DC Resistivity Method

cplin@mail.nctu.edu.tw

DC Resistivity Method
Resistivity Basics Resistivity Surveys and Geology Resistivity Equipment and Field Procedures Interpretation of Resistivity Measurements Case Study

DC resistivity basics

Resistivity Basics
Current flow and Ohms law Resistivity vs. Resistance Resistivity for common earth materials Current density and electrical field Measurement of resistivity

DC resistivity basics

Current Flow and Ohms Law

DC resistivity basics

Resistivity vs. Resistance

DC resistivity basics

Resistivity of Earth Materials

Material Air Pyrite Galena Quartz Calcite Rock Salt Mica Granite Gabbro Basalt Limestones Sandstones Shales Dolomite Sand Clay Ground Water Sea Water Resistivity (Ohm-meter) Infinite 3 x 10^-1 2 x 10^-3 4 x 10^10 - 2 x 10^14 1 x 10^12 - 1 x 10^13 30 - 1 x 10^13 9 x 10^12 - 1 x 10^14 100 - 1 x 10^6 1 x 10^3 - 1 x 10^6 10 - 1 x 10^7 50 - 1 x 10^7 1 - 1 x 10^8 20 - 2 x 10^3 100 - 10,000 1 - 1,000 1 - 100 0.5 - 300 0.2

Archies Law =aw-m

DC resistivity basics

Current Densities and Equipotential

DC resistivity basics

A First Estimate of Resistivity

DC resistivity basics

Two closely spread electrodes

Current Path 1 2 3 4 5 6

% of Total Current 17 32 43 49 51 57

DC resistivity basics

A practical way of measuring resistivity

DC resistivity basics

A practical way of measuring resistivity

a =

V P1 V p 2 I

2 1 1 1 1 + r1 r 2 r 3 r 4

=K

V I

Resistivity survey and geology

Resistivity Survey and Geology

Sources of Noise Depth of Current Penetration vs. Current Electrode Spacing Current Flow in Layered Media Variation in Apparent Resistivity: Layered vs. Homogeneous Media

Resistivity survey and geology

Sources of Noise
Electrode polarization
Use nonpolarizing electrodes Use a slowly varying AC current

Telluric currents Presence of nearby conductors Low resistivity at the near surface Near-electrode geology and topography Current induction in measurement cables.

Resistivity survey and geology

Depth of current penetration vs. current electrode spacing

Resistivity survey and geology

Current flow in two layer media

tan 1 1 2 = = tan 2 2 1

Resistivity survey and geology

Current flow in two layer media

Resistivity survey and geology

Current distribution

Resistivity survey and geology

Layered vs. Homogeneous Media

V 2 Apparent a = VP1 V p 2 =K 1 1 1 1 I I Resistivity + r1 r2 r3 r4

Resistivity survey and geology

Current flow in layered media-Case 1

Resistivity survey and geology

Resistivity Surveys and Geology Current flow in layered media-Case 1

Resistivity survey and geology

Resistivity Surveys and Geology Current flow in layered media-Case 2

Resistivity survey and geology

Resistivity Surveys and Geology Current flow in layered media-Case 2

Resistivity equipment and field procedure

Resistivity Equipment and Field Procedure Equipment Survey Types Overview

Soundings Profiles Tomography

Choice of Best Array Field Work

Resistivity equipment and field procedure

DC Resistivity Equipment
Current source Ammeter Voltmeter Electrodes Cables

Resistivity equipment and field procedure

Survey Types Overview

Resistivity Soundings
To look for variations in resistivity with depth

Resistivity Profiles
To detect lateral variations in resistivity

Resistivity Tomography
2-D resistivity tomogram

Resistivity equipment and field procedure

Resistivity SoundingsPole-Pole Array

Pole-Pole sounding data is plotted as apparent resistivity vs. a

Resistivity equipment and field procedure

Resistivity SoundingsPole-Dipole Array

Pole-Dipole sounding data is plotted as apparent resistivity vs. a

Resistivity equipment and field procedure

Resistivity Soundings Wenner Array

Wenner sounding data is plotted as apparent resistivity vs. a on a log-log plot

Resistivity equipment and field procedure

Resistivity Soundings Schlumberger Array

Schlumberger sounding data is plotted as apparent resistivity vs. s (AB/2) on a log-log plot

Resistivity equipment and field procedure

Resistivity Soundings Dipole-Dipole Array

Dipole-Dipole sounding data is plotted as apparent resistivity vs. s (AB/2) on a log-log plot

Resistivity equipment and field procedure

Resistivity Soundings
Electrode Spacings and Apparent Resistivity Plots

Resistivity equipment and field procedure

Resistivity Profiles

Resistivity equipment and field procedure

Resistivity Tomography

Resistivity equipment and field procedure

Resistivity Tomography

Resistivity equipment and field procedure

Resistivity Tomography
Pseudosection

Resistivity equipment and field procedure

CHOICE OF THE BEST ARRAY

Depends on: 1) type of structure to be mapped 2) sensitivity of the resistivity meter 3) background noise level Things to be considered: 1) depth of investigation 2) sensitivity of the array to vertical and horizontal structures 3) horizontal data coverage 4) signal strength.

Resistivity equipment and field procedure

Field Work

Interpretation of resistivity measurements

Interpretation of Resistivity Measurements

Apparent resistivity curves for soundings over one-layered media Apparent resistivity curves in two-layered media Resistivity Modeling and Inversion

Interpretation of resistivity measurements

Apparent Resistivity Curve One-layered media case 1

Interpretation of resistivity measurements

Apparent Resistivity Curve One-layered media case 2

Interpretation of resistivity measurements

Apparent Resistivity Curve Two-layered media

Interpretation of resistivity measurements

Apparent Resistivity Curve Two-layered media

1D inversion

1D inversion

Interpretation of resistivity measurements

Resistivity Modeling

Interpretation of resistivity measurements

Resistivity Modeling and Inversion

Interpretation of resistivity measurements

Resistivity Modeling and Inversion

Interpretation of resistivity measurements

2D inversion

Case Study 1

Seismic and Electrical Tomography

Case Study 1

ERT - along tunnel axis (Pole-Pole Array)

Case Study 1

ERT Simulation

Case Study 1

ERT Simulation

Case Study 1

ERT Simulation

Case Study 2

Site condition
199 1

Case Study 2

Logging Data

Line3 cross Line3 Line2 Line1

DH5

DH1

DH2

DH4

DH3

Case Study 2

Measurement array
Wenner-Schlumberger

Case Study 2

Inversion Result
DH1 DH5

Line1

Line2

DH2 Line3

DH4

DH3 Line3 Cross

Case Study 2

Forward Model

Case Study 2

Forward Model

Interpretation
In-situ measurement data Logging Forward model