solutions to petroleum geological problems

Founded in1987 ENRES International in the Netherlands provides specialised consultancy services for the petroleum industry. As oil and gas exploration and production is moving towards more mature phases, innovative new concepts are needed in petroleum geology. To meet these challenging and rapidly changing demands put on the technical skills of petroleum geologists, ENRES focuses on the development of innovative methods, tools and concepts and is committed to R&D, with emphasis on sedimentary geology. ENRES pioneered research into the relationship of sequence stratigraphic concepts, cyclostratigraphy and sedimentology, and actively continues with research into methods to obtain improved near-isochronous high-resolution stratigraphic correlations in support of the construction of state-of-the-art exploration models, field development and reservoir characterisation. ENRES has been providing its services worldwide to the petroleum industry for more than 10 years with success. The services are always carried out in close cooperation with clients. An important product of ENRES research is CycloLog , which is an innovative, Windows -based software package that can obtain stratigraphic and sedimentological information from log data.

GEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF GEOPHYSICAL LOGS The trend towards more cost-efficient hydrocarbon exploration, field development and production requires a detailed and accurate understanding of the geology of the subsurface. ENRES approach to this challenge is to provide a tool, CycloLog ,which allows the geologist to obtain an accurate overview of the subsurface through a PC-based analysis of geophysical logs. In addition, the tool is cost-efficient and user-friendly, and has operational features to ensure a steep learning curve. Geophysical log data provide an excellent basis for computer applications for geological interpretation. Log data meet the essential requirements for effective sampling such as continuity, resolution and response to features of in situ depositional conditions. Furthermore, the number of data points from logs is very large in contrast to fossil abundance data or geochemical data. WHAT IS CYCLOLOG ? CycloLog is a Windows -based, interactive, user-friendly mathematical software tool. It allows the user to characterise distinct parts of geophysical log data in an objective, quantitative and repeatable manner. CycloLog is a specially designed toolbox for the geological interpretation of geophysical logs. It contains a number of log transforms that can be used in stratigraphic and sedimentary facies analysis. Some of these transforms operate in the depth domain, while others transform the data from the depth domain to the depth-wave number domain. One of the specific features of CycloLog is that all transform operations allow a continuous analysis in depth. WHAT CAN CYCLOLOG DO? CycloLog incorporates a number of routines or tools for the transformation of logs. These routines give the user relevant information needed for a whole range of geological interpretations.

CycloLog supports and enhances solutions in the following fields of geology:

Seismic stratigraphy Sequence stratigraphy Cyclostratigraphy Lithostratigraphy Chronostratigraphy Electrofacies / Lithofacies Sedimentary facies Petrophysical attributes

3700 3800 3900 4000 4100 4200 4300 4400 4500 4600 4700
WHERE ARE THE SEQUENCE BOUNDARIES ??

CYCLOLOG TOOLBOX The toolbox consists of basic and advanced tools. The basic tools incorporate elements of basic mathematics and statistics. The advanced tools consist of more complex mathematics and a number of time-series analytical algorithms. The routines can be used in practically unlimited combinations as all the transform operations are always displayed in depth. All the results of the calculations are displayed on screen and are available for immediate geological interpretation. All transformed logs can be exported in ASCII format. The user can assign geological boundaries on screen together with their labels. All depth data of the boundaries can be saved in ASCII and imported into any spread sheet for further evaluation. Fonts and colours can be changed.

CycloLog has two specially designed analytical algorithms: Spectral transform using Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis (MESA) Multi-log cluster analysis to differentiate geophysical lithofacies

Tentative program of CycloLog versions

Version 2.0R: December 1999 Version 2.1B: November 2000 Version 2.1R: January 2001 Version 3.0B: May 2001

One of the unique features of CycloLog is that all computations are displayed as log transforms in depth. Log transforms are logs whose pattern has been modified by processing, such as math calculations or spectral analysis. Log transforms operate in the depth domain as well as in the depth-wave number domain.

BASIC TOOLS
MEDIAN FILTER

ADVANCED TOOLS
PETROPHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES
(DENSITY/SONIC)

POROSITY GR-INDEX

LOG FILTERS

LOG SPECTRAL ANALYSIS

EDGE ENHANCEMENT DERIVATIVE AVERAGE LOG DIVIDE

MAXIMUM ENTROPY SPECTRAL ANALYSIS

(MESA)

VSH (in version 2.1) N/G AND THICKNESS

(USING CUTOFF VALUES)

PREDICTION ERROR FILTER ANALYSIS

(PEFA)

VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
(IN VERSION 2.1)

INTEGRATED PREDICTION ERROR FILTER ANALYSIS

(INPEFA)

BASIC MATH

LOG MULTIPLICATION LOG ADD LOG SUBTRACT

COMPLEX MATH CALCULATIONS

LOG MODELLING

MILANKOVITCH CYCLICITY MODELLING

(MIMOD)

ADVANCED MATH

LOG INTEGRAL LOG LOGARITHMIC LOG EXPONENTIAL

e.g TOC calculations from logs (IN VERSION 2.1)

MATH STUDIO COMPLEX MATH FUNCTIONS

LOG FREQUENCY SIMULATIONS

(SIMOD)

NON-HIERARCHICAL CLUSTER ANALYSIS

MULTI-LOG CLUSTER ANALYSIS FORCED LOG CLUSTER ANALYSIS

LOG STATISTICS

STANDARD DEVIATION ROOT MEAN SQUARE PROBABILITY DENSITY

FALSE COLOUR LOG DISPLAY

(IN VERSION 2.1)

(FORCING CLUSTER FROM CORED TO NON-CORED WELLS)

2D / 3D CLUSTER CROSS PLOT VIEWS CROSS CORRELATION OF LOG PATTERNS AND PROCESSED LOG PATTERNS

SEISMIC LOG CALCULATIONS

ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE REFLECTIVITY SEISMIC SYNTHETICS

LOG CORRELATION

OBJECTIVES AND USED METHODS / CONCEPTS CycloLog was designed primarily for geologists in support of the need to enhance and facilitate the geological interpretation of geophysical logs. The design of the program consists therefore of a number of relevant objectives with which the geologist has to deal in interpreting the subsurface: Well zonation and characterisation of stratal patterns.
Recognition of boundaries and depositional trends in sequence stratigraphy and cyclostratigraphy. Hierarchical pattern of boundaries, changes in basin accommodation versus depositional patterns.

Petrophysical attributes.

Calculation of petrophysical parameters for geological interpretations. Porosity patterns for instance can be plotted against lithofacies variability or systems tracts in a sequence stratigraphic framework. Depth to time conversion is carried out with the presence of Milankovitch cycles. The Milankovitch periodicities can be recognised by a special routine in the program. Subsequently, Net Accumulation Rates per Ka and Net Time Durations of pre-defined intervals can be estimated.

Depth-time conversion

Multi-well correlation
A cross correlation routine is available for the correlation of original logs and log transforms.

Classification
Determination of electrofacies units through lithological log analysis. Inter-active calibration of the electrofacies units with lithofacies and sedimentary facies from cores. Prediction of lithofacies in non-cored wells by using the calibrated electrofacies units.

Well-seismic integration
Seismic synthetics can be generated through the calculation of acoustic impedance and reflectivity. The seismic synthetics are displayed in depth and can be correlated with lithofacies successions or sequence stratigraphic patterns

CYCLOLOG OBJECTIVES
Stratal Patterns / Zonation
Sequence Stratigraphy Cyclostratigraphy Electro-Facies Sedimentary Facies Lithostratigraphy

Classification

Petrophysical Atttributes
Petrophysics Sedimentary Facies

Depth-Time Conversion
Chronostratigraphy Sequence Stratigraphy Cyclostratigraphy

Multi-Well Correlation
Near-Synchronous Stratigraphic Correlation Framework

Well-Seismic Integration
Inter-Well Stratigraphic and Facies Framework

VISUAL ANALYSIS OF LOGS / MANUAL ASSIGNMENT OF BREAKS OR BOUNDARIES

AUTOMATED ASSIGNMENT OF INTERVALS USING CLUSTER ANALYSIS

ATTRIBUTE GENERATION
Shale Volume (VSH) Porosity

MILANKOVITCH CYCLICITY MODELLING

Detection of M-cycles for the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Tertiary Estimation of the Net Duration Estimation of the Net Accumulation Rate

CROSS CORRELATION AND LOG SHIFTING

Correlation of original logs Correlation of log transforms

GENERATION OF SEISMIC SYNTHETICS IN DEPTH

Calculates acoustic impedance and reflectivity Generates seismic synthetics in single and multi-trace pattern

Original Logs

Single logs Overlays of multiple logs Basic log transforms Spectral transforms of logs (MESA) Advanced transforms of logs (PEFA/INPEFA)

Cluster Analysis
Single and multiple logs Single and multiple log transforms 2D and 3D cluster cross plot diagrams

ATTRIBUTE ANALYSIS
Log Statistics Net/Gross Probability Density

Transformed Logs

METHODS / CONCEPTS

Forced-Cluster Analysis
Imposing a cluster matrix to other wells

VOLUMETRIC CALCULATIONS

CORRELATION OF WELL DATA TO SEISMIC ATTRIBUTES

PREDICTION OF ELECTROFACIES USING VELOCITY SURVEYS
(incl. Neural network)

STRATIGRAPHIC CLUSTER OF LOGS AUTOMATED ASSIGNMENT OF BREAKS OR BOUNDARIES

INTERACTIVE VISUAL CHECKS AND MANUAL DEFINITION OF ZONES

MATH STUDIO FALSE COLOUR DISPLAY

SPECTRAL TRANSFORMS
MAXIMUM ENTROPY HADAMARD-WALSH FFT WAVELET CONTINUOUS SPECTRAL ANALYSIS

Version 2.0 Version 2.1 Version 3.0

Assignment of boundaries

coal

Cursor line Position of the cursor

porous sand

progradational trend

Mirror image of GR-log

Sonic log

Density-neutron overlay

Electrofacies display with GR-log outline

INPEFA log transform, displaying accommodation vs. deposition

Depth position and GR-log value at cursor line

CYCLOLOG THE USER-FRIENDLY WORKING PLATFORM FOR PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS CycloLog is specially designed for fast and easy handling of log transform operations. All original logs and log transforms can be displayed next to each other for an immediate overview and comparison of the log expressions. Some of the operational features can be summarised as follows: Fast displays of original logs and log transforms Vertical scale and the horizontal scale of each log can be set and saved by the user Easy generation and adjustment of multi-log overlays, e.g for neutron-density combinations Cursor line extends over the displayed logs. Depth position and log value are displayed. Boundaries can be drawn on screen. Boundary labels can be defined, modified or deleted. All boundary depths can be saved in an ASCII file. All the displayed logs and log transforms can be edited in an output menu and printed.

LOG FILTERS Log filters may be used for the enhancement of the pattern of the original logs. Log pattern enhancement may support the visual correlation of wells. The smoothing log filters tend to block the log patterns, while enhancement log filters will display the higher frequency pattern of the log. Log filters are generally used in combination with other log transform operations.

SMOOTHING LOG FILTERS

Median Filter Analysis

Input of filter window size

Average Filter Analysis

ENHANCEMENT LOG FILTERS

Edge Enhancement Filter Analysis

Derivative Filter Analysis

ORIGINAL LOGS

LOG TRANSFORMS

Mirror GR

Wiggler GR

Filter size 3m

Median Filter

Filter size 3m

Average Filter

Edge Enhancement
Filter size 3m

Derivative

porous sands high Th/K ratios

Mirror image of GR-log

Sonic log

Density-neutron overlay

Thorium-Potassium ratio divide Th by K logs

Acoustic Impedance curve, divide RHOB by DT logs

Electrofacies cluster analysis of density-neutron

MATHEMATICAL CALCULATIONS WITH LOGS A number of basic and advanced mathematical functions has been incorporated in the program. Mathematical operations can be performed with each log in a fast and easy way. The following mathematical operations can be performed: Basic Math Multiply logs Divide logs Add logs Subtract logs Advanced Math Integral calculation of logs Logarithmic calculation of logs Exponential calculation of logs Using Divide logs for spectral logs produces a ratio curve which may give information on the lithological development The combination of log ratio plots and log overlays of the density and neutron may be useful for having an overview on the lithological or porosity development in a well.

LOG STATISTICS A number of statistical operations for the quantification of a single log has been included in the program. The interval can be defined by the user. The following statistical analyses can be made: The average value The Root-Mean-Square value (RMS) The Standard Deviation (STANDARD)

GR-log

SONIC-log

Histograms of single logs can be generated for a userdefined interval. The histograms plot the log values against frequency.

GR-log histogram

SONIC-log histogram

SEISMIC LOG CALCULATIONS SEISMIC SYNTHETICS Seismic synthetics can be generated from the acoustic impedance, sonic and density. The seismic synthetic display is in the depth domain and can be correlated with the original logs as well as the log transforms.

SEISMIC SYNTHETICS FROM ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE

ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE
density sonic

REFLECTIVITY
data(N) - data(N+1) data(N) + data(N+1)

CALCULATE SEISMICS
input seismic wavelength

SEISMIC SYNTHETICS FROM SONIC LOG

INVERTED SONIC
1 sonic

REFLECTIVITY
data(N) - data(N+1) data(N) + data(N+1)

CALCULATE SEISMICS
input seismic wavelength

SEISMIC SYNTHETICS FROM DENSITY LOG

DENSITY LOG REFLECTIVITY
data(N) - data(N+1) data(N) + data(N+1)

CALCULATE SEISMICS
input seismic wavelength

Mirror image of GR-log

Sonic log

Density-neutron overlay

Electrofacies display with GR-log outline

INPEFA log transform, displaying accommodation vs. deposition

Seismic synthetics in multi-trace mode

PETROPHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES Petrophysical attributes are used to support the geological interpretation of logs, and to evaluate the relationship between petrophysical parameters and geological features. Attribute generation GR/Th-index Sonic / density derived porosity Attribute analysis Log statistics Net/Gross calculations Single log histograms
N/G calculation with cutoff GR-log value of 30 API N/G = 15.97 Total thickness = 30.3 m

N/G calculation of porous sand N/G = 46.4 Total thickness = 88.2 m

SPECTRAL TRANSFORM OF LOGS Spectral transform of logs is uses a speciallydesigned version of Maximum Entropy Analysis (MESA). The program is a predictive tool in which part of a series of data points is analysed in order to attempt to predict the next point in the series. Essentially the analysis is performed on a portion of the data series. In a downhole log data series, this portion is known as the window of analysis. Window size is defined by the user. A cycle pattern or spectrum and prediction error value is produced for that window. The analysis is then repeated on another, overlapping portion of the data series.

MESA SPECTRUM BANDS WITH DIFFERENT WINDOW SIZES

0.5 WINDOW = 15 m

SPECTRUM BREAK FREQUENCY RANGE LOW HIGH

MIRROR GR

MESA GR/W30 ACO=8m

MESA GR/W40 ACO=9m

large small K = WAVE NUMBER large small l = WAVE LENGTH

MESA GR/W50 ACO=10m

SPECTRUM BAND AMPLITUDE

HIGH AMPLITUDE (RED) = PRONOUNCED CYCLICITY LOW AMPLITUDE (YELLOW) = WEAK CYCLICITY NO AMPLITUDE (BLUE) = NO CYCLICITY OR NOISE

CYCLE HIERARCHY
LOW FREQUENCY / LARGE l = TO THE LEFT OF SPECTRUM BAND SCALE HIGH FREQUENCY / SMALL l = TO THE RIGHT OF SPECTRUM BAND SCALE

SPECTRUM BREAKS (Cycle Interval Boundaries / CIB)

IN GEOLOGY = MISSING SECTIONS, CONDENSED SECTIONS, STACKED EROSIONAL SURFACES, LARGE-SCALE CHANGE IN DEPOSITIONAL PATTERN, LOG DATA ERRORS DEPTH SHIFT RELATED TO WINDOW SIZE POSITION OF BREAK IN THE DEPTH SCALE = 0.5 WINDOW SIZE

SPECTRAL TRANSFORM OF LOGS MILANKOVITCH CYCLICITY PREDICTION Prediction of M-cycles is part of the spectral transform operational algorithm. The predicted M-periodicities from the Carboniferous to the present have been stored in the memory dataset of the program.

We use these predicted values to derive the ratios between ancient climatic cycles and then compare those ratios between the cycle wavelengths detected by MESA. This is done interactively on screen with the program.

WAVELENGTH = APPROX. 6.9m

A = 6.94m

D C

INFORMATION BAR

GEOLOGICAL PERIOD

NET ACCUMULATION RATE NET ACCUMULATION RATE (N)

RATIO MATCH NUMBER

USING THE MESA CURSOR FOR PREDICTING MILANKOVITCH CYCLES C E F

INCREASE

DECREASE

A4 MESA CURSOR MILANKOVITCH RATIOS MILANKOVITCH PERIODICITIES (TRIASSIC) USED CODES MILANKOVITCH PARAMETERS 4.13

0.37

0.21

0.18

413 Ka A4

100 Ka A B

37.0 Ka C OBLIQUITY D

21.0 Ka E

18.0 Ka F

ECCENTRICITY

PRECESSION

3500

PREDICTED TOP CARBONIFEROUS OR BASE ROTLIEGEND

3600

3700

PREDICTED STRATIGRAPHIC BREAKS CAUSED BY MAJOR FLOODING SURFACES

3800

3900

4000

PREDICTION ERROR FILTER ANALYSIS (PEFA) Prediction Error Filter Analysis (PEFA) is based on the comparison of measured log values and predicted log values. If we assume a certain predictability in (part of) the dataset, this predictability may be expressed in terms of a prediction filter. This filter, when applied to the log values within a depth window, will predict the log values just outside of that depth window. If a prediction filter that was derived for a specific part of a dataset is applied to another part of the dataset, and the difference between predicted and measured log values is determined, this difference can be used to quantify how well the two log-parts resemble each other. Thus high output values of PEFA can often be found to correspond to sudden changes in log characteristics. These changes may be related to geological events, such as changes in climate or basin dynamics.

4100

PREDICTED STRATIGRAPHIC BREAKS OR EROSIONAL SURFACES

4200
NEGATIVE PREDICTED ERROR VALUE / FREQUENCY DISCONTINUITY PRODUCED BY A JUMP FROM HIGH TO LOW GR VALUES ACCOMMODATION INCREASE < SEDIMENT SUPPLY POSITIVE PREDICTED ERROR VALUE / FREQUENCY DISCONTINUITY PRODUCED BY A JUMP FROM LOW TO HIGH GR VALUES ACCOMMODATION INCREASE > SEDIMENT SUPPLY

MIRROR GR

PEFA GR/MF1

PEFA GR/MF3

PEFA GR/MF5

PEFA GR/MF7

EROSIONAL HIATUS

SEDIMENT DYNAMICS

EUSTATIC CHANGES

EUSTATIC CHANGES / TECTONICS REGIONAL

CORRELATION LEVEL

LOCAL

SUB-REGIONAL

INPEFA Cumulative difference between the predicted log values and actual log values

MAIN FLOODING SURFACE

INTEGRATED PREDICTION ERROR FILTER ANALYSIS (INPEFA) The INPEFA curve is the integration of all PEFA values. INPEFA therefore is related to PEFA and represents the cumulative difference between the predicted log values and actual log values. High PEFA values will be presented as a major change in the INPEFA pattern. These major changes are defined as Cycle Interval Boundaries (CIB). A stacked succession of negative PEFA values will show a negative or, in geological terms, a thickeningupward or progradational trend. Positive PEFA values will show a positive or retrogradational trend. The negative trends are separated from the positive trends by major CIBs.

OTHER MAJOR EROSIONAL SURFACES

NEGATIVE OR THICKENING-UPWARD TREND

INPEFA shows the following features: A distinct hierarchical cyclic pattern of sedimentary successions. Depositional trends - negative trends (to the left) are related to progradational / aggradational depositional systems, while positive trends (to the right) are linked to retrogradational systems. Geological events, such as sequence boundaries and flooding surfaces are clearly displayed. Enhances the sequence stratigraphic or cyclostratigraphic interpretation of a well.

DECREASE OF EROSIONAL SURFACES / INCREASE OF ACCOMMODATION

MAIN EROSIONAL SURFACE

-5

+5

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

NON-HIERARCHICAL MULTI-LOG CLUSTER ANALYSIS

INPEFA of the GR-log

The non-hierarchical multi-log cluster analysis includes a number of operational routines which enable the user to define a number of input parameters. These input parameters enhance the results of the cluster analysis and may also recognise discrete horizons such as paleosols or thin coal layers. In addition, a whole range of routines, such as changing the cluster colours, editing the interpretation labels, a 2D and 3D cluster cross plot display are available to the user.

Electrofacies from the cluster analysis of GR, RHOB and NPHI

Cluster matrix display

Cluster parameters input

COPPER SHALE ZEZ1K

EXAMPLES OF CYCLOLOG SINGLE WELL INPEFA LOG TRANSFORMS AND INTERPRETATIONS

Well data courtesy NITG-TNO

GEOLOGICAL EVENT IN THE ROTLIEGEND

TOP CARBONIFEROUS TRANSGRESSIVE BOUNDARY SURFACE (TBS) BASE WESTPHALIAN D

ZEZ1K

Cycle Interval Boundary (CIB)

GEOLOGICAL EVENT INDICATING THE ONSET OF A SAND-PRONE DEPOSITION BASE WESTPHALIAN C

D
SILVERPIT TREND

"RETROGRADATIONAL" TRANSGRESSIVE SHALE-PRONE AND COAL-BEARING INTERVAL WESTPHALIAN B / MAURITS FM

UPPER SLOCHTEREN TREND MID-C FLOODING

TRANSGRESSIVE BOUNDARY SURFACE (TBS)

"PROGRADING" SAND-PRONE INTERVAL WESTPAHLIAN B SANDS

MID-B FLOODING

B
GEOLOGICAL EVENT INDICATING A CHANGE IN DEPOSITIONAL PATTERN BASE WESTPHALIAN B

AMELAND TREND

MID-A FLOODING

LOWER SLOCHTEREN TREND

300

GR

300 1.95 0.45 140

RHOB NPHI DT

3.05 -0.50 40

-0.15

(ACC<SED)

INPEFA - GR

(ACC>SED)

0.55

ROSLL

EXAMPLE OF CYCLOLOG WELL CORRELATION USING INPEFA LOG TRANSFORMS

Well data courtesy NITG-TNO
APPROX. 10 km
ZEZ1K ZEZ1K

3750

3700

SILVERPIT TREND

3800

3750

UPPER SLOCHTEREN TREND MID-C FLOODING

3850

3800

3900 MID-B FLOODING AMELAND TREND

3850

3950

3900

MID-A FLOODING

LOWER SLOCHTEREN TREND 3950

ROSLL

4000

ROSLL

RESERVOIR CORRELATION AND CHARACTERISATION USING INPEFA FREQUENCY CURVES

CORRELATION OF INDIVIDUAL SAND UNITS

PLATFORM(S)
Windows 95 / 98 / NT 4.0 or higher

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
Intel Pentium II 300mHz or higher Memory 32 Mb RAM (minimum) Colour graphics card with 8 Mb memory Recommended 17 inch SVGA 1024 x 768, 75Hz and 0.28 dpi colour monitor

RECOMMENDED PLOTTERS
EPSON Stylus 1520

HP Designjet 750C

Ruysdaellaan 3 3712 AP Huis ter Heide Netherlands Phone: 31.30.693 1922 Telefax: 31.30.693 2149 E-mail: enres@euronet.nl Web: www.enres.nl

ENRES has cooperative agreements with a number of consulting companies. They act as re-sellers for CycloLog and we support each other in consulting services. Please contact the company in your region for more information on CycloLog or consulting services

Netherlands Panterra Geoconsultants B.V. Veerpolder 5

2361 KX Warmond Netherlands Phone: 31.71.301 9307 Fax: 31.71.301 0802

Egypt Earth Resources Exploration (EREX)

El Salam Tower Misr Helwan Agricultural Road Maadi-Cairo Egypt Phone: 20.2.525-3989 Fax: 20.2.525-4277 Contact: Nazih Tewfik E-mail: erex@ritsec1.com.eg

Contact: Greg van de Bilt E-mail: g.van.de.bilt@panterra.nl

United Kingdom StrataData Ltd.

17 The Bothy, Ottershaw Park Chobham Road, Ottershaw Surrey KT 16 0QG UK Phone/Fax: 44.1932.872041 Contact: David Smith E-mail: smithdg@cwcom.net

United States Digital Formation 6000 East Evans Avenue, Suite 1-400

Denver, Colorado 80222-5415 USA Phone: 1.303.770-4235 Fax: 1.303.770-0432 Contact: Christian P. Bach E-mail: Christian.Bach@DigitalFormation.com

United States Seacon Computer Systems, Inc.

11381 Meadowglen, Suite F Houston, Texas 77082-2647 USA Phone: 1.281.293-9565 Fax: 1.281.293-9504

Indonesia PT. GEOSERVICES (Ltd.) Jl. Taman Matraman Timur 11

Contact: Neil Moore E-mail: seacon@scscomputers.com

Jakarta 10320 Indonesia Phone: 62.21.390-4118 Fax: 62.21.319-6295 Contact: Ms. Fitri Nurrahmah E-mail: software@geoservices.co.id