23 Sumaryono Paper

Pertemuan Ilmiah Tahunan MAPIN XIV Pemanfaatan Efektif Penginderaan Jauh Untuk Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Bangsa
DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR PROTECTED FOREST ZONING

Sumaryono
Remote Sensing and GIS Researcher of Bakosurtanal Head of Natural Resources System Development Division of NaRES Land Natural Resources Survey Center of Bakosurtanal, Jalan Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km 46 Cibinong Ph./Fax : (021)8764612; mobile: 0816-631654 email: sumaryono99@yahoo.com; sumaryono@bakosurtanal.go.id
Abstract
One of the serious miss-management of protected forest is the inaccurate determination of protected forest zone/area. Indonesia government has a legal instrument that can be used as the guidance for protected forest determination i.e. Surat Keputusan Menteri Pertanian No. 83/KPTS/UM/11/1980. Unfortunately, there is no reliable scientific description background of the content, such as the scoring and the weighting values method. So, it is still scientifically debatable. Geo-Information Technology is nowadays powerful for the purpose of database modeling, spatial analysis and decision support system. Geo-Information Technology can help decision makers to simulate the protected forest zoning using multi-criteria analysis. Some decision scenario can be applied to determine the optimum zone of protected forest. All criteria used in Surat Keputusan Menteri Pertanian No. 83/KPTS/UM/11/1980 are included and editable by decision makers. Close system of multi-criteria can be opened using Decision Support System that allow the users interactively define the input value based on their own considerations. Cell-based database model (one pixel - many values) is one of the problem solving in spatial analysis especially in spatial overlay based on database calculations.
Keywords : Protected Forest, Geo-Informatics, Cell-Based Data Model, DSS.
1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background Accurate information and proper methodology are needed to support a good and comprehensive forest management. Usually, we have to deal with the complexity of the information to get reliable information. However, its still difficult to make a conclusion from the complex information. Hence, developing tools is required to manage, analyze and provide information in simple ways which easily understandable and executable for decision makers. One of important aspects in forest and environmental management is determining protected forest zone using accepted method.
Protected forest is An area of forest or woodland especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, through legal or other effective means. Hence protected forests are the products of law, so these could be missmatch to the physical facts condition in the field. In many cases, we can still find in the field that the area should be protected, but such the area is not protected in reality. It may danger environmental health and human life. Landslide, erosion, bio-diversity loss, are the main threatening condition that may be faced by human being due to the miss-management of protected forest area. One of the serious miss-management of protected forest is the inaccurate determination of protected forest zone/area. In order to minimize the miss-management of protected forest zone determination, we need
Gedung Rektorat lt. 3 Kampus Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya, 14 15 September 2005
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spatio-physical analysis and guidance for protected area determination. Indonesia determination i.e. Surat Keputusan Menteri Pertanian No. 83/KPTS/UM/11/1980. Unfortunately, there is no reliable scientific description background of the content, such as the scoring and the weighting values method. So, it is still scientifically debatable. Every expert can give the different value of scoring and weighting factors. It is still the area of research to get the acceptable standard for various cases. 1.2. Objective The objective of this project is to provide a Decision Support System (DSS) for determining protected forest zones using spatial database method and multi-criteria analysis 1.3. Problem Statement The guidance criteria of protected forest determination need spatial analysis operation and dynamic policy consideration. It needs GIS tools that might be too complex for resource managers or other decision makers. The multi-criteria guidance for protected forest determination is fixed and closed but no scientific description. It tends to cause conflicts among stake holders and experts. 2. METHODOLOGY 2.1. Spatial Database Design Spatial database design is the process of creating a design for a spatial database that will support the enterprises operations and objectives. Spatial database design is made up of three main phases, namely conceptual, logical and physical design (Connolly and Begg, 2002) 2.1.1. Conceptual Spatial Database Design The main process in this step is to construct a model of the information used in a project, independent of all physical considerations. This phase involves the creation of a conceptual data model of the part of the project that we would like to model. The data model is built using the information documented in the project
government has a legal instrument that can be used as the guidance for protected forest requirements specification. Conceptual spatial database design is entirely independent of implementation details such as the target DBMS software, application programs, programming languages, hardware platform, or any other physical considerations. The main aim of this phase is to build the conceptual representation of the database, which includes identification of the important entities, relationships, and attributes. The important entities, relationships and attributes of this project can be illustrated as the figure 2 below
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Associated to
Associated to
Slope
Associated to
Soil Type
Rainfall
Covers
Elevation
Covers
Kecamatan (Sub-district)
Covers
Figure 2. Conceptual Spatial Database Model
2.1.2. Logical Spatial Database Design The main process in this step is to construct a model of the information used in a project based on a specific data model, but independent of a particular DBMS and other physical considerations. In this phase, the conceptual data model created in the previous phase is refined and mapped on to a logical data model. The logical data model is based on the target data
model for database (for example, the relational data model). Logical model is derived knowing the underlying data model of the target DBMS. The logical spatial database design is a source of information for the next phase, namely physical database design for a efficient design. The main aim of this phase is to translate the conceptual representation to the logical structure of the database, which includes designing the relations.
Figure 3. Logical Spatial Database Model
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2.1.3. Physical Spatial Database Design The main process in this step is to produce a description of the implementation of the database on secondary storage; it describes the base relations, file organizations, and indexes used to achieve efficient access to the data, and any associated integrity constraints and security measures (Connolly and Begg, 2002). In developing the physical database design, we must first identify the target database system. Therefore, physical design is tailored to a specific DBMS system. The main aim of this phase is to decide how the logical structure is to be physically implemented (as relations) in the target Database Management System). In case of this project, database input, manipulation, query and display are processed in dbf format database (the system is embedded inside ArcView System) and mdb format database (Microsoft Access Database). Both of databases are linked by ID as a primary key. The database operation is formatted as a Decision Support System Interface as shown below :
The identity window uses mdb databse, and the calculation process of selecting target area will red the dbf file inside the shape file.
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Figure 4. Physical Spatial Database Model
2.2. Spatial Analysis Algorithm In this project, the spatial analysis is automated to determine protected forest area based on the multi-criteria. The criteria refers to the guidance legally published by Agriculture Minister through Surat Keputusan Menteri Pertanian No.
83/KPTS/UM/11/1980. guidance, the criteria are:
According
to
this
2.2.1. Slope, is weighted by 20 The slope is devided into 5 classes. Each of the class is scored 1 to 5 as the following table:
SLOPE SCORE 1 2 3 4 5 INTERVALS (%) 0-8 8 - 15 15 - 25 25 - 45 >= 45 CATEGORY FLAT SLIGHTLY MODERATELY STEEP STEEP VERY STEEP
2.2.2. Soil Type, is weighted by 15 The Soil Type is devided into 5 classes. Each of the class is scored 1 to 5 as the following table:
SOIL SCORE 1 2 3 4 5 SOIL TYPE Aluvial,Glei,Hydroworf Latosol Brown forest, Non calcis Brown, Mediteran Andosol, Laterits, Grumusol, Podsol,Podsolik Regosol,Litosol, Organosol,Renzina CATEGORY Not Sensitive Slightly sensitive Moderately sensitive Sensitive Very sensitive
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2.2.3. Rainfall, is weighted by 10 The Rainfall is devided into 5 classes. Each of the class is scored 1 to 5 as the following table :
RAINFALL SCORE 1 2 3 4 5 RAINFALL INTENSITY (mm/day) 0 13.6 13.6 20.7 20.7 27.7 27.7 34.8 >=34.8 CATEGORY Very low Low Moderate High Very High
2.2.4. The Condition of Area Selection 3.1. One Cell Multi Values IF THE SUM OF EACH CRITERIA SCORE AFTER MULTIPLIED BY THEIR OWN WEIGHT IS EQUAL OR MORE THAN 175 THEN THE ZONES ARE DETERMINATED AS PROTECTED FORESTS 3. MODEL IMPLEMENTATION
Pixel attribute values in unlimited column
This system is developed based on the calculation of prepared data which has the properties of one pixel has multi values. In this project, each pixel represents site location (spatial properties) with 500m x 500m pixel size, and multi attribute including slope scores, soil scores, rainfall scores, elevation values and kecamatan name, as described as the following figure:
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Each Pixel represent one row in the tabular data where the attribute values are the unlimited columns lay on the right side of the table. 3.2. Decision Support System (DSS) This project is presented as a Decision Support System. Decision Support System tools are provided in this project to facilitate the user or manager to create their own criteria based on their own knowledge or expertise in defining protected forest area. The criteria are set as open variables where user can change the value of criteria. This design is very important because of the following considerations: - the values assigned by the legal criteria are fuzzy and no viable scientific description - the user can assign the values of criteria depends on their expertise or experiences - the user can consider based on the specific physical condition of the target area where this tool will be implemented By changing the input values of criteria, the system will give the results on real time in every kind of data reports, such as the map of area distribution, tabular data and graphical data (pie chart) as shown in the following figure:
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Figure 5. The DSS Graphical User Interface
Figure 5 above shows that the tool is designed as a Decision Support System with 5 optional value input being free for the user to fill based on their expertise including: - the weight value of slope, where the default value is 20 - the weight value of soil, where the default value is 15 - the weight value of rainfall, where the default value is 10 - the threshold of elevation requirement, where the default is 2000 meter - the total score of area selection condition, where the default is 175 If the soil weight is 20, slope is 19, rainfall is 17, elevation is >2000 and the total score condition is 220, then the percentage of protected forest changes become 33.32 %. The user can check the result of the calculation by clicking the identity icon. By clicking the identity icon, the system will show a window showing the properties of the selected pixel. The system also provide other icons such as zoom in, zoom out ,pan, and map extent icons. The system provide other important result i.e. the area portion of protected area inside each Kecamatan, so we can calculate the percentage of
After running the system by clicking Calculate command button, the system automatically calculate the main data that has been prepared and provided inside the system. Looking at the calculation result (Figure 5) above, we can see that Bandung regency has the area should be protected about 40.05% based on the legal criteria (by default). This can be true or wrong depend on the user consideration. If the criteria values are changed, the system will calculate and the result will be different as the figure below:
this area in each Kalimantan. This information is very important for the next further system development. 3.3. Further System Development and Research This system can be redevelop as a bigger system covering the area of national or regional (province). The system can calculate and determine the area should be assigned as protected area in each province to all Indonesia coverage. In province coverage, the system can calculate and search the protected forest area for each regency.
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Experts can also add any additional criteria based on their local knowledge, experiences and expertise. Comprehensive and integrated researches are needed to determine the better multi-criteria. The criteria should be accepted by all the stake holders concerning in the spatial planning. The result of this research then can be inputted into this system, then hopefully, the system will be accepted by all the stakeholders. 4. CONCLUSION Close system of multi-criteria can be opened using Decision Support System that allow the users interactively define the input value based on their own considerations Cell-based database model (one pixel - many values) is one of the problem solving in spatial analysis especially in spatial overlay based on database calculations. This system can be further developed for bigger project utilizing more criteria, more expert considerations, and wider coverages. REFERENCES Burrough, P. A, 1989. Matcing Databases and Quantitative Models in Land Resource Assessment. Monograph. Soil Use and Management, 5, 3-8. Burrough, P. A, 1986. Principles of Geographic Information Systems for Land Resources Assessment. Monographs on Soil and Resources, Survey no. 12. Oxford. Oxford Science Publications
Connolly, T and Begg, C, 2002. Database Systems, A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation and Management. Third Edition. Pearson Education Limited. Edinburgh Gate. England Densham, P. J, 1991. Spatial Decision Support System. In Maguire, D.J. Goodchild M.F. and Rhind D.W. (ed). Geographic Information Systems. Vol. I: Principles and Applications. Essex, Longman Scientific &Technical . pp. 403412. ESRI, 1998. Environmental California ArcView Spatial System Research Analysis. Institute.
Fischer, M, 1996. Spatial Analytical Perspective on GIS. Taylor and Francis Publishers. Great Britain McHarg, I, 1969. Design With Nature. New York: Natural History Press Tkach, R.J, and Simonovic, S. P, 1999. A New Approach to Multi-criteria Decision Making in Water Resources, Journal of Geographic Information and Decision Analysis, 1(1):25-43 Turban, E. 1993. Decision Support and Expert System. Eastern Illinois University. New York: Maxmillian Publishing Company World Wildlife Fund (WWF). 2002. Forest Protected Areas. One of a series of position papers produced as WWFs response to the WWF/IUCN Forests for Life Strategy. http://www.panda.org/downloads/forests/po1prote ctedareas_ehcr.pdf. Last Access: January 18th 2005
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Pertemuan Ilmiah Tahunan MAPIN XIV Pemanfaatan Efektif Penginderaan Jauh Untuk Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Bangsa

DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR PROTECTED FOREST ZONING

Keywords : Protected Forest, Geo-Informatics, Cell-Based Data Model, DSS.

Figure 2. Conceptual Spatial Database Model

Figure 3. Logical Spatial Database Model

Figure 4. Physical Spatial Database Model

83/KPTS/UM/11/1980. guidance, the criteria are:

Figure 5. The DSS Graphical User Interface

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