USE OF COMPUTER IN PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

Today Computer are so ubiquitous in pharmaceutical research and development that it may be hard to imagine a time when there was no computer to assist the medical chemist or biologist. Now, computers are absolutely are essential for generating, managing and transmitting information. The early computers were designed for military and accounting applications, but gradually it became apparent that computers would have a vast number of uses. Various Uses of Computer in Pharmaseutical Research and Development :1. Computers as Data Analysis and Data management tools in preclinical development :Scientists from many different disciplines participate in pharmaceutical development.Their research areas may be very different, but they all generate scientific data (and text documents), which are the products of development laboratories. Considering the use of computer applications in every scientists daily activities, special emphases are put on three widely used computer systems: . CDSchromatographic data systems LIMSlaboratory information management systems TIMStext information management systems It is probably fair to say that these three computer systems handle the majority of the work in data/document management in the preclinical area, supporting the New Drug Application (NDA) and Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) filings.

2. Statistical Modelling :- There are two cultures in the use of statistical modeling to reach conclusions from
data. The fi rst culture, namely, the data modeling culture, assumes that the data are generated by a given stochastic data model, whereas the other, the algorithmic modeling culture, uses algorithmic models and treats the data mechanism as unknown.Third possible goal for running statistical investigations might be to understand the foundations of the mechanisms from which the data are generated or going to be generated.To understand the mechanism, the use of modeling concepts is essential.The purpose of the model is essentially that of translating the known properties about the black box as well as some new hypotheses into a mathematical representation. In this way, a model is a simplifying representation of the data-generating mechanism under investigation. The identifi cation of an appropriate model is often not easy and may require thorough investigation. It include statistical parameter

estimation,confidence regions, sensitivity analysis, optimal design and population modelling.

3. Drug Discovery from Historic Herbal Texts :The ultimate goal of drug discovery is to identify novel compounds that have the potential to elicit biological effects. High-throughput screening allows an amazingly quick and relatively economic method to accomplish this goal.The rate at which high-throughput systems are improving is remarkable, and it is likely that in the future the rate of these improvements will be even greater.

4. Contextualizing the impact of bioinformatics on preclinical drug and vaccine discovery

The word bioinformatics has been in common usage since the early 1990s, and it means, as words sometimes do, different things to different people. A simple, straightforward, yet comprehensive definition is not readily forthcoming.One of the better attempts summarizes the discipline as the application of informatics methods to biological macromolecules.However, it is clear that bioinformatics concerns itself with medical, genomic,and biological information and supports both basic and clinical research.Bioinformatics develops computer databases and algorithms for accelerating, simplifying, and thus enhancing, research in bioscience. Bioinformatics is as much a melting pot of interdisciplinary techniquesas it is a branch of information science:

5. Systems Approaches for Pharmaceutical Research and Development:Systems biology aims to quantify all of these molecular elements of a biological system and integrate them into graphical models.Systems perspectives have been applied in most scientific fields such that studying biology as an integrated system of genetic, protein, metabolite, cellular,and pathway events that are in fl ux and interdependent has become a catch-all definition. Systems biology therefore requires the integration of many different scientific areas and complex data types to result in a complete picture and ultimately can be used to derive valuable knowledge. The evolution of systems biology approaches has been recently described to show the convergence of mainstream data-rich molecular biology and data-poor systems analysis [4]. The systems approach can be applied beyond pharmaceutical research to areas such as nutrigenomics,Tthe numerous commercial concerns that are involved in systems biology by providing either software or services. System approaches includes the commercial applications of system Biology, Applications of Gene Network and Pathway Tools, Data Utilization, Extraction, and Standards and Systems Biology and Future Health Care.

6.

Information Management-Biodata in Life Sciences:-

A well-developed knowledge and information management strategy ultimately helps facilitate decision making Information models also help to visualize and interpret patterns in complex data. A well-implemented information management strategy allows us to ask questions of data Can we do it? Why did we succeed? Why did we fail? Information Management Includes Various Approaches :a) Approaches to Information Managment which includes Brute force and small scale. b) Approached to knowledge management which includes stamp collecting and reality shifts.

7.

Chemoinformatics Techniques For Processing Chemical:-

Chemoinformatics is the name of the new discipline that has emerged to provide tools for the storage, retrieval, and processing of databases of chemical structures [1, 2]. Corporate chemical databases have traditionally stored machine-readable representations of two-dimensional (2D) chemical structure diagrams, but these are increasingly being augmented by the inclusion of atomic coordinate data that permit the description of molecules in three dimensions (3D).

8.

Electronic Laboratory Notebooks:-

An electronic laboratory notebook system (e-notebook or ELN) addresses several different areas that impact upon scientific productivity, including time efficiencies and communication of information. An additional aspect of the communication of information is the desire to increase the efficiency with which a researcher can work with the various service organizations that are typically found within a large Pharma organization.

9. Computers & Protein Crystallography:Recently,it has also been realized that various experimental and computational methods can exploit the structure to screen libraries of compounds to discover new classes of molecules that bind to the protein. The power of these methods has been realized in a number of drug discovery projects, with such success that most medium to large pharmaceutical companies now employ a protein crystallographic group as part of their research discovery operations. In addition,a number of new companies have

been started with the central aim of structure- based drug discovery, developing and innovating new methods that are now finding application across the industry.

USE OF COMPUTER IN HOSPITALS IN MAINTENANCE OF RECORDS:There is hardly any area today, which has not been influenced by computers, and health care systems are no exception. Health sector, infact is field where computers could make maximum social impact. There are human beings today who are half computers and half human e.g. patients with Pacemaker, Computerized precision made artificial heart, computerized hearing aid, and computerized dialysis machine. The present day hospitals are able to understand the complex processes and manage materials, money and manpower effectively and efficiently only due to computers.
Ledger system:- This deals with the day-to-day purchases that the hospital needs to keep going on a day to day basis. It covers everything that is bought by the hospital and accounts for their purchase and their use by a particular department. All departments have budgets and these are then managed by the computer system.The finance system also manages the payroll needs of the hospital. This is the basis by which health authority pays the salary of each individual. Advantages 1. 3 Easy to trace the spending of individual areas. 2. Cheaper sourceing of materials and items when buying bulk. Allows overall monetary control to be decentralised

In Patient use:-The creation and management of lists.Patient personal records are not kept on computer. There are many issues as to why this is and they will be dealt with later on. At present, patient records are transcripted manually and these records are then held in the Medical Records Department. A computer is used to manage the list of appointments for clinics that go on daily at the busy hospital.Waiting lists are produced for each clinic and the names of the patients on the list are then processed so that their notes are delivered to the correct clinic ready for the days work.

USE OF COMPUTER IN HOSPITALS FOR INVENTORY CONTROL:Complete database of Pharmacy inventory is done according to the generic molecules, as it ensures standardization across health systems. All generics & their respective brands, batch ids & expiry dates, used by the hospital are maintained in a database with the relevant commercial terms applicable from time to time. Generation of goods received note, goods rejected note, purchase order, ward indent, dispatch note etc. Supply made to individual patient as in the case of a chemist shop & to a department / ward for an inpatient. Database of all authorized suppliers with specific details maintained. Alerts for ROL, QOH for each medicine to intimate reordering stock. Billing & cash management available through the module. Reports & MIS as per suppliers listed, generics, utilization etc can be easily generated. Provision for incorporation of bar coding software for ease of stock maintenance. The influence of proper inventory management upon operating costs and profits is often underestimated in the fiscal operation of a hospital pharmacy. Significant savings can be realized through proper management of inventory levels and order quantities.

Benefits of Inventory Control:

Immediate access to supplies anywhere Wide inventory visibility and automated replenishment Reduced waste no stockpiling or expired products Clinical staff-friendly technology, freeing them to focus on patient care Significantly reduced manual labor in hospitals and clinics The ability to reclaim millions of dollars of uncharged supplies to become billable items Significantly improved cash-to-cash cycle