ACCOUNTING STANDARDS.

Accounting Standard (AS) 1

(Issued 1979)

Disclosure of Accounting Policies

The following is the text of the Accounting Standard (AS) 1 issued by the Accounting Standards Board, the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India on Disclosure of Accounting Policies. The Standard deals with the disclosure of significant accounting policies followed in preparing and presenting financial statements. The following have been generally accepted as fundamental accounting Assumptions: a. Going Concern The enterprise is normally viewed as a going concern, that is, as continuing in operation for the foreseeable future. It is assumed that the enterprise has neither the intention nor the necessity of liquidation or of curtailing materially the scale of the operations. b. Consistency It is assumed that accounting policies are consistent from one period to another. c. Accrual Revenues and costs are accrued, that is, recognised as they are earned or incurred (and not as money is received or paid) and recorded in the financial statements of the periods to which they relate. (The considerations affecting the process of matching costs with revenues under the accrual assumption Are not dealt with in this Statement.

Accounting Standard (AS) 2

(revised 1999)

Valuation of Inventories
1. This Statement should be applied in accounting for inventories other than: 48 AS 2 (revised 1999) (a) work in progress arising under construction contracts, including directly related service contracts (see Accounting Standard (AS) 7, Accounting for Construction Contracts3); (b) work in progress arising in the ordinary course of business of service providers; (c) shares, debentures and other financial instruments held as stock-in-trade; and (d) producers inventories of livestock, agricultural and forestproducts, and mineral oils, ores and gases to the extent that they are measured at net realisable value in accordance. 2. The inventories referred to in paragraph 1 (d) aremeasured at net realisable value at certain stages of production. This occurs, for example, when agricultural crops have been harvested or mineral oils, ores and gases have been extracted and sale is assured under a forward contract or a government guarantee, orwhen ahomogenousmarket exists and there is a negligible risk of failure to sell.These inventories are excluded fromthe scope of this Statement..

Measurement of Inventories
5. Inventories should be valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost of Inventories

6. The cost of inventories should comprise all costs of purchase, costs of conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.

Costs of Purchase

7. The costs of purchase consist of the purchase price including duties and taxes (other than those subsequently recoverable by the enterprise from the taxing authorities), freight inwards and other expenditure directly attributable to the acquisition. Trade discounts, rebates, duty drawbacks and other similar items are deducted in determining the costs of purchase. Costs of Conversion 8. The costs of conversion of inventories include costs directly related to the units of production, such as direct labour. They also include a systematic allocation of fixed and variable production overheads that are incurred in converting materials into finished goods. Fixed production overheads are those indirect costs of production that remain relatively constant regardless of the volume of production, such as depreciation and maintenance of factory buildings and the cost of factory management and administration. Variable production overheads are those indirect costs of production that vary directly, or nearly directly, with the volume of production, such as indirect materials and indirect labour.

Accounting Standard (AS) 3

(revised 1997)

Cash Flow Statements

Accounting Standard (AS) 3, Cash Flow Statements (revised 1997), issued by the Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, comes into effect in respect of accounting periods commencing on or after 1-4-1997. This Standard supersedes Accounting Standard (AS) 3, Changes in Financial Position, issued in June 1981. This Standard is mandatory in nature2 in respect of accounting periods commencing on or after 1-4-20043 for the enterprises which fall in any one or more of the following categories, at any time during the accounting period: (i) Enterprises whose equity or debt securities are listed whether in India or outside India. AS 3 was originally made mandatory in respect of accounting periods commencing on or after 1-4-2001, for the following: (i) Enterprises whose equity or debt securities are listed on a recognised stock exchange in India, and enterprises that are in the process of issuing equity or debt securities that will be listed on a recognised stock exchange in India as evidenced by the board of directors resolution in this regard. (ii) All other commercial, industrial and business reporting enterprises, whose turnover for the accounting period exceeds Rs. 50 crores. Scope 1. An enterprise should prepare a cash flow statement and should present it for each period for which financial statements are presented. 2. Users of an enterprises financial statements are interested in how the enterprise generates and uses cash and cash equivalents. This is the case regardless of the nature of the enterprises activities and irrespective of whether cash can be viewed as the product of the enterprise, as may be the case with a financial enterprise. Enterprises need cash for essentially the same reasons, however different their principal revenue-producing activities might be.They need cash to conduct their operations, to paytheir obligations, and to provide returns to their investors.

Accounting Standard (AS) 4

(revised 1995)

Contingencies and Events Occurring After the Balance Sheet Date

The following is the text of the revised Accounting Standard (AS) 4,Contingencies and Events Occurring After the Balance Sheet Date, issued by the Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India. This revised standard comes into effect in respect of accounting periods commencing on or after 1.4.1995 and is mandatory in nature.3 It is clarified that in respect of accounting periods commencing on a date prior to 1.4.1995, Accounting Standard 4 as originally issued in November 1982 (and subsequently made mandatory) applies. The amount of a contingent loss should be provided for by a charge in the statement of profit and loss if: (a) it is probable that future events will confirm that, after taking into account any related probable recovery, an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred as at the balance sheet date, and (b) a reasonable estimate of the amount of the resulting loss can be made. 11. The existence of a contingent loss should be disclosed in the financial statements if either of the conditions in paragraph 10 is not met, unless the possibility of a loss is remote. 12. Contingent gains should not be recognised in the financial statements. Events Occurring after the Balance Sheet Date 13. Assets and liabilities should be adjusted for events occurring after the balance sheet date that provide additional evidence to assist the estimation of amounts relating to conditions existing at the balance sheet date or that indicate that the fundamental accounting assumption of going concern (i.e., the continuance of existence or substratum of the enterprise) is not appropriate. 14. Dividends stated to be in respect of the period covered by the financial statements, which are proposed or declared by the enterprise after the balance sheet date but before approval of the financial statements, should be adjusted. 15. Disclosure should be made in the report of the approving authority of those events occurring after the balance sheet date that represent material changes and commitments affecting the financial position of the enterprise. 16. If disclosure of contingencies is required by paragraph 11 of this Statement, the following information should be provided: (a) the nature of the contingency; (b) the uncertainties which may affect the future outcome; (c) an estimate of the financial effect, or a statement that such an estimate cannot be made. 17. If disclosure of events occurring after the balance sheet date in the report of the approving authority is required by paragraph 15 of this Statement, the following information should be provided: (a) the nature of the event; (b) an estimate of the financial effect, or a statement that such an estimate cannot be made.

Accounting Standard (AS) 5

(revised 1997)

Net Profit or Loss for the Period, Prior Period Items and Changes in Accounting Policies
The objective of this Statement is to prescribe the classification and disclosure of certain items in the statement of profit and loss so that all enterprises prepare and present such a statement on a uniform basis. This enhances the comparability of the financial statements of an enterprise over time and with the financial statements of other enterprises. Accordingly, this Statement requires the classification and disclosure of extraordinary and prior period items, and the disclosure of certain items within profit or loss from ordinary activities. It also specifies the accounting treatment for changes in accounting estimates and the disclosures to bemade in the financial statements regarding changes in accounting policies.

Accounting Standard (AS) 6

(revised 1994)

Depreciation Accounting
The following is the text of the revised Accounting Standard (AS) 6, Depreciation Accounting, issued by the Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India. 1. This Statement deals with depreciation accounting and applies to all depreciable assets, except the following items to which special considerations apply: (i) forests, plantations and similar regenerative natural resources; (ii) wasting assets including expenditure on the exploration for and extraction ofminerals, oils, natural gas and similar non-regenerative resources; (iii) expenditure on research and development; (iv) goodwill; (v) live stock. This statement also does not apply to land unless it has a limited useful life for the enterprise. 2. Different accounting policies for depreciation are adopted by different enterprises. Disclosure of accounting policies for depreciation followed by an enterprise is necessary to appreciate the view presented in the financial statements of the enterprise.

Accounting Standard (AS) 7

(revised 2002)

Construction Contracts
Accounting Standard (AS) 7, Construction Contracts (revised 2002), issued by the Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, comes into effect in respect of all contracts entered into during accounting periods commencing on or after 1-4-2003 and is mandatory in nature2from that date. Accordingly, Accounting Standard (AS) 7, Accounting for Construction Contracts, issued by the Institute in December 1983, is not applicable in respect of such contracts. Early application of this Standard is, however, encouraged.

Accounting Standard (AS) 8

(revised 2002)

Accounting for Research and Development

Accounting Standard (AS) 8, Accounting for Research and Development, is withdrawn from the date of AS 26, Intangible Assets, becoming mandatory for respective enterprises. AS 26 is published elsewhere in this Compendium.

Accounting Standard (AS) 9

(issued 1985)

Revenue Recognition
The following is the text of the Accounting Standard (AS) 9 issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India on Revenue Recognition.2 In the initial years, this accounting standard will be recommendatory in character. During this period, this standard is recommended for use by companies listed on a recognised stock exchange and other large commercial, industrial and business enterprises in the public and private sectors.3

1. This Statement deals with the bases for recognition of revenue in the statement of profit and loss of an enterprise. The Statement is concerned with the recognition of revenue arising in the course of the ordinary activities of the enterprise from the sale of goods

Accounting Standard (AS) 10

(issued 1985)

Accounting for Fixed Assets

The following is the text of theAccounting Standard (AS) 10 issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India on Accounting for Fixed Assets. Fair market value is the price that would be agreed to in an open and unrestricted market between knowledgeable and willing parties dealing at arms length who are fully informed and are not under any compulsion to transact. 6.3 Gross book value of a fixed asset is its historical cost or other amount substituted for historical cost in the books of account or financial statements. When this amount is shown net of accumulated depreciation, it is termed as net book value.

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Accounting Standard (AS) 11

(revised 2003)

The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates

Accounting Standard (AS) 11, The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates (revised 2003), issued by the Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, comes into effect in respect of accounting periods commencing on or after 1-4-2004 and is mandatory in nature2 from that date. The revised Standard supersedes Accounting Standard (AS) 11, Accounting for the Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates (1994), except that in respect of accounting for transactions in foreign currencies entered into by the reporting enterprise itself or through its branches before the date this Standard comes into effect, AS 11 (1994) will continue to be applicable. The following is the text of the revised Accounting Standard.

Accounting Standard (AS) 12

(issued 1991)

Accounting for Government Grants

The following is the text of theAccounting Standard (AS) 12 issued by theCouncilof the Institute ofCharteredAccountants of India on Accounting for Government Grants. The Standard comes into effect in respect of accounting periods commencing on or after 1.4.1992 and will be recommendatory in nature for an initial period of two years.Accordingly, theGuidanceNote on Accounting for CapitalBasedGrants issued by the Institute in 1981 shall standwithdrawn from this date. This Standard will become mandatory in respect of accounts for periods commencing on or after 1.4.1994.2

Accounting Standard (AS) 13

(issued 1993)

Accounting for Investments

The following is the text of Accounting Standard (AS) 13, Accounting for Investments, issued by the Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India. 1. This Statement deals with accounting for investments in the financial statements of enterprises and related disclosure requirements.3 2. This Statement does not deal with: (a) the bases for recognition of interest, dividends and rentals earned on investments which are covered by Accounting Standard 9 on Revenue Recognition; (b) operating or finance leases; (c) investments of retirement benefit plans and life insurance enterprises; and (d) mutual funds and venture capital funds4 and/or the related asset management companies, banks and public financial institutions formed under a Central or State Government Act or so declared under the Companies Act, 1956.

Accounting Standard (AS) 14

(issued 1994)

Accounting for Amalgamations

1. This statement deals with accounting for amalgamations and the treatment of any resultant goodwill or reserves. This statement is directed principally to companies although some of its requirements also apply to financial statements of other enterprises. 2. This statement does not deal with cases of acquisitions which arise when there is a purchase by one company (referred to as the acquiring of the whole or part of the shares, or the whole or part of the assets, of another company (referred to as the acquired company) inconsideration for payment in cash or by issue of shares or other securities in the acquiring company or partly in one form and partly in the other. The distinguishing feature of an acquisition is that the acquired company is not dissolved and its separate entity continues to exist.

Accounting Standard (AS) 15

(revised 2005)

Employee Benefits
Accounting Standard (AS) 15, Employee Benefits (revised 2005), issued by the Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, comes into effect in respect of accounting periods commencing on or after April 1, 2006 and is mandatory in nature2 from that date: (a) in its entirety, for the enterprises which fall in any one or more of the following categories, at any time during the accounting period: (i) Enterprises whose equity or debt securities are listed whether in India or outside India. (ii) Enterprises which are in the process of listing their equity or debt securities as evidenced by the board of directors resolution in this regard. (iii) Banks including co-operative banks. (iv) Financial institutions. (v) Enterprises carrying on insurance business. (vi) All commercial, industrial and business reporting enterprises, whose turnover for the immediately preceding accountingperiod on the basis of audited financial statements exceedsRs. 50 crore. Turnover does not include other income. (vii) All commercial, industrial and business reporting enterprises having borrowings, including public deposits, in excess of Rs. 10 crore at any time during the accounting period. (viii) Holding and subsidiary enterprises of any one of the above at any time during the accounting period.

Accounting Standard (AS) 15

(issued 1995)

Accounting for Retirement Benefits in the Financial Statements of Employers

1. This Statement deals with accounting for retirement benefits in the financial statements of employers. 2. Retirement benefits usually consist of: (a) Provident fund (b) Superannuation/pension (c) Gratuity (d) Leave encashment benefit on retirement

(e) Post-retirement health and welfare schemes (f) Other retirement benefits.

Accounting Standard (AS) 16

(issued 2000)

Borrowing Costs
Objective
The objective of this Statement is to prescribe the accounting treatment for borrowing costs.

Scope
1. This Statement should be applied in accounting for borrowing costs. 2. This Statement does not deal with the actual or imputed cost of owners equity, including preference share capital not classified as a liability. 3. Borrowing costs may include: (a) interest and commitment charges on bank borrowings and other short-term and long-term borrowings; (b) amortisation of discounts or premiums relating to borrowings; (c) amortisation of ancillary costs incurred in connection with the arrangement of borrowings; (d) finance charges in respect of assets acquired under finance leases or under other similar arrangements; and (e) exchange differences arising from foreign currency borrowings to the extent that they are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs4

Accounting Standard (AS) 17

(issued 2000)

Segment Reporting
Accounting Standard (AS) 17, Segment Reporting, issued by the Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, comes into effect in respect of accounting periods commencing on or after 1.4.2001. This Standard is mandatory in nature2 in respect of accounting periods commencing on or after 1-4-20043 for the enterprises which fall in any one ormore of the following categories, at any time during the accounting period: (i) Enterprises whose equity or debt securities are listed whether in India or outside India. (ii) Enterprises which are in the process of listing their equity or debt securities as evidenced by the board of directors resolution in this regard. (iii) Banks including co-operative banks. (iv) Financial institutions. (v) Enterprises carrying on insurance business.

(vi) All commercial, industrial and business reporting enterprises, whose turnover for the immediately preceding accounting period on the basis of audited financial statements exceeds Rs. 50 crore. Turnover does not include other income. (vii) All commercial, industrial and business reporting enterprises having borrowings, including public deposits, in excess ofRs. 10 crore at any time during the accounting period. (viii) Holding and subsidiary enterprises of any one of the above at any time during the accounting period. The enterprises which do not fall in any of the above categories are not required to apply this Standard.

Accounting Standard (AS) 18

(issued 2000)

Related Party Disclosures

Accounting Standard (AS) 18, Related Party Disclosures, issued by the Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, comes into effect in respect of accounting periods commencing on or after 1-4-2001. This Standard ismandatory in nature2 in respectof accountingperiods commencing on or after 1-4-20043 for the enterprises which fall in any one or more of the following categories, at any time during the accounting period: (i) Enterprises whose equity or debt securities are listed whether in India or outside India. (ii) Enterprises which are in the process of listing their equity or debt securities as evidenced by the board of directors resolution in this regard. (iii) Banks including co-operative banks. (iv) Financial institutions. (v) Enterprises carrying on insurance business. (vi) All commercial, industrial and business reporting enterprises, whose turnover for the immediately preceding accounting period on the basis of audited financial statements exceeds Rs. 50 crore. Turnover does not include other income. (vii) All commercial, industrial and business reporting enterprises having borrowings, including public deposits, in excess ofRs. 10 crore at any time during the accounting period. (viii) Holding and subsidiary enterprises of any one of the above at any time during the accounting period. The enterprises which do not fall in any of the above categories are not required to apply this Standard.

Accounting Standard (AS) 19

(issued 2001)

Leases
Accounting Standard (AS) 19, Leases, issued by the Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, comes into effect in respect of all assets leased during accounting periods commencing on or after 1.4.2001 and is mandatory in nature2 from that date. Accordingly, the Guidance Note on Accounting for Leases issued by the Institute in 1995, is not applicable in respect of such assets. Earlier application of this Standard is, however, encouraged. In respect of accounting periods commencing on or after 1-4-20043 , an enterprise which does not fall in any of the following categories need not disclose the information required by paragraphs 22(c), (e) and (f); 25(a), (b) and (e); 37(a), (f) and (g); and 46(b), (d) and (e), of this Standard: (i) Enterprises whose equity or debt securities are listed whether in India or outside India. (ii) Enterprises which are in the process of listing their equity or debt securities as evidenced by the board of directors resolution in this regard. (iii) Banks including co-operative banks. (iv) Financial institutions. (v) Enterprises carrying on insurance business.

(vi) All commercial, industrial and business reporting enterprises, whose turnover for the immediately preceding accounting period on the basis of audited financial statements exceeds Rs. 50 crore. Turnover does not include other income.

(vii) All commercial, industrial and business reporting enterprises having borrowings, including public deposits, in excess ofRs. 10 crore at any time during the accounting period. (viii) Holding and subsidiary enterprises of any one of the above at any time during the accounting period. In respect of an enterprise which falls in any one or more of the above categories, at any time during the accounting period, the Standard is applicable in its entirety.

Accounting Standard (AS) 20 (issued 2001) Earnings Per Share

Accounting Standard (AS) 20, Earnings Per Share, issued by the Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, comes into effect in respect of accounting periods commencing on or after 1-4-2001 and is mandatory in nature2 from that date, in respect of enterprises whose equity shares or potential equity shares are listed on a recognised stock exchange in India.

Objective
The objective of this Statement is to prescribe principles for the determination and presentation of earnings per share which will improve comparison of performance among different enterprises for the same period and among different accounting periods for the same enterprise. The focus of this Statement is on the denominator of the earnings per share calculation. Even though earnings per share data has limitations because of different accounting policies used for determining earnings, a consistently determined denominator enhances the quality of financial reporting.

Accounting Standard (AS) 21

(issued 2001)

Consolidated Financial Statements

Accounting Standard (AS) 21, Consolidated Financial Statements, issued by the Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, comes into effect in respect of accounting periods commencing on or after 1-4-2001. An enterprise that presents consolidated financial statements should prepare and present these statements in accordance with this Standard.2 The following is the text of the Accounting Standard.

Objective
The objective of this Statement is to lay down principles and procedures for preparation and presentation of consolidated financial statements. Consolidated financial statements are presented by a parent (also known as holding enterprise) to provide financial information about the economic activities of its group. These statements are intended to present financial information about a parent and its subsidiary(ies) as a single economic entity to show the economic resources controlled by the group, the obligations of the group and results the group achieves with its resources.

Accounting Standard (AS) 22

(issued 2001)

Accounting for Taxes on Income

Accounting Standard (AS) 22, Accounting for Taxes on Income, issued by the Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, comes into effect in respect of accounting periods commencing on or after 1-4-2001. It is mandatory in nature2 for: (a) All the accounting periods commencing on or after 01.04.2001, in respect of the following:

i)

Enterprises whose equity or debt securities are listed on a recognised stock exchange in India and enterprises that are in the process of issuing equity or debt securities thatwill be listed on a recognised stock exchange in India as evidenced by the board of directors resolution in this regard.

ii) All the enterprises of a group, if the parent presents consolidated financial statements and the Accounting Standard is mandatory in nature in respect of any of the enterprises of that group in terms of (i) above. (b) All the accounting periods commencing on or after 01.04.2002, in respect of companies not covered by above. (c) All the accounting periods commencing on or after 01.04.2006, in respect of all other enterprises.

Accounting Standard (AS) 23

(issued 2001)

Accounting for Investments in Associates in Consolidated Financial Statements

Accounting Standard (AS) 23, Accounting for Investments in Associates in Consolidated Financial Statements, issued by the Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, comes into effect in respect of accounting periods commencing on or after 1-4-2002. An enterprise that presents consolidated financial statements should account for investments in associates in the consolidated financial statements in accordance with this Standard.2 The following is the text of the Accounting Standard.

Objective
The objective of this Statement is to set out principles and procedures for recognising, in the consolidated financial statements, the effects of the investments in associates on the financial position and operating results of a group.
1

Accounting Standard (AS) 24

(issued 2002)

Discontinuing Operations
Accounting Standard (AS) 24, Discontinuing Operations, issued by the Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, comes into effect in respect of accounting periods commencing on or after 1.4.2004. This Standard ismandatory in nature2 in respectof accountingperiods commencing on or after 14-20043 for the enterprises which fall in any one or more of the following categories, at any time during the accounting period: Enterprises whose equity or debt securities are listed whether in India or outside India. (ii) Enterprises which are in the process of listing their equity or debt securities as evidenced by the board of directors resolution in this regard. (iii) Banks including co-operative banks. (iv) Financial institutions. (v) Enterprises carrying on insurance business. (vi) All commercial, industrial and business reporting enterprises, whose turnover for the immediately preceding accounting period on the basis of audited financial statements exceeds Rs. 50 crore. Turnover does not include other income. (vii) All commercial, industrial and business reporting enterprises having borrowings, including public deposits, in excess ofRs. 10 crore at any time during the accounting period.

(viii) Holding and subsidiary enterprises of any one of the above at any time during the accounting period. Earlier application is encouraged. The enterprises which do not fall in any of the above categories are not required to apply this Standard.

Accounting Standard (AS) 25

(issued 2002)

Interim Financial Reporting

Accounting Standard (AS) 25, 'Interim Financial Reporting', issued by the Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, comes into effect in respect of accounting periods commencing on or after 1-4-2002. If an enterprise is required or elects to prepare and present an interim financial report, it should comply with this Standard.2 The following is the text of the Accounting Standard.

Objective
The objective of this Statement is to prescribe the minimum content of an interim financial report and to prescribe the principles for recognition and measurement in a complete or condensed financial statements for an interim period. Timely and reliable interimfinancial reporting improves the ability of investors, creditors, and others to understand an enterprise's capacity to generate earnings and cash flows, its financial condition and liquidity.

Accounting Standard (AS) 26

(issued 2002)

Intangible Assets
Accounting Standard (AS) 26, 'Intangible Assets', issued by the Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, comes into effect in respect of expenditure incurred on intangible items during accounting periods commencing on or after 1-4-2003 and ismandatory in nature2 fromthat date for the following: (i) Enterprises whose equity or debt securities are listed on a recognised stock exchange in India, and enterprises that are in the process of issuing equity or debt securities that will be listed on a recognised stock exchange in India as evidenced by the board of directors' resolution in this regard. (ii) All other commercial, industrial and business reporting enterprises, whose turnover for the accounting period exceeds Rs. 50 crores.

Accounting Standard (AS) 27

(issued 2002)

Financial Reporting of Interests in Joint Ventures

Objective
The objective of this Statement is to set out principles and procedures for accounting for interests in joint ventures and reporting of joint venture assets, liabilities, income and expenses in the financial statements of venturers and investors.

Scope
1. This Statement should be applied in accounting for interests in joint ventures and the reporting of joint venture assets, liabilities, income and expenses in the financial statements of venturers and investors, regardless of the structures or forms under which the joint venture activities take place. 2. The requirements relating to accounting for joint ventures in consolidated financial statements, contained in this Statement, are applicable only where consolidated financial statements are prepared and presented by the venturer.

Accounting Standard (AS) 28

(issued 2002)

Impairment ofAssets
This Standard is mandatory in nature2 in respect of accounting periods commencing on or after: (a) 1-4-20043, for the enterprises, which fall in any one or more of the following categories, at any time during the accounting period: (i) Enterprises whose equity or debt (ii) Enterprises which are in the process of listing their equity or debt securities as evidenced by the board of directors resolution in this regard. (iii) Banks including co-operative banks. (iv) Financial institutions. (v) Enterprises carrying on insurance business. (vi) All commercial, industrial and business reporting enterprises, whose turnover for the immediately preceding accounting period on the basis of audited financial statements exceeds Rs. 50 crore. Turnover does not include other income. (vii) All commercial, industrial and business reporting enterprises having borrowings including public deposits, in excess of Rs. 10 crore at any time during the accounting period. (viii) Holding and subsidiary enterprises of any one of the above at any time during the accounting period.

Accounting Standard (AS) 29

(issued 2003)

Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets

Accounting Standard (AS) 29, Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets, issued by the Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, comes into effect in respect of accounting periods commencing on or after 1-4-2004. This Standard is mandatory in nature2 from that date: (a) in its entirety, for the enterprises which fall in any one or more of the following categories, at any time during the accounting period: (i) Enterprises whose equity or debt securities are listed whether in India or outside India. (ii) Enterprises which are in the process of listing their equity or debt securities as evidenced by the board of directors resolution in this regard. (iii) Banks including co-operative banks. (iv) Financial institutions. (v) Enterprises carrying on insurance business.

(vi) All commercial, industrial and business reporting enterprises, whose turnover for the immediately preceding accounting period on the basis of audited financial statements exceeds Rs. 50 crore. Turnover does not include other income.

(vii) All commercial, industrial and business reporting enterprises having borrowings, including public deposits, in excess of Rs. 10 crore at any time during the accounting period. (viii) Holding and subsidiary enterprises of any one of the above at any time during the accounting period.

Accounting Standard (AS) 31

Financial Instruments: Presentation

Accounting Standard (AS) 31, Financial Instruments: Presentation, issued by the Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, comes into effect in respect of accounting periods commencing on or after 1-4-2009 and will be recommendatory in nature for an initial period of two years. This Accounting Standard will become mandatory2 in respect of accounting periods commencing on or after 1-4-2011 for all commercial, industrial and business entities except to a Small and Medium-sized Entity, as defined below: (i) Whose equity or debt securities are not listed or are not in the process of listing on any stock exchange, whether in India or outside India; (ii) which is not a bank (including co-operative bank), financial institution or any entity carrying on insurance business; (iii) whose turnover (excluding other income) does not exceed rupees fifty crore in the immediately preceding accounting year; (iv) which does not have borrowings (including public deposits) in excess of rupees ten crore at any time during the immediately preceding accounting year; and (v) which is not a holding or subsidiary entity of an entity which is not a small and medium-sized entity. For the above purpose, an entity would qualify as a Small and Medium-sized Entity, if the conditions mentioned therein are satisfied as at the end of the relevant accounting period.