The Meaning of Myth 1. Mythos a. Verbal b. Written c. Through art 2. Sub categories a. True Myth or Myth Proper i.

Stories that deal with the gods and their relationships with mortals b. Saga i. Roots in historical fact ii. A lot of imaginative elements added in c. Folktales and Fairytales i. Fantastical stories ii. Usually involve the adventure of a hero or heroine iii. Fairytales tend to be shorter 1. Often have some sort of moral (a lesson) 3. Different Meanings a. Mircea Eleade i. Myths are define by their timelessness 4. Interpreting Myths a. Etiological Interpretation i. Etiology comes from the Greek word aitia Cause or reason. ii. The Greeks used myths to explain some natural phenomenon. 1. Seasons iii. They turned to myths to explain mysteries b. Rationalization i. Euhemerus 1. Tried to provide rational explanations to myths. 2. Claimed gods were men who had done some great deed and were revered as gods. 3. Euhemerism a. Any attempt to rationalize myths c. Allegorical Interpretation i. Something could be a symbol for something else ii. Max Muller 1. ALL myths were allegories for natural phenomenon d. Psychology/psychoanalysis i. Sigmund Freud 1. Oedipus Complex

a. A male child s first sexual feelings are towards his mother. b. At the same time, he feels a rivalry for his mother because he feels like he is fighting for his mother s love. c. Sophocles Oedipus Tyrannos i. Unknowingly kills his father and sleeps with his mother 1. Mistaken identity 2. Electra Complex a. Same as the boy s feelings for his mother and father except opposite 3. Dream-work a. Condensation i. When the mind condenses the elements that make up the dream b. Displacement i. The elements making up the dream are altered or displaced c. Representation i. Elements in the dream are transmitted into objects and symbols d. Freud believed that myths worked in the same way as dream work. ii. Carl Jung 1. Electra Complex founder 2. Collective Unconscious a. Society as a whole has an entire unconscious 3. Archetypes a. Expressions of collective dreams of a society developed over thousands of years b. Animus i. Concept of the male within the female soul ii. Masculine element within the female soul c. Anima i. Feminine element of the male psyche e. Myth and Ritual i. J.G. Frazer The Golden Bow ii. Jane Harrison Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion iii. Criticized for the validity of their statements iv. Robert Grave The Greek Myths 1. True myth was a narrative shorthand of ritual f. Myth as social charter i. Bronislav Malinowski 1. Trobriand Islanders

a. Noticed similarities between the myths of the people and their practices b. Myths explain practices, beliefs, institutions c. Myths can be considered charters of social customs and beliefs g. Structuralism i. By identifying structures the underlie myths, they could understand all types of mythology ii. Claude Levi-Strauss 1. French anthropologist 2. The meaning of myth is established by the structure or the interrelationships connections of the supernatural to the natural 3. All creations of the mind, including myths, also have an underlying structure 4. Binary pairs a. Hot cold b. Life death c. Male female 5. Even if there s some difference in the presentation of the myth, the meaning remains. iii. Vladimir Propp 1. Before Levi-Strauss 2. Russian folklorist 3. Gathered Russian fairytales with common meanings a. Isolate the linear structure within them b. Identified 31 units of action i. Motifemes 1. Departure of the hero 2. Rescue of someone in trouble 3. Punishment of someone who did something bad ii. Appear in the same sequential order iv. Walter Burkert 1. Combine structuralism with more classical approach to myths 2. Events leading up to the birth of a hero can be broken up into 5 motifemes a. A girl leaves home b. Secluded somehow c. Becomes pregnant by a god d. Suffers in some way e. Rescued and gives birth to a son 3. A given myth may incorporate different levels of a narrative h. Comparative study of mythology

i. Try to isolate fundamental concepts that myths share with other myths from different cultures ii. Joseph Campbell 1. Popularized the comparative study 2. Non-classical myths study that applies to classic myths i. Feminist and queer theory i. Feminist 1. Interpreted myths in terms of political, social, and sexual conflicts between men and women 2. Rape occurs frequently in myth a. Viewed different by the ancients ii. Queer theory 1. Sexuality was viewed very differently a. The identities meant nothing to them b. Openly bisexual or homosexual c. Focus was placed on your role in sex i. If you re pitching, good job ii. Catching, not good 2. Found in myths as well 5. A classic myth is a story that, through its classical form, has attained a kind of immortality because its inherent archetypal beauty, profundity, and power have inspired rewarding renewal and transformation by successive generations. (p. 25) Myths of Creation 1. Homer a. 2. Hesiod a. b. c.

Doesn t go into the myths of creation

~700BCE From Boeotia First to give a literary account of how everything came into being (gods, humans, universe) d. Theogony i. The story of creation e. Hesiod s Creation Theory i. Chaos 1. Ge a. Earthmother, Fertility Goddess, Gaia. b. Three offspring produced by herself i. Uranus 1. Mate with Gaia a. 12 Titans (see below)

b. Cyclopes i. Forged lightning and thunder c. Hecatonchires i. Hundred Handed had 100 hands. 2. Sky 3. Hieros gamos sacred marriage ii. Mountains iii. Pontus 2. Tartarus a. Area in the depth of the earth b. Became known as the place of punishment in the Underworld 3. Eros a. Equivalent of Cupid/Amor b. Appears really early c. Aristophanes Birds i. Chorus of birds 1. Beginning of time, there was chaos, night, erebus, and tartarus 2. Night brought forth an egg. Eros came from it. Everything from then on came from Eros. ii. Seems to be a parody of Orphism 1. Eros sprang from an egg. He was also known as Phanes or Protogonus. 4. Erebus a. Gloom/darkness of Tartarus 5. Night a. Erebus and Night mated to create: i. Day ii. Aether f. Works and Days i. Geneology of gods g. The 12 Titans i. Oceanus 1. Mated with Tethys 2. 3000 sons and daughters ii. Hyperion 1. Sun god 2. Mated with Theia 3. Parents of a. Helius i. Also a sun god

ii. Sun gods lived in the east, and every day he flies across the sky to the west. iii. Mated with Clymene 1. Phaethon a. Shiny b. Acording to Ovid, he wanted to make sure Helius was his father. He goes to his temple. He allows Phaethon to drive his chariot for one day. Crashed the chariot and died. b. Selene i. Goddess of the moon ii. Later Artemis/Diana becomes the goddess of the moon as well so there is a mix up sometimes iii. 2 horse chariot iv. One day, she spotted Endymion, a handsome young man, sleeping in a cave. She falls desperately in love with him. Abandons her duties in the heavens to visit the cave. In the end, Endymion is granted eternal sleep and eternal youth. 1. Endymion sarcophagus a. Hope that the sleep of death would lead to immortality or something c. Eos/Aurora i. Dawn ii. Drove a 2 horse chariot just like her sister iii. Eos falls in love with a moral young man 1. Tithonus 3. Ovid s Metamorphoses a. Drew inspiration from Hesiod and Empedocles b. Chaos is an unformed mass of elements i. From this comes a god which then forms the order of the Universe Chapter 4: Zeus Rise to Power: The Creation of Mortals 1. Rhea = Cronus a. Hestia b. Demeter c. Hera d. Hades e. Poseidon f. Zeus

g. Swallowed by father in fear of being overthrown i. Zeus gets them out 2. Titanomachy a. Titans vs. Gods b. Gods i. Zeus ii. Zeus Siblings iii. Hecatonchires iv. Cyclopes c. Titans i. Cronus ii. Atlas iii. Rest of the Titans 1. Not including Themis and Prometheus d. Zeus fights from Mt. Olympus e. Cronus fights from Mt. Othrys f. Gods win and Titans are condemned in Tartarus i. Atlas is punished with holding up the sky 3. Gigantomachy a. Zeus (and other Olympians) vs. Giants (Gegeneis) b. By most accounts, Giants are defeated and trapped underground i. These underground areas became volcanic which explains volcanoes to the Greek c. Typhoeus/Typhaon i. Ferocious dragon with 100 snake heads ii. Produced by Ge specifically to do battle with Zeus iii. Depending on the account, he fights with the Giants or alone iv. Zeus slays Typhoeus d. Otus and Ephialtes i. Try to storm heaven by piling up 3 mountains ii. Fail e. Pergmon altar i. Depicts the gigantomachy 4. The creation of mortals multiple beliefs a. Prometheus created human beings from clay i. Athena breathed into the clay, the spirit of life ii. Prometheus has different family trees 1. Son of Iapetus and Clymene 2. Siblings are Epimetheus, Atlas, and Menoetius b. Hesiod s Works and Days i. Ages of Man 1. The age of gold

a. Cronus was the king in heaven b. Olympian gods created golden race of human beings who lived in a paradise c. After, the earth covered up this race of man. Rumored to still exist as spirits who wander the earth 2. The age of silver a. Olympian gods created a second race of humans i. Children for 100 years ii. When they grew up they had a painful, short adulthood iii. Refused to worship the gods iv. Angry b. Zeus angrily hid this race under the earth as well. 3. The age of bronze a. Strong mighty race of men i. Weapons and implements made of bronze ii. Constantly at war iii. Destroyed each other b. This race all went to the Underworld 4. The age of heroes a. Warlike race but much more civilized than the age of bronze b. Demi-gods (half mortal and half gods) c. Zeus sends some of the fallen heroes to inhabit the Islands of the Blessed (paradise at the edge of the earth i. Island ruled by Cronus 5. The Age of Iron a. Not a happy time i. People are troubled with lots of problems ii. Hard work and labor b. Age that Hesiod himself lives in i. He wishes he was born earlier or later c. Zeus will destroy this human race in time as Hesiod says i. Strife between parent and child ii. Between guests and hosts iii. Between friends iv. Disrespect oaths and promises d. Aidos and Nemesis i. When things get really bad, these two will leave mortals (they were thought to be part of us) ii. Hesiod s Theogony 1. Zeus vs. Prometheus a. Problems begin with a sacrifice i. A quarrel between the mortals and the gods

ii. Prometheus takes a giant ox, splits it into 2 portions 1. Gave the good parts and wrapped it in the stomach of the ox to the humans 2. The bones wrapped in good looking fat and gave it to the gods iii. Prometheus asks Zeus to choose 1. Zeus knows the secret because he was allknowing 2. Zeus chooses the bones iv. From then on, the humans now burn bones for the gods and we get the good stuff v. Zeus punishes all mortals 1. Took away their fire which was essential for life vi. Prometheus tricks Zeus by stealing fire back from Zeus 1. Goes to heaven 2. Takes fire that has been stolen 3. Hides it and brings it back to earth. vii. Zeus again angered by this 1. Zeus creates woman as a term of punishment for men (LOL!) 2. Pandora (First woman) a. Sent to Earth as a beautiful yet dangerous evil for men b. Hephaestus sculpts her from earth and water in the beauty of a goddess c. Athena gives her good clothes and accessories and teaches her how to read d. Mind of a bitch said by a god 3. Pandora is sent to earth 4. From this, comes the female race 5. Zeus makes a second evil a. If men decide not to marry, they will be condemned to a lonely life b. If you do, you ll be trapped with a woman which is bad 6. Epimetheus accepts Pandora despite being warned by Prometheus viii. Zeus sent Pandora with a box which contained all evil and hope 1. Evils are unleashed upon mankind a. Hard work, disease, sorrow

2. Hope remains inside the box iii. Aeschylus Prometheus Bound 1. Two servants of Zeus Kratos and Bia and they ve brought Prometheus to a remote land. a. Kratos urges the land to pin to this land with a stake b. An eagle is sent every day and feed on Prometheus liver, restored and it happens again tomorrow c. The reason is that Zeus knows Prometheus has a secret i. If Zeus mates with the sea god Thetis, they will have a son who will overthrow his father. 2. The play ends with Prometheus being plunged to the underworld 3. Don t have the other two plays of the trilogy (sadface) 4. In Hesiod s other version, Zeus finds the secret, releases the eagle, and avoids Thetis 5. Thetis mates with someone else and conceives Achilles who is more powerful than his father 6. Io Zeus falls for her a. Hera turns Io into a cow b. A guard (Argus Panoptes) is sent to watch over the cow i. Many eyes c. Zeus rescues her by sending Hermes to lul Argus to sleep, then he cuts of his head and is now known as (Argeiphontes Slayer of Argus) d. Hera takes Argus eyes and places them in the tail of the peacock and continues in her persecution of Io by sending a fly to Io to drive her mad. e. Io runs into Prometheus and they talk and she is told she will find peace in Egypt. By the Nile, she will be restored and the conceive Epaphus. f. She conceives Epaphus by the touch of Zeus hand i. Epaphus then conceives Heracles who then eventually releases Prometheus c. Prometheus Son and Epimetheus Daughter marry i. Deucalion and Pyrrha ii. In Ovid s Metamorphoses 1. Zeus disguises himself as a human and goes to Lycaon s house 2. Lycaon doesn t believe its Zeus and tries to trick Zeus 3. Zeus burns his house down and is turned into a werewolf 4. Zeus takes this as proof that mortals really are bad a. Decides the humans need to be destroyed by a flood b. One couple survives - Deucalion and Pyrrha

5. The couple find they are trapped upon Mt. Parnassus and consult the oracle of the god Themis a. Toss the bones of their great mother behind their backs b. Deucalion understands this riddle as the stones of the earth are her bones c. Once the stones are thrown behind their back the stones turn into humans. The world is repopulated by this 6. They have a son named Hellen a. The greeks call themselves Hellenes and the land is called Hellas Chapter 5: The Twelve Olympians 1. 14 Major gods a. Greek/Roman Names i. Zeus/Jupiter ii. Hera/Juno iii. Poseidon/Neptune iv. Hades/Pluto (Not one of the 12 Olympian gods) v. Hestia/Vesta vi. Hephaestus/Vulcan vii. Ares/Mars viii. Apollo/Apollo ix. Artemis/Diana x. Demeter/Ceres xi. Aphrodite/Venus xii. Athena/Minerva xiii. Hermes/Mercury xiv. Dionysus/Bacchus b. Reduced to 12 Olympian gods 2. Hestia a. Vesta b. Hearth (Fire in the home) c. First born child of Cronus d. Remained a virgin (chastity) e. Roman priestesses were called Vestal Virgins 3. Zeus a. Jupiter b. Sky god c. Supreme god d. Final authority e. Carries a shield, scepter, and lightning bolt. Wields an Aegis. f. Eagle and the oak tree were considered sacred to him

g. Married his sister, Hera/Juno h. Most important sanctuary for Zeus is at Olympia i. Where the Olympics were said to have originated ii. Temple of Zeus 5th century BCE 1. Has mythological scenes depicted on it. 2. West Pediment a. Battle between the Lapiths and the Centaurs b. Centaur Backstory i. Ixion impregnated a cloud who looked like Hera from Zeus ii. Gave birth to Centarus who mated with mares of Mt. Pelion iii. Centaurs are born iv. Including Chiron 1. Wise and gentle, tutor c. Lapiths i. Tribe who lived in phesele d. Battle takes place after centaurs after they are invited to Pirithous marriage. i. The centaurs got drunk and tried to carry off the bride and other lapith women e. Apollo watches over the war 3. East Pediment a. Chariot race between Oenomauis and Pelops i. Zeus assuring Pelops victory ii. Race over Oenomaus daughter, Hippodamia iii. Pelops wins and receives Hippodamia s hand in marriage 4. Metopes: Labors of Heracles a. Heracles is said to have founded the Olympic games b. Atlas asking Heracles to take over his task of holding up the world in one of the scenes 5. Inner Sanctuary (Naos/cella) a. The giant statue of Zeus did not remain through time i. 42 ft tall, covered in gold ii. Depicted wearing an olive wreath around his head, sitting on a throne with mythological motif decorations iii. Carrying golden scepter (eagle on top) in right hand iv. Right hand a statue of victory v. Olive oil pool in front of him i. Dedona i. Oracle of Zeus took questions

ii. Zeus was thought the answer the questions through omens iii. Omens thought to have been conveyed through the rustling through leaves of oak trees iv. Later found to be answered by a priestess (the oracle) 4. Hera a. b. c. d. e. Juno Champion of morality and marriage Carries a scepter Goddess of women, marriage and childbirth Temple of Hera in Olympia i. 600BCE older than Zeus 5. Children of Zeus and Hera a. Eileithyia i. Goddess of childbirth ii. Thought to be two different goddesses b. Hebe i. Means youthful bloom ii. Cup bearer of the gods iii. Wife of Perecles iv. Shares an honor with Ganymede 1. Ganymede s story a. Zeus comes to earth as an eagle and carries off a boy (young prince) to be the cup bearer of the gods and lover boy b. Zeus gives Ganymede s father a bunch of horses c. Hermes was sent to explain to explain Ganymede s father what was good about this c. Hephaestus i. Vulcan ii. Some accounts, he is the child of Hera alone iii. Artisan and blacksmith iv. Workshop Said to be in various places 1. Olympus v. God of Fire including destructive fires vi. Assisted by the 3 Cyclopes to forged stuff vii. Lame from birth. Couldn t walk properly or at all. 1. Cast out of Olympus by Hera 2. OR interfered in a Zeus/Hera fight and took Hera s side. Zeus hurled him down to earth where he landed on Lemnos. d. Ares i. Mars ii. God of War iii. Thrace was his main area

iv. Greece had mixed feelings towards him 6. Aphrodite a. Venus b. Wife of Hephaestus c. Not faithful to him i. Turned to Ares for sexual ratification ii. Hephaestus makes a trap when he finds out 1. Nearly invisible chains and hangs them on the bed post above his bed 2. Ares and Aphrodite have sex in their bed and they get trapped 3. Hephaestus calls down the other gods who laugh 4. Released 5. Ares has to pay a fine. LOL iii. Union of Mars and Venus Allegory for conquest of war by love 7. Zeus mated with female Titan Mnemosyne a. 9 Muses were the children b. The muses lived in Pieria (being called the Pierides) or Mt. Helicon in Boeotia c. Created as goddesses of arts d. Calliope i. Muse of epic poetry e. Clio i. Muse of History ii. Playing of the Lyre f. Euterpe i. Muse of lyric poetry and/or tragedy ii. Playing of the flute g. Melpomene i. Muse of tragedy (major tragedy muse) h. Terpsichore i. Muse of Choral dancing i. Erato i. Muse of love poetry j. Polyhymnia i. Muse of sacred music or dancing k. Urania i. Muse of astronomy l. Thalia i. Muse of comedy 8. The three fates a. Moirai (Parcae) i. Daughters of Zeus and Phemnus ii. Daughters of Night and (gloom of Tartarus) iii. Portrayed as old women

1. Clotho a. Spinner b. Spins out the thread of life carrying the fate of each human from birth 2. Atropos a. Unflexible b. Cuts the thread (decided when the life ends) 3. Lachesis a. Measures the thread iv. Also portrayed as an abstract content as moira 1. Hierarchy of the gods a. Olympian gods a. Cult sites b. Animal sacrifice b. Chthonic gods c. Demonic d. Hades i. King of the Underworld e. Percephyny f. Hecate i. Goddess of magic g. The furies c. Nature Spirits h. Lower form of divinity i. Animate aspects of nature j. Not immortal i. Long living k. Feminine are attractive nymphs i. Nyads 1. Water, stream, lakes ii. Dryads 1. Trees d. Demigods l. Born to a god/goddess and a mortal m. Superior human n. Mortal e. Heroes o. Sometimes demigods p. Sometimes completely mortal q. Worshipped after they die with cult honors 1. Monotheism a. Zeus has always been thought the god of the gods

b. Subject to the other gods as well though c. Sometimes greek text has the singular god who would be considered Zeus d. Zenophones i. Argued that theres only 1 god ii. Stop anthropomorphism and seeing god as animals iii. God looks nothing like us 2. Inevitability of Fate a. Strong awareness of misery of human life b. man is the measure of all things i. Mortals are the arbiters of the mortal condition ii. Gods do not control our lives c. Herodotus writes about these two views i. Story 1. Solan, wise man, made political and economic reforms and then sets out to explore. Explores the Mediterranean world. Meets Croesus who is a rich powerful king. Croesus asks Solan who the happiest of human beings is. Solan says Telus, some random Athenian man. Why? Telus came from a prosperous city, prosperous himself, healthy, good children, and grandchildren. Died honorably fighting for Athens. Buried right in the place he fell on the battle field. Second happiest? Tie between two young men from Argos. Cleobus and Biton. Brothers who won prizes in athletic games. Their mother was a priestess of Hera, and one day she had to be present at the festival of Hera. The ox that was to take her didn t arrive. The sons dragged her chariot 5 miles to the festival. The citizens were amazed and praised the sons. The mother prayed to Hera for her sons to obtain the best things her sons could acquire. The sons die in their sleep in the temple of Hera. Croesus is angry. Solan explains that human life is a game of chance. You can t judge someone s life happy until their life is over so you could judge the whole thing. They have to have a good death too. Croesus was very angry. Nemesis punishes Croesus for thinking that he s the happiest. Croesus placed all of his hopes in Atys, his son. Dreamed that Atys will die struck by an iron weapon. Doesn t let his son engage in military activity and hides all weapons in the house. Adrastus wonders into the city, polluted by sin. He killed his own brother unintentionally. Looking for someone to take him in. Croesus purifies him and takes him into his palace. The Mysians (neighboring city) are dealing with a terrible boar destroying all their lands. Atys convinces his father to let him go fight the boar. Croesus gets Adrastus to tag along. Adrastus hurls his weapon at the boar, it accidentally kills Atys instead. Adrastus begs to be killed by Croesus. Gods fault and Adrastus is forgiven. Adrastus kills himself at the tomb of Atys. Same time Cyrus had been created the

Persian Empire to the east. Begins to threaten Croesus kingdom. Croesus sends offerings to Delphi. Asks the oracle what he should do. if you march against Persia, a great empire will fall The Persians attacked and capture Croesus capital. Croesus mute son speaks and Croesus is not killed. He is not killed. Croesus is placed on a pyre about to be burned alive. He then realized Salon s lesson. He is about to die a dishonorable death. Calls out the name Salon. Cyrus hears him, who re you talking about Croesus explains Salon s story. Fire has already been lit. Cyrus is feeling guilty and the gods may punish him for what he s doing. Fire is put out, almost; Croesus is saved, sort of. Calls out for the god Apollo, who sends rain, and the fire is put out. Cyrus keeps Croesus around and makes him his personal adviser. Croesus asks Apollo why he gave false advice. Apollo says you should ve asked further. Poseidon and the Sea Deities 1. Poseidon a. Neptune b. Mightiest god of the seas c. Enphritrite is his wife d. Carries a trident e. Often ferocious i. Can get very angry and very violent f. Earth shaker responsible for earthquakes g. Connecting to the sea and horses and bulls 2. Pontus a. Produced by Ge in the early stages of creation 3. Oceanus a. Titan god b. The stream of ocean around the known world c. Produced thousands of children with his wife 4. Triton a. Merman b. Blows on a conch shell c. Able to change shape at will 5. Proteus a. Old god (pre-olympian) b. Some accounts he is the son of Poseidon c. Old man of the sea d. Can foretell the future e. Can change shape at will 6. Nareus

a. Could tell the future and change his shape b. Son of pontus and Ge c. Mated with an oceanid i. Produced the Myriads (50 of them) 1. Phetus a. Destined to bear a son that will be mightier than his father b. One of the most famous weddings in mythological history 2. Galitea a. Lives in Sicily b. Falls in love with an immortal Acis (son of a sea nymph and the grandson of a sea god) c. Polithemis loves Galitea. Son of Poseidon. He d sit on a cliff singing songs to her d. Polithemis becomes jealous i. Hits Acis with a rock. ii. Doesn t die e. Galitea helps Acis become a sea god 3. Enphritite a. Resistant to Poseidon at first 4. Resemble mermaids, can change shape. 7. Cyla a. Becomes a sea monster from some sort of jealousy 8. Descendents of pontus and ge a. Thaomus i. Produced Iris and the harpies ii. Iris is the goddess of the rainbow 1. Fleet footer 2. messenger of the gods iii. Harpies 1. strong winds 2. Later, represented as birdlike creatures with the heads of women iv. Phorcys mates with his sister 1. Graeae a. 3 sisters personification of old age b. Beautiful but only had 1 eye and one tooth that they shared 2. Gorgons a. 3 of them as well b. Hair full of snakes c. Medusa is the most famous 3. Ladon a. Dragon

Athena 1. Hesiod s Theogony says that Zeus swallowed one of his consorts (metis) after she became pregnant. a. Zeus then gives birth b. THROUGH HIS FOREHEAD! i. Important because it represents traits of her 1. Goddess of wisdom so she was born from the head, by the brain 2. Close relationship with Zeus 3. Quite masculine a. Champion of heroes b. Goddess of warfare 2. Athena a. Virgin goddess b. Suit of armor, sword and shield (aegis) c. Depicted alongside Nike d. Victorious war goddess i. Athena Nike e. Associated with weaving and wisdom i. Owl is one of her symbols f. Credited with the invention of the flute i. Perseus kills medusa. Her surviving sisters lament her death. Athena, hearing this sound, invented the flute inspired by this sound. Shes vain but she doesn t like it cuz her face gets distorted when she plays. A satyr (Marseys) picks up the flute. Becomes so good at playing it, he challenges Apollo to a musical challenge. g. Along with Apollo, these two represent a new generation of gods h. Long ago, Athena and Poseidon fight for control over the city now known as Athens. Poseidon strikes a rock with his trident and either produced a salt spring or it made a horse (depending on the account.) Athena then brings forth an olive tree by striking the ground with her spear. Athena wins. The olive was very important to the Greek. Poseidon was not happy to lose. He was still worshipped in Athens. Worshipped alongside a hero. Erecthyus. i. Parthenon i. Temple to Athena ii. Means virgin iii. Built to celebrate the triumph over the Persians. iv. Phitius created the sculpting program v. East Pediment 1. Depicts the birth of Athena vi. West Pediment 1. Contest between Athena and Poseidon

vii. 92 metapes 1. Small relief sculptures on the side of the building 2. Subjects are mythological 3. Reinforced the idea of the greeks triumphing over the Persians viii. Running along the outer wall of the inner part of the temple 1. Sculptural freeze a. Depicts the panathenaic procession b. Celebrates the birthday of Athena i. All members of the city participate ii. Ends with the presentation of a great robe to the priestess of Athena ix. 38ft statue of Athena 1. Right hand (Nike) j. Tritogeneia i. Name relates to her connection with Triton ii. By some accounts, she was raised by triton iii. Pallace was tritons daughter who used to play with Athena 1. One day they got in a fight (play war) 2. When Pallace was about to strike Athena, zeus intervened. 3. Athena then wounded and killed Pallace a. Feelsbadman.jpg b. Makes wooden statue of her (Palladium) i. Later falls down to earth into the territory of the Trojans c. Takes on Pallace as a nickname for herself (Pallace Athena) k. Athena and arachne i. Shows importance of Athena as the patronage of household work ii. Arachne was a mortal girl who was born poor iii. Good at spinning at weaving 1. Athena learns about this, becomes jealous 2. Determined to destroy her iv. Arachne challenges Athena (Minerva) Aphrodite and Eros 1. 2 Different accounts in Aphrodite s birth a. Aphrodite Urania i. Arose from sea foam from the severed genitals of Uranus ii. Was considered the goddess of pure love 1. Physical AND spiritual satisfaction b. Aphrodite Pandemos i. Daughter of Zeus and Dione ii. Names means Aphrodite of the People

2. 3.

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6.

iii. Goddess of sex and appropriation of children c. Usually just conceived as one goddess i. Love, Beauty, and Marriage ii. Respectable love The three Charites a. Personification of charm, grace The Horae a. Mean hours or seasons b. Number of horae varies depending on account c. Represent the attractive attributes of each time of year Priapus a. Son of Aphrodite b. Guardian symbol c. Fertility god d. Stories of him are rather obscene Pygmalion a. Ovid s Metamorphoses b. Venus gets angry because her cult site is at Cyprus and the women there deny Venus god status. Makes them prostitutes. c. Pygmalion didn t want these prostitutes so he sculpted his own wife statue. d. He goes home to find the statue brought to life. Venus resides over the wedding. e. They have a son Paphos i. Has a son named Cinyras 1. Has a daughter named Myrrha a. Myrrha falls madly in love with her father b. Sneaks into his bed at night c. They sleep together for a while d. One day, he finds out, and she flees. e. Turned into a Myrrh tree by the gods. f. Got pregnant from her father and gave birth as a tree to Adonis i. Aphrodite falls in love with him ii. He s a hunter. Gets gored by a boar. iii. From his blood, Aphrodite proclaims, the flower Anemone blooms. iv. Different version 1. As an infant, Aphrodite put Adonis in a chest 2. She gives the chest to Percephyny who then wants to keep him to herself. 3. A deal is made where Adonis would live half of the year in the underworld, and the other half with Aphrodite Cybele and Atys

a. Cybele was born both male and female but after being castrated, she became all woman. The severed genitals become an almond tree. b. Nana, the daughter of a sea god, takes a bloom, puts it away, and becomes pregnant. c. Atys is born. Cybele falls madly in love with Atys who is then driven mad and castrates himself. Cybele s wish that Atys body never decay is granted by Zeus. d. Galli s priests are castrated in relation to this myth. 7. Aphrodite and Anchises a. Zeus makes them fall in love. b. She seduces Anchises by claiming that she s actually a mortal. They sleep together, and the next morning, she tells him she s a goddess. c. Anchises is terrified because no man preserves all of his strength after sleeping with a goddess. Aphrodite tells him that he s going to have a son who will be amazing. 8. Eros a. Male form of Aphrodite b. Birth i. Hesiod 1. came out of Chaos 2. Attended Aphrodite after she rose from the sea foam ii. Other 1. Son of Aphrodite and Ares c. Depicted as a young and handsome god of love d. Roman Cupid i. Cupid and Psyche 1. Apuleius Metamorphoses a. Novel is mostly about a man turning into a donkey b. Brief story of cupid and psyche i. Once upon a time, a king and a queen have three daughters. One being Psyche. She s so beautiful that Venus becomes jealous. She orders cupid to make Psyche fall in love with the vilest man possible. Cupid saves her from this fate and falls in love with her himself. Has her transported to this magnificent palace where they would be together. They do this at night where she can t see him. The jealous sisters tell her that she may be sleeping with a monster. She takes a lamp while he s sleeping, and finds its cupid. He gets startled and flies away; she tries to hold on to his legs. Falls. Survives. Tries to kill herself, fails. Manages to convince her sisters to commit suicide. Cupid tells Aphrodite what has happened. Aphrodite punishes Psyche. Sets 4 seemingly impossible tasks. 1. Sort out a vast heap of a variety of grains. Done.

2. Obtain the wool from a dangerous sheep that has thick Golden Fleece. Done. 3. Climb to the top of a tall mountain, face a dragon, and collect some dark water from a stream that fed into the underworld. Done. 4. Go down to the underworld; get from Percephyny, a box containing a fragment from Percephyny s beauty. The box contains this kind of sleep. Cupid rescues psyche and warns her of the dangers of being so curious. She escapes. 5. Psyche becomes immortal and Cupid and Psyche are married. 6. They had a daughter named Voluptas. e. Associated with male homoeroticism f. Plato s Symposium i. Each guest at the symposium gives a speech about Eros. 1. Speech of Aristophanes a. Tells a comic myth. b. Male Male, Female Female, and Male Female beings. c. One day, Zeus is angered and cuts them in half. From here on out these humans search for their other half. 2. Speech of Socrates a. He learned about Eros from Diotima. b. He is neither good nor bad, god nor mortal, beautiful nor ugly. c. Can t have what he desires. d. This Eros should inspire us to seek out the highest form of love. i. Begin by loving the physical beauty ii. Appreciate beauty in general iii. Beauty of the soul is more important than the beauty of the body iv. This becomes known as Platonic love. 1. Not physical, but emotional and spiritual gratification. 9. Sappho a. Poet from the island of Lesbos b. In a particular poem, she begs Aphrodite to win back a female lover for her.

Chapter 12: Hermes 1. Homeric Hymn to Hermes a. Zeus had sex in a cave with a nymph named Maia i. Maia was a deity ii. She bears a child named Hermes (Mercury) b. Hermes was born at dawn. Midday, he was playing the lyre. c. As soon as he is born, he leaves the cave and encounters a tortoise, brings it in the cave. Cuts it up and hollows out the shell. Creates the first 7-string lyre. d. Soon, he gets hungry and wants meat. Devises a plan to steal Apollo s cattle. 50 of them. Clever plan, he steals the 50 cattle and makes them walk backwards and he wears special sandals. He tells an old man who spots him and tells him not to tell. e. The old man tells Apollo the next day. He threatens Hermes. He takes him to Zeus and Zeus tells Hermes to take Apollo to the cave where the cattle are. Upon reaching the cave, Hermes plays a song on his lyre. Apollo, being impressed, let s Hermes keep the cattle. Hermes gives the lyre to Apollo after Apollo gives him immortality. Hermes makes a pan flute; Apollo gives him a whip (the god of cattle herding now). f. Zeus declares that he will be the messenger to Hades 2. Hermes + Aphrodite a. Hermaphroditus i. Ovid s Metamorphoses 1. After he was born, brought to a cave by nymphs in modern day turkey. 2. At 15, he leaves to wander unknown lands. Comes upon a pool of water which is inhabited by a nymph. Salmacis. She was not attached to Diana and refused to hunt. Stayed in the pool. 3. She sees Hermaphroditus and immediately falls in love. Hermaphroditus is blushing and threatens to leave. Salmacis says she s gonna leave and let Hermaphroditus take the pool. Salmacis just hides behind a bush until he dives in the pool naked. She follows. She prays that the two never be separated. Their two bodies become one. He is now a hermaphrodite. 4. Hermaphrodites now take a large part in art. 3. Nature of the god Hermes and his Worship a. Clever trickster like Prometheus but also very similar to Apollo. b. Patron god of teenage boys. c. Best known as the messenger of the gods. Conveys messages from Zeus. Commonly shown as a messenger obviously. i. Petasus Broad-brimmed hat. Travelling hat. ii. Talaria Special sandals. Wings on them. iii. Caduceus Herald s staff. Sometimes entwined with two snakes. d. God of travelers and roads. e. Guide of souls to the underworld.

i. Psychopompus 1. Soul Someone who leads (leader of souls) f. God of magic? i. Thoth Egyptian god ii. Trismegistus g. Argeiophontes i. He gets this title after he kills the hundred eyed giant. Ch 13 1. Dionysus a. Bacchus b. Zeus, disguised as a mortal fell in love with a mortal, Semele. i. They mate. ii. Then hera find out and zeus then mates with semele in his true form which burns her, he saves the baby and gives birth to it through his thigh iii. Ino (semele s sister) raises the child. c. Dionysus Zagreus i. Zeus and Persephone ii. Titans dismembered the baby iii. All but the heart and zeus brings the baby back iv. Since we all spring from the ash of the titans, we get the divine soul because the titans at a god. d. Comes from east to Greece. i. Brought happiness to anyone who accepted him but grief and sadness to anyone who denied him. e. God of the vine and the consumption of wine f. Omophagy i. Consuming the raw flesh of a sacrificial animal g. Thiasus i. Band of worshippers ii. Divided into groups 1. Usually a male leader in these groups h. Bacchae (Maenads) i. Mortal women who became possessed by the god as they were worshipping him. ii. Mythological counterpart is the Satyr 1. Sileni a. Older satyrs iii. Carry a pole called a Thyrsus 1. Pole with an ivy/vine leaf wreath around it. 2. Pointed at the top to hold a pinecone

3. Can be used as a weapon but also has a magic power i. Euripedes Bacchae i. Dionysus comes angrily to Thebes. Angry because his mother s sisters claimed that he was not the son of Zeus but instead some mortal man. He wants to prove he is really a god and to vindicate his mother s honor. Comes to thebes disguised as a mortal. The fact that he is in Thebes puts the women into trances or something. They become possessed. They do this on Mt. Cithaeron. Cadmus accepts Dionysus but the new king, Pentheus does not. He wants to arrest all women who are doing this and he wants to get rid of Dionysus but doesn t know that he is disguised as a foreigner. j. Another story i. Dionysus comes to Athens and is warmly greeted by Icarius and Dionysus gives him wine. They ve never had wine. In a drunken stupor, the city kills Icarius believing they ve been poison. ii. His daughter, Erigone finds her father dead and hangs herself. iii. The city is plagued for killing this man. k. Homeric Hymn to Dionysus i. Pirates find him and try to capture him thinking he s the son of a king. ii. Nothing is working. iii. Dionysus makes miracles appear in front of the sailors/pirates. 1. Wine flows through the ship. 2. A vine magically grows and wraps itself around the ship. iv. They tell the helmsman to sail the ship to land. v. Dionysus eats the captain. vi. The sailors jump into the sea and become dolphins vii. Dionysus saves the helmsman. 2. Pan a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. A lot in common with Dionysus Looks like a Satyr Part man, horns and ears and legs of a goat. Joins in Dionysus rituals Mother of pan was a nymph Sometimes the father is hermes, sometimes Apollo. Live in the mountains of Arcadia Often accompanied by people who dance to his pan pipe. Pitys i. Pursues her and she is turned into a pine tree. Syrinx i. She was devoted to artemis ii. Pan chases after her trying to seduce her iii. She runs from the advances of pan and is transformed into a bed of marsh reeds

1. The wind blew through these reeds and made a beautiful sound and inspires Pan to make the pan pipe. k. Echo i. Ran away from Pan ii. Pan spread such madness and panic among a group of shepherds that they tore echo to pieces and only her voice remained. iii. Love for Narcissus 1. Ovid s story a. Echo is a lovely nymph, very chatty. b. One day, she detains Juno because she knows that Jupiter is sleeping with other nymphs. Juno finds out and punishes Echo by having her have a limitation to her voice. She could only repeat final words spoken by others (hence echo). c. Narcissus was a boy born to the river god Cephisus and the nymph Lirope. He was beautiful. Lirope asks a prophet Tiresias if he would come to a ripe old age. The prophet answers vaguely. d. When he is 16 EVERYONE is in love with him, including men. This man prays to the gods that the person that Narcissus loves he will not be able to get. e. Echo sees him in the woods and falls in love but could not say a word because she cannot begin conversation. She is rejected and literally wastes away until she is just a voice. 2. He falls in love with his own reflection -______Demeter and the Eleusinian Mysteries 1. Homeric Hymn to Demeter a. Demeter (Ceres) i. Her daughter Persephone (Proserpina or Kore) whose father is Zeus ii. Both are associated with grain. iii. Persephone is carried off to the underworld by Hades. iv. While Demeter is wandering searching and mourning for her daughter, she disguises herself as an old mortal woman she arrives at Eleusis and rests near the Maiden Well. 1. The four daughters of Celeus and Metaneira find her. 2. Her story: Name is Doso. Capture by pirates and escaped. No idea where I am now. I d like to find some work or something. 3. She is hired as a Nanny. 4. Iambe, another servant, is the only person to make Demeter laugh. Jokes. 5. Kykeon Water, Mint, and Barley meal drink.

v. Causes the human race to suffer because she is suffering. Stops crops for a whole year. Zeus orders her to rejoin the company of the gods. Demeter refuses until she can see Persephone again. vi. Eleusinian Mysteries 1. Very secretive vii. Plutus sent to earth by Demeter and Persephone viii. Triptolemus 1. Messenger of Demeter 2. Travels around in a magical chariot drawn by dragons