/cc

Ramp

2
104

8 4 2
103 Ramp

0 0 10 Time (ns) 20

4
0.1 1 10 100 1000

Pressure (Mbar)
Stixrude, 2008

10

NIFs Pulseshaping and Burn will enable extreme solid state to fusion experiments
Pulse shape ultra-high pressure plasma and solid-state experiments 150 Total power (TW) NIF can produce P > 1 Gbar shocks, P> 10s Mbar for Ramp compression
4 Temperature (K)

Iron
Fluid

75

With Shoc precom k pressed D-> ~5 g/cc

Ramp

2
104

8 4 2
103 Ramp

0 0 10 Time (ns) 20

4
0.1 1 10 100 1000

Pressure (Mbar)
Stixrude, 2008

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NIFs high energy and pulseshaping will enable extreme solid state to fusion experiments
Pulse shape for ignition

60 Total power (TW)

30

With precom pressed D-> ~5 g/cc

Ignition, 1019 neutrons Tr ~ 5 KeV

0 0 10 Time (ns) 20

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With ignition, the regimes we will be able to access are still more extreme
We are just now trying to determine regimes accessible with ignition, this example is again for Fe

Hugoniot

VanHorn

We are just starting to develop science platforms to explore this new frontier of science

G. Fuller, U. Greife, Z. Shayer, C. Brune, R. Boyd, L. Bernstein

R. Jeanloz, T. Duffy, R. Hemley, Y. Gupta, P. Loubeyre, L. Stixrude, S. Rose, J. Wark, G. Collins

S. Rose, R. Betti, J. Meyer-TerVehn, S. Atzeni, G. Collins

Astro/Rad-transport & Hydrodynamics

P. Drake, D. Arnett, A. Frank, T. Plewa, T. Ditmire, A. Takabe, B. Remington

N. Fisch, C. Niemann, C. Joshi W. Mori, B. Afeyan, D. Montgomery, A. Schmitt, B. Kirkwood

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NIF will be able to recreate the most extreme conditions of any planet

77 Mbar 16000 K 2 Mbar 5300 K

Omega experiments can access the few Mbar regime, ~0.8 * RJupiter

NIF experiments can access the most extreme conditions in any planet
C. J. Hamilton

Some Key Issues:

What is a solid at >10 Mbars How does H behave at 5,10,g/cc What chemistry occurs at Mbar-Gbar conditions
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The team of leading scientists in the field of ultra-dense matter continues to grow
Tom Duffy Russ Hemley
Carnegie Institute Kev Chemistry

Raymond Jeanloz
U.C.Berkeley

Princeton Elastic consts & rigidity

Yogi Gupta
Washington State Solids at P>20Mbar

Paul Loubeyre
CEA H & H/He at P>10 Mbar

W. Mao (Stanford), K. Lee (Yale), R. Wentzcovitch, C. Bolme (LANL), T. Guillot, (Obs. Nice)

D. Stevenson
CalTech Planet Models

W. Hubbard
U. Arizona Planet theory

LLL NIF, DNT, PLS, Eng

Lars Stixrude
Univ. of Michigan Extreme Chemistry

Steven Rose
Imperial College, London Plasma Physics Group

Burkhard Militzer Justin Wark

Oxford University

Richard Martin
U. Illinois Solid State Theory

Earth and Planetary Science

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Many of the techniques have been benchmarked on the Omega, Jupiter, and Vulcan laser facilities

Next year we will extend solid state physics to 30 Mbars on NIF

We will discover if carbon stays solid and strong at 10s of Mbar
Metallic polymeric fluid phase

30 Mbar NIF design is scaled from 8 Mbar Omega experiments

Stress (Mbar)

Total power (TW)

30

100

50

15

10 Time (ns)

20

0 2
Eggert, Hicks

6 Density (g/cc)

10
Eggert, Braun

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Materials science/planetary interiors platform- ramp condition of Fe to super-earth conditions (~ 20 Mbar)

Target: ignition hohlraum, phase plates; specialized drive, package 150 Power (TW) 100 50 0 0 40 20 Time (ns) TARPOS
Diamond

Diagnostics

NIF laser pulse

TAS VISAR/ SOP (90,45)

OPAS/ NOPAS

VISAR/SO P (90,315) DANTE X-ray drive

VISAR/ SOP

In addition to being able make solids at 10s of Mbar, we can now study these solids with diffraction, EXAFS, velocimetry, and broad band reflectance

Fe

Advanced diagnostics are being developed to explore the microscopic physics in this dense matter regime
Diffraction for structure & strength =>Fe is HCP to 5 Mbar (Wark, Duffy,
Gupta, Eggert, Harweliak, Rygg et al)

Optical spectroscopy to determine bonding (Bolme,

Hemely, )

Imaging 17.5 KeV image of shocks (Hicks, Park, et al)

500 m Qz Omega Shock

Hi-res interferometry for shock structure (Celliers, Smith, Brygoo) X-ray Scattering/absorption => local structure in Fe to 3 Mbar (Hemely, Hicks)

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Simultaneous diffraction and velocity measurements give compressibility and phase to 5 Mbar
Stress (Mbar) 3.0 1.5 00 10 Velocity (km/s)

Powder diffraction on ramp compressed samples

10 m Fe

5 Time (ns)

10

1.85 Mbar

3.24 Mbar
Eggert, Rygg

This is by far the highest P diffraction ever collected and sets the stage for NIF experiments
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We also developed EXAFS for Ultra-hi-P solids Determines Fe structure + coordination+T

X-ray Scattering/absorption shows local structure in Fe to 3 Mbar (Hicks) Data at P = 3 Mbar

Yacoi, Remington

Yakoby, Remington et al

Preliminary analysis suggests HCP with c/a ~1.73 We expect the combination of Diff. + EXAFS will give T
Hicks,Ping
Electron wavenumber (A-1)
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Coupling diamond cells to laser shocks enables access to ultra-high density states for He, H2, He+H2
Precompressed shocks
He

H2
10000 Conducting fluid

Jupiter

P+e T(K) 1000 Fluid H2

Visar

10 kbar

~isentrope .6 Mbar
Solid H2 Metal H 10 100

50 kbar
100 .01 0.1

Laser Diamond cell

1 P(Mbar)

Loubeyre 06

The technique has been demonstrated on Omega to 200 GPa, and is expected to scale to 10+ TPa on NIF (Eggert PRL 08, Jeanloz PNAS 07, Lee JCP 06, Loubeyre JHP 06)
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Coupling diamond cells to laser shocks enables access to ultra-high density states for He, H2, He+H2
Precompressed shocks
He

H2
10000 Conducting fluid

Jupiter

1st NIF H2 experiment T(K) 1000

Visar

10 kbar

Fluid H2

~isentrope .6 Mbar
Solid H2 Metal H 10 100

50 kbar
100 .01 0.1

Laser Diamond cell

1 P(Mbar)

Loubeyre 06

The technique has been demonstrated on Omega to 200 GPa, and is expected to scale to 10+ TPa on NIF (Eggert PRL 08, Jeanloz PNAS 07, Lee JCP 06, Loubeyre JHP 06)
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Currnet ultra-dense matter plans for NIF include 10s Mbar solids & 10s of Gbar dense plasmas FY12 FY10 FY11
New regime of Solid-state 10 to 100s of Mbar Ultra-dense Hydrogen
30 Mbar Carbon 6 shots Fe-ramp to 20 Mbar, 4 shots Diffraction 11 J/m3 or P 1 Mbar E/V 10 structure & T EXAFS/diffract over spatial scales L 1 mm 4 shots ion at >100 Mbar EXAFS for 4 shots local order 4 shots D2 to 6 g/cc 4 shots 50 Mbar He/H2 4 shots H-D 100 H@ Mbar many (Pycnonucl Gbar ear)

HED facilities deliver:

Kilovolt chem/Gigabar press.

Shock Fe to 1 Gbar 4 shots

Fe @ 10s Gbar 4 shots

t
1-D compression Ignition hohlraums VISAR/SOP Atomic scale data & H in new regime

Convergent experiments

Burning Plasmas
What physics limits optimizing burn? How does matter behave in DT burning environment, ie. Radiation and relativistic regimes? What are the next advanced ignition concepts?

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NIF will open a new field of Burning Plasma physics, what are the key questions
Understand/optimize the burning plasma e-ion equilibration
(gcm-3)
1500 1000 30 500 0 0

Density-temperature at peak rho-R

2000 70

Ti

Alpha deposition EOS/opacities and non-equilibrium Effects of extreme fields Plasma effects on nuclear reactions

50

Te, Ti (keV)

Te
20 40

10 60

Radius (m)

Djaoui, JQSRT (1995), Rose

New burning plasma physics? Extreme neutron and photon flux e+e- pairs Photonuclear processes Does a deep understanding of burning plasmas enable new ignition concepts?

Faster Ignition

300keV DT ions
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Previous Photoionised plasmas achieved =20ergcms-1, NIF will achieve >1000ergcms-1

Low mass X-ray binary =30 ergcms-1

NIF with burning capsule

CH

Seyfert galaxy =300 ergcms-1 FFe

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Laboratory Astro/Nuclear Physics

Measure opacities relevant to stellar evolution
- Can measure LTE and non-LTE conditions at high T and high or low rho
Saturn Z pinch 1990s Z, ZR, Omega 2000-2009 NIF 2010-2015?

Test codes modeling turbulence on NIF

- Supernovea simulations suggest significant mix: NIF can benchmark these simulations

H
- How were heavy elements dispersed in the Universe

Fe
Kifonidis, Ap. J. Lett 531, L123 (2000)

5 x 1011cm

Test nuclear physics models - Benchmark excited state nuclear physics

- Dense plasma effects on reaction rates - Test models for big bang nucleosynthesis - Helps to determine temperatures of stars
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NIF will reach near core conditions of the sun and measure Rosseland to ~10%
Hohlraum temperature

Capsule Backlighter
collimator

Hohlraum

Ti data at Omega .05 g/cc, 125 eV,

Sample volume with radiography

X-ray flash

Gated x-ray spectrometer

Hohlraum temperature

Ti n=2 to n=1

Ti n=3 to n=1

Solar Radiative Region: 200-1350 eV

(Bahcall, Rev. Mod. Phys. 67, 781, 1995)

NIF 750 TW estimate from semi-emperical scaling: >700 eV

(Dewald PRL 95, 215004(2005).)

Supernovae come in two general categories

Type 1A: Thermonuclear Accreting white dwarf Type II: Core Collapse Fe core in massive star collapses
Core

He

C,O Si Fe

Mantle Companion star White dwarf Envelope

Involve M~Msun stars Optically brighter Standardized candles Serve as distance indicators

Involve M >> Msun stars More energetic More frequent Leaves a neutron star behind

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Supernovae come in two general categories

Type 1A: Thermonuclear Accreting white dwarf Type II: Core Collapse Fe core in massive star collapses
Core

He

C,O Si Fe

Mantle Companion star White dwarf Envelope

Source of the elements up to Z ~ 26 Data behind the accelerating universe and dark energy

Source of the heavy elements, Z > 26 Questions: How are these elements made? How are they ejected?

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Type II supernovae result from the death of a massive star

Near-death, the massive star, M > 8Msun , takes on an onion-layer structure

4 x 106 km

[Hillebrandt, Sci. Am., 43 (Oct. 2006)]

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Type II supernovae result from the death of a massive star

Iron core collapses in ~0.1 s, at a free-fall velocity of ~c/4

[Hillebrandt, Sci. Am., 43 (Oct. 2006)]

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Type II supernovae result from the death of a massive star

Rebound occurs when core reaches nuclear density, launching a strong shock At nuclear density, nuclear~ 2 x 1014 g/cm3, the Earth would have a radius of only ~192 m

Protoneutron Star

Shock

200 km

A nuclear shock is strong: Pshock ~ 1 MeV / fm3 ~ 1021 Mbar

[Hillebrandt, Sci. Am., 43 (Oct. 2006)]
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Type II supernovae result from the death of a massive star

The shock stalls, due to the in-flowing matter, then gets revived in ~1 s by neutrino heating and the Standing Accretion Shock Instability (SASI)

Protoneutron Star

Shock

[Hillebrandt, Sci. Am., 43 (Oct. 2006)]

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Type II supernovae result from the death of a massive star

Stalled shock restarts, then r-process nucleosynthesis occurs for the next ~10 s

Protoneutron Star

The shock breaks out from the surface of the star in 1-2 hr, and the star blows up as a SN
[Hillebrandt, Sci. Am., 43 (Oct. 2006)]

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Type II supernovae result from the death of a massive star

107 km

t = 5 hr

Turbulence mixes core (blue) into the overlying He mantle (green) and H envelope (red). Some fraction of the core, carrying the synthesized heavy elements, gets ejected.
[Hillebrandt, Sci. Am., 43 (Oct. 2006)]

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P. Drake et al. are developing designs to recreate a scaled supernova explosion on NIF
Scaled SN1987A on NIF
Concentric Hemispherical Shells

Simulation of Proposed Experiment

Density (g/cm3)
0.4 0.08 0.02

Radius (mm)

0.05 g/cc CRF 0.5 g/cc CRF

Two rippled interfaces

7

Radius (mm)

Drive beams

t = 200 ns (1500 s in SN)

0 Z-axis (mm) Ti core

Z-axis (mm)

Simulations show deep nonlinear mixing relevant to SN1987A Rho-t scaling described in Ryutov et al., Ap.J. 518, 821 (1999); Ap.J. Suppl. 127, 465 (2000); Phys. Plasmas 8, 1804 (2001)] fully developed turbulence will be experimentally studied at NIF
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HED Plasma induced excited state population is believed to play a role in s-process nucleosynthesis S-process conditions kBT8, 30 keV 50-100 g/cm3

s-process path near Tm

170Yb 171Yb 172Yb
5.025 keV 4.8 ns 3/2+

173Yb

169Tm

170Tm

171Tm
1/2+

172Tm

171Tm

Dope ICF capsule with Tm, capture products from debris, measure ratio of 172/170 to determine s-process cross section enhancement factors

Extreme laser intensities

What happens at 1025 W/cm2 ? =>photon pressure ~ 1010 Mbars Can we learn how cosmic accelerators work? Nature of laser-matter interaction at high energy & intensity Plasma pulse amplification and compression at NIF can produce unprecedented intensities on target

R. Kirkwood, Physics of Plasmas 2007 J. Ren, Nature Physics, 2007 R. Kirkwood, Physics Rev. Lett., 1996 Y. Ping Submitted PRL

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Extreme laser intensities

What happens at 1025 W/cm2 ? =>photon pressure ~ 1010 Mbars Can we learn how cosmic accelerators work? Nature of laser-matter interaction at high energy & intensity

Plasma pulse amplification and compression concept for NIF

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We are just starting to develop science platforms to explore this new frontier of science

G. Fuller, U. Greife, Z. Shayer, C. Brune, R. Boyd, L. Bernstein

R. Jeanloz, T. Duffy, R. Hemley, Y. Gupta, P. Loubeyre, L. Stixrude, S. Rose, J. Wark, G. Collins

S. Rose, R. Betti, J. Meyer-TerVehn, S. Atzeni, G. Collins

Astro/Rad-transport & Hydrodynamics

P. Drake, D. Arnett, A. Frank, T. Plewa, T. Ditmire, A. Takabe, B. Remington

N. Fisch, C. Niemann, C. Joshi W. Mori, B. Afeyan, D. Montgomery, A. Schmitt, B. Kirkwood

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