Symmetrical Structures

The following structures are symmetrical, with symmetrical loading, and as a result of the symmetry one would like to analyze only one half of the structure.

The same structures could have anti-symmetrical loading:

In both cases the symmetry of the structure can be used and the analysis can be restricted to a half structure. Sway structures will still stay sway structures. The sway may occur in the symmetrical loading case or in the anti-symmetrical loading case. Slope deflection equations or moment-distribution may be used to obtain the bending moments. To decide how the analysis can be restricted to one half only, it is necessary to investigate the effect of symmetry and anti-symmetry on a member AB.

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Note that in the symmetrical case B is equal in size to A but has the opposite sign, whereas in the anti-symmetrical case the signs are the same. The moments on either side of the axis will have the opposite sign in the case of symmetry and the same sign in the case of anti-symmetry. This can be seen from the slope-deflection equations:

Symmetry:
M AB = M AB M AB 2 EI AB I (2 A + B 3 AB ) + M AB L AB 2 EI AB I (2 A A 0) + M AB = L AB 2 EI AB I ( A ) + M AB = L AB

Note that with symmetry the fixed end moment at B is the negative of the fixed end moment at A. 2 EI AB I ( A + 2 B 3 AB ) + M BA L AB 2 EI AB I ( A 2 A 0) M AB M BA = L AB 2 EI AB I ( A ) M AB M BA = L AB Note that in this case the moments have the opposite sign. M BA =

Anti-symmetry:
With anti-symmetry the rotation at B is equal in sign and size to the rotation at A.

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M AB = M AB M AB

2 EI AB I (2 A + B 3 AB ) + M AB L AB 2 EI AB I (2 A + A 0) + M AB = L AB 6 EI AB I ( A ) + M AB = L AB

The fixed end moment at B is equal in size and sign in the anti-symmetrical loading case. M BA = M BA M BA 2 EI AB I ( A + 2 B 3 AB ) + M BA L AB 2 EI AB I ( A + 2 A 0) + M AB = L AB 6 EI AB I ( A ) + M AB = L AB

Note that in this case the moments have the same sign.

Example 1:
Determine the bending moment diagramme of the following symmetrical structure. Use the slope-deflection equations.

Unknowns are B and C. Use the symmetry of the structure and the loading, i.e., C = -B. Sum of the moments are B are equal to 0. MBA + MBC = 0 M BA = M BA = M BA 2 EI AB I ( A + 2 B 3 AB ) + M BA L AB

2 2 EI (0 + 2 B 0) 6 * 8 8 12 = 0,5EI B 32

M BC = M BC

2 EI (2 B B ) + 0 5 = 0,4 EI B

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MBA + MBC = 0 0,5EIB 32 + 0,4EIB = 0 B = 35,5556/EI M AB = M AB = 2 EI AB I (2 A + B 3 AB ) + M AB L AB

2 2 EI (0 + 35,5556 / EI 0) + 6 * 8 12 8 MAB = 40,889 kN.m

MDC = - 40,889 kN.m

M BA = 0,5 EI * 35,5556 / EI 32 MBA = -14,222 kN.m

MCB = 14,222 kN.m

Structure with Anti-symmetrical loading

In this case the angle C has the same sign as B. Sum of the moments are B are equal to 0. MBA + MBC = 0 M BA = M BA = M BA 2 EI AB I ( A + 2 B 3 AB ) + M BA L AB

2 2 EI (0 + 2 B 0) 6 * 8 8 12 = 0,5EI B 32

2 EI (2 B + B ) + 0 5 M BC = 1,2 EI B MBA + MBC = 0 M BC =

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0,5EIB 32 + 1,2EIB = 0 B = 18,8235/EI M AB = M AB = 2 EI AB I (2 A + B 3 AB ) + M AB L AB

2 2 EI (0 + 18,8235 / EI 0) + 6 * 8 8 12 MAB = 36,706 kN.m

MDC = 36,706 kN.m

M BA = 0,5EI *18,8235 / EI 32 MBA = -22,588 kN.m

MCB = - 22,588 kN.m

Moment distribution applied to symmetrical structures.

The stiffness of the member is defined as the moment that is required for unit rotation at the node.

For symmetrical case: k AB = 2 EI AB I (2 A + B 3 AB ) + M AB LAB

I M AB = 0, AB = 0, B = A , A = 1

k AB =

2 EI AB LAB

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For the anti-symmetrical loading case:

I M AB = 0, AB = 0, B = A , A = 1 6 EI AB k AB = LAB

Use example above. For symmetrical loading case:

M
0 AB

=M

I AB

0 I M BA = M BA

wL2 = = 32 kN .m 12 wL2 = = 32 kN .m 12 DBA = DBC = k BA 0,5 = = 0,5556 k 0,9 k BC 0,4 = = 0,4444 k 0,9

k BA = k BC = MAB

4 EI AB 4 EI = = 0,5 LAB 8 2 EI BC 2 EI = = 0,4 LBC 5 MBA 0,5556 -32,00 +17,779 -14,221 MBC 0,4444 +14,221 +14,221

+32,00 +8,890 +40,89

Use example above. For anti-symmetrical loading case:

0 I M AB = M AB = 0 I M BA = M BA

wL2 = 32 kN .m 12 wL2 = = 32 kN .m 12 DBA = DBC = k BA 0,5 = = 0,2941 k 1,7 k BC 1,2 = = 0,7059 k 1,7

k BA = k BC = MAB

4 EI AB 4 EI = = 0,5 LAB 8 6 EI BC 6 EI = = 1,2 LBC 5 MBC 0,7059 +22,589 +22,589

MBA 0,2941 +32,00 -32,00 +4,706 +9,411 +36,706 -22,589

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Loading
Most loading cases can be converted into a symmetrical loading case and an anti-symmetrical case. The following are a few examples of this type of conversion.

Example 2:
Determine the bending moment diagram of the following sway-structure.

Determine the symmetrical and anti-symmetrical loading cases. Symmetrical

Anti-symmetrical

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The deformed shape of the structure for the two loading cases is as follows:

The equivalent half structures for the two loading cases are as follows: Symmetrical loading:

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There is no sway with this structure. Anti-symmetrical loading:

In this case there will be sway. Use moment-distribution to solve for the bending moments. Distribution at B k BA = k BC = k BE = 3EI AB 3 * 3EI = = 1,125 EI LAB 8 2 EI BC 2 * 3EI = = 0,60 EI LBC 10 4 EI BE 4 * 2 EI = = 1,193EI LBE 6,708 DBA = DBC = DBE = k BA 1,125 = = 0,3856 k 2,918 k BC 0,60 = = 0,2056 k 2,918 1,193 k BE = = 0,4088 k 2,918

Initial moment M
0 BC

=M

I BC

w * L2 5 *102 = = = 41,667 kN .m 12 12

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MEB

MBE 0,4088 -17,033 -17,033

MBA 0,3856 -16,067 -16.067

-8,517 -8,517

MBC 0,2056 +41,667 -8,567 33,100

Anti-symmetrical loading: Distribution at B k BA = k BC = k BE = 3EI AB 3 * 3EI = = 1,125 EI LAB 8 6 EI BC 6 * 3EI = = 1,80 EI LBC 10 4 EI BE 4 * 2 EI = = 1,193EI LBE 6,708 DBA = DBC = DBE = k BA 1,125 = = 0,2732 k 4,118 1,80 k BC = = 0,4371 k 4,118 k BE 1,193 = = 0,2897 k 4,118

Initial moment 1 I w * L2 w * L2 5 * 52 5 * 52 0 I M BC = M BC M CB = + = + = 15,625 kN .m 2 12 24 12 24 MEB -2,263 -2,263 MBE 0,2897 -4,526 -4,526 MBA 0,2732 -4,269 -4,269 MBC 0,4371 +15,625 -6,830 +8,795

Force, P, that prevents sway: Take moments about E. VAB * 5 + P * 6 MEB + 5 * 5*5,5 VCB * 8 = 0

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VAB = VCB

M BA 4,269 = = 0,5336 kN 8 8 2 2 M BC + w * L 8,795 + 5 * 5 2 = 2 = 10,741 kN = 5 5

-0,5336 * 5 + P * 6 +2,263 + 137,5 10,741 * 8 = 0 P = -8,5278 kN Arbitrary sway of the anti-symmetrical case.

Initial moments as a result of arbitrary sway MBA:MBC:MBE:MEB 3EI AB 3EI BC 6 EI BE 6 EI BE AB : BC : BE : BE LAB LBC LBE LBE 3 * 3EI 3 * 3EI 6 * 2 EI 6 * 2 EI * 0,375 : * 0,6 : * : * 8 5 6,708 6,708

0,4219 : -1,080 : 1,789 : 1,789 8,438 : -21,60 : 35,78 : 35,78

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MEB 35,78 -3,276 32,504

MBE 0,2897 35,78 -6,552 29,228

MBA 0,2732 8,438 -6,179 2,259

MBC 0,4371 -21,60 -9,886 -31,486

Force, Q, that induces sway: Take moments about E. VAB * 5 + Q * 6 MEBVCB * 8 = 0 VAB = VCB M BA 2,259 = = 0,2824 kN 8 8 M BC 31,486 = = = 6,297 kN 5 5

0,2824 * 5 +Q * 6 32,504 - 6,297 * 8 = 0 Q = 13,578 kN P + xQ = 0

x= P 8,5278 = = 0,62806 Q 13,578

Final moments are the sum of Msymmetrical + Msway prevented + x * Marbitrary sway MEB -8,517 -2,263 20,414 +9,634 MBE -17,033 -4,526 +18,357 -3,202 MBA -16.067 -4,269 +1,419 -18,917 MBC +33,100 +8,795 -19,775 +22,120 MCB -33,100 +8,795 -19,775 -44,080 MCD +16,067 -4,269 +1,419 +13,217 MCF +17,033 -4,526 +18,357 +30,864 MFC +8,517 -2,263 +20,414 +26,668

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Example 3: Use the symmetry of the structure and determine the bending moment diagram.

Change all the nodes to hinges. s = 4, r = 4 with s + r =8 n = 5 therefore 2 x n = 10. There are thus two independent sway mechanisms. For the symmetrical loading case the half structure will be represented by the following: s = 2, r = 3 with s + r =5 n = 3 therefore 2 x n = 6. There is thus one independent sway mechanisms.

Use the slope deflection method to solve the unknowns, B and .

M AB = M BA 2 EI ( B 3 ) = (0,4 B 1,2 ) EI 5 2 EI (2 B 3 ) = (0,8 B 1,2 ) EI = 5
2 2 * 2 EI (2 B 3 * 1,25 ) + 10 * 8 = (0,8944 B + 1,677 ) EI + 53,333 8,9443 12 2 2 * 2 EI ( B 3 * 1,25 ) 10 * 8 = (0,4472 B + 1,677 ) EI 53,333 8,9443 12

M BC = M CB =

Use the equilibrium of the node B

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 M = 0 MBA + MBC = 0 (1,6944 B + 0,477 )EI = -53,333 Take moments about the momentary centre of rotation. - MAB MCB + VAB*9 + 10*8*4 = 0
V AB = M AB + M BA (1,2 B 2,4 ) EI = 5 5

(1)

(2)

Equation (2) then becomes (-0,4B + 1,2)EI + (-0,4472B 1,677)EI + 53,333 + 9/5*(1,2B 2,4)EI + 320 = 0 + 1,3128B 4,797 = -373,333/EI Use equations (1) and (3) and solve the unknown rotations. B = -49,5666/EI = 64,2614/EI
M AB M BA M BC M CB = (0,4 B 1,2 ) EI = 96,940 kN .m = (0,8 B 1,2 ) EI = 116,767 kN .m = (0,8944 B + 1,677 ) EI + 53,333 = 116,767 kN .m = (0,4472 B + 1,677 ) EI 53,333 = 32,267 kN .m

(3)

Anti-symmetrical loading case. The structure can be simplified as follows:

Change nodes to hinges, then S = 2, r = 3 s + r = 5 N=3 2 n = 6 we thus have one independent sway mechanism.

Unknowns are B and .

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M AB = M BA M BC

2 EI ( B 3 * ) = (0,4 B + 1,2 ) EI 5 2 EI (2 B 3 * ) = (0,8 B + 1,2 ) EI = 5 2 2 3 * 2 EI ( B 3 * 0) + 10 * 8 1 2 10 * 8 = 12 8,9443 12

= (0,67082 B ) EI + 80,000

MB = 0 MBA + MBC = 0 (1,47082 B + 1,2 )EI = - 80,00 forces in X direction = 0 VAB = 0

V AB = M AB + M BA (1,2 B + 2,4 ) EI = =0 5 5

(4)

(5)

Solve for B and B = -91,8674/EI = 45,93372/EI

M AB = (0,4 B + 1,2 ) EI = 18,374 kN .m M BA = (0,8 B + 1,2 ) EI = 18,374 M BC = (0,67082 B ) EI + 80,000 = 18,374

The two effects must now be added together: Type Symm Anti Final MAB -96,94 +18,37 -78,57 MBA -116,77 -18,37 -135,14 MBC +116,77 +18,37 135,14 MCB +32,27 0 32,27 MCD -32,27 0 -32,27 MDC -116,77 +18,37 -98,40 MDE MED +116,77 +96,94 -18,37 +18,37 +98,40 +115,31

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