CHAPTER I: Intoduction to Communication Systems

QUESTIONS: Practical Electrical communication began in _______ with Samuel Morse's Telegraph System. Noise communication by electrical means began with the invention of telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in _____. The time which tr5ansmitters and receivers used vacuum-tube technology. The diode tube had been invented by a) ______ in b) _____. The triode which could work as amplifier has invented by _____ in 1906. Analog voice signals contains frequency from about _____? Analog high fidelity music needs a frequency range of approximately _______? Analog video signal of television - broadcast quality needs a frequency range from dc to about ______? What are the elements of communication systems?

ANSWERS: 1837

1876 1920 a. Sir John Fleming 1904 Lee Deforest 300 Hz to 3 KHz 20 Hz to 20KHz 4.2 MHz 1. Source 2. Transmitter 3. Channel 4. Receiver 5. Destination modulated

The carrier wave will be altered, or _____, by the information signal in such a way that the information can be recovered at the destination. Information signal is also known as ______? modulating signal The frequency spectrum of information signal is often referred to baseband as _____? What states that the amount of information that can be transmitted in a given time is proportional to bandwidth for a given Hartley Law modulation scheme. What is the term used in communications that refers to the Multiplexing combination of two or more information signals? When the available frequency range is divided among the signals, FDM the process is known as _____? (Frequency Division Multiplexing) What is the alternative method for using a single communication TDM channel to send many signals is to use _____? (Time- Division Multiplexing) The available bandwidth of communication satellite is divided among a number of transmitter- receiver combination is called? transponders 30 KHz 300 KHz What is the Low Frequency? What is the Medium Frequency? 300 KHz - 3 MHz What is the High Frequency? 3 MHz - 30 MHz What is the Very High Frequency? 30 MHz - 300 MHz 300 x 10 6 m/s What is the speed of light? Any other changes in the baseband signal reflects _____? distortion What do you call of a distortion where in some of the baseband components are added to the original signal? Harmonic distortion What is the additional frequency components generated by combining the frequency components in the original signal? Intermodulation distortion What is the type of distortion where some baseband components are amplified more than others? Nonlinear Frequency response What is the type of distortion where phase shift occur between components of signal? Nonlinear Phase shift response What usually occur when more than one sugnal uses the same transmission medium, where the signals may interact with Interference each other? What do you call of the ordinary display in the oscilloscope showing amplitude on one scale and time in the other? time- domain What gives a frequency - domain representation of signal? Spectrum Analyzer A french mathematician who researched on heat conduction in 1822 _____? Joseph Fourier

QUESTIONS: Any well behave periodic waveform can be represented as a series of sine and cosine waves at multiples of its fundamentalfrequency plus sometimes dc off - set known as _____? What consist of undesired, usually random, variations that interfere with the desired signal and inhibit communication? What are the two types of noise? Which noise originates in the communication equipment? Which noise is in the property of the channel? Signals can also be descibed in? What do you call of a representation where in amplitude or power is shown in one axis and frequency is displayed on the other?

ANSWERS: Fourier Series

Noise 1.Internal Noise 2. External Noise internal noise external noise frequency - domain frequency- domain

What are the types of external noise? What noise is generated by the equipmnet that produces sparks? This noise is also known as "static noise" because lightning which is a static electricity discharges, is a principal source of this noise. This noise is less severe in less than 30 MHz. What technique is use to improve communication by simply disabling the receiver for the duration of burst? What are the other names for Extraterrestrial Noise?

1.Equipment Noise 2. Atmospheric Noise 3. Space Noise Equipment Noise Atmospheric Noise noise blanking Space Noise Cosmic Stellar Sky Noise Thermal Noise noise White noise 1. cyrogenics 2. bandwidth reduction cyrogenics root-mean-square Shot Noise Shot Noise transit time thermal noise Partition Noise Excess Noise 1. Pink Noise 1/f Noise Pink Noise High frequency a. 10 dB b. 90 dB Noise Figure Noise Factor noise temperature cascaded amplifiers

What do you call of the noise that is produced by the random motion of electrons in a cnoductor due to heat? What term is often used alone to refer to thermal noise, which is found everywhere in electronic circuitry? What is the other term for thermal noise? What are the two technique to reduce noise? What do you call of the technique to reduce noise that involves in cooling the first stage of a receiver for radio astronomy by emerging it in a liquid nitrogen? What do you mean by RMS? What noise is due to random variations in current flow in active devices such as tubes, transistors, and semiconductors diode? The name ________ describes the random arrival of electrons at the anode of a vacuum tubes. Like individual pellets or shot from shot gun. What do you call of a time a charge carrier spends in the device? What noise can be used as a substitute for _____ whenever a known level of noise is required? What noise occur only in devices where a single current separates into two or more paths? What nise is found in tubes but is a more serious problem is semiconductor and in carbon resistors and is caused by variations in carrier density? What are the other names for Excess Noise? What refers to any noise that has equal power per octave rather than per Hertz? This _____ occurs when the time taken by charges carriers to cross a junction is comparable to the period of the sign. Typical values of S/N range from about a) _____ for barely intelligible speech to b) _____ or more for compact- disc audio systems. It is a figure of merit, indicating how much a component, stage or series of stages degrades the S/N ratio of a system. What are the other names for Noise Figure? What is another way for specifying the noise performance of a device? When two or more stages of amplifier is connected it is called?

QUESTIONS: What formula showed that the contribution of that the contribution of each stage is divided by the product of the gains of all preceeding stages? Thus the effect of the first stages is usually dominant. What are the 2 general way of looking at the signals? Observation of signal in the frequency domain is a fuction of ___? What are the 4 main control of a typical swept- frequency analyzer?

ANSWERS:

Friis' Formula 1. time domain 2. frequency domain Spectrum analyzer 1. frequency control 2. span control 3. bandwidth control 4. reference level control frequency control span control tunning control bandwidth control reference level control attenuator vertical scale factor

What cotrol in a swept- frequency analyzer sets the center frequency of the swept or the frequency at which it begins? What control adjust the range of frequency on the display? What are the other names for span control? What control adjust the filter bandwidth at 3 dB points? What is the fourth major adjustment in spectrum analyzer? There will also be an adjustable _____ at the input to reduce the strong signals to a level that can be handled by the input mixer. A switch that sets the _____ isw often closely associated with the reference level control.

Electronics. Fast Forward Communications: The Future

QUESTIONS: _____ is relatively new form of radio. What was the first atificial satellite? Sputnik I was launched by Sovient Union in what year? Reliable communications via satellite really began with the launched of a) _____ b) _____ What was the first geostationary satellite? The Anik A-I was launched by Canada in what year?

ANSWERS: Satellite Communications Spuntnik I 1957 a. Intelsat b. 1965 Anik A-I 1972

Summary QUESTIONS: What are the 3 essential elements of any communication system? ANSWERS: 1. tranmitter 2. receiver 3. channel 1. noisy 2. distorted 3. with limited bandwidth modulation modulation a. amplitude b. frequency c. phase 1. time division 2.frequency- division multiplexing proportional distortion 1. time domain 2. frequency domain Fourier Series

What are the characteristics of channel?

What is necessary with many types of communication channel? In modulation some characteristics of a carrier waveforn is changed in accordance with amplitude of a lower frequency signals knows as the a) _____ , b) _____ or c) _____. What are the two systems for sharing a channel among several information signals? The amount of information can be transmitted is _____ to the time taken the channel bandwidth employed. What do you call of the change in information signal during transmission? How are signals can be represented? What can be used to find the frequency - domain representation of a periodic signals? What is the most common noise present in all communication systems?

Thermal Noise

Glossary QUESTIONS: What is the band of frequency occupied by an information signal before it modulates the carrier? What signal can be modulated by an information signal? What do you call of a path for transmission of signal? What do you call of any undesirable change in an information signal? What is a way of representing periodic function as a series of sinusoids? What do you call of a representation of a signal's power or amplitude as a function of frequency? What do you call of a process by which some characteristics of a carrier is varied by information signal? What do you call of the transmission of more than one information signal over a single signal? Any undesirable disturbances that is super imposed on a signal and obscures its information content called? What is the ratio of the input and output signal - to - noise ratios for a device? What is the equivalent temperature of a passive systen having the same noise- power output as a given system? What device is used to extract the information signal from the propagating along a channel? It is the ratio of signal to noise power at a given point in a system? What device is used for displaying signals in frequency domain? What representation of signals' amplitude as a function of time? It is the transfer of an information signal from one location to another. What device is used to convert as information signal into a form suitable for propagation along a channel? ANSWERS: baseband carrier channel distortion Fourier Series frequency domain modulation multiplexing noise noise figure noise temperature receiver signal - to -noise ratio spectrum analyzer time domain transmission transmitter

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:

dB Noise ANSWERS: decibel noise 1. unwanted

QUESTIONS: What is a means of expressing power level? What do you call any unwanted form of electrical energy, usually random or periodic in character, which tends to interfere with the proper and easy reception and reprocution of wanted signals? What are the characteristics of noise?

What are the 2 subdivision of noise? What is the noise created with in the receiver? What is the noise created outside the receiver? What are the examples of external noise?

2. electrical 3. random 4. mutilates the desired signals 1. internal 2. external internal noise external noise 1. Atmospheric Noise 2. Extraterrestrial Noise 3. Industrial Noise Atmospheric Noise Static Noise 1. Solar Noise 2. Cosmic Noise Space Noise Solar Noise 8 MHz - 1.43 GHz Cosmic Noise Thermal Noise or Blackbody

What is a noise caused by lightning discharges in thunderstorms and other natural electrinc distrubances occuring in the atmosphere. I becomes less severe at frequency of 30 MHz? What is the other name for Atmospheric Noise? What are the 2 examples of Extraterrestrial Noise? What is the other name for Atmospheric Noise? What is the noise coming from the sun? At what frequency does the Extraterrestrial Noise present? What do you call of a noise from distant stars, from our own galaxy, the milky way, from other galaxy and other virtual point sources such as quasars and pulsars? What is the other name for Cosmic Noise?

QUESTIONS: What is the noise coming from man - made sources such as aoutomobile and aircraft ignition, electric motors and switching equipment; leakages from high voltage line and multitude of other heavy electric machine? What is the other name for Industrial Noise? At what frequency does Industrial Noise present? What are the examples of Internal Noise?

ANSWERS:

Industrial Noise Man- made Noise 1-600 MHz 1. Thermal Agitation Noise 2. Shot Noise 3. Miscelallaneous Noise 1. White Noise 2. Gaussian Noise 3. Johnson Noise Thermal Agitaion Noise a. absolute temperature b. bandwidth 1.38 x 10
-23

What are the other name for Thermal Agitation Noise?

What noise is caused to the rapid and random motion of molecules atoms and electrons at which any resistor is made of? The noise power generated by a resistor is proportional to its a) _____ in addition to being proportional to the b) _____ over which the noise is being measured. What is the Stefan Boltzman's constant? It is caused by random variation in the arrival of electron ( or holes) at the output electrode of an amplifier ____________ What do you call of a noise that is caused by transit time effect? It is the time taken by the electron to travel from the emitter to the collector ar a transistor because comparable to the period of signal being amplified? What are the examples of Miscellaneous Noise?

J/K

Shot Noise Transit time Noise transit time effect 1. Flicker Noise 2. Resistance Noise 3. Noise in mixers Flicker Noise Modulation noise resistance noise noise in mixer signal to noise ratio dBrn *-90dBrn 1KHz dBa psophometrically weighted picowatt dBaO test-tone 1000 Hz relative level volume unit

What noise is found in transistor? What is the other name for Flicker Nosie? It is due to the base, emitter and collector? What noise is found in the mixer? What is the ratio of a signal power to the noise power of a single voice voice channel? Decibel above reference level What is the reference level of dBrn? It is measured using the F1A weighing curve. What does PwP means? dBrnC at 0 dBm level point? What do you call of the pure signal at a signal frequency and power level? Usual reference_____ at one milliwatt approved at a point of a relative level. What is the difference between the power of a signal at one point and its power at a reference point. What unit is measured the power of each speed and music?

CHAPTER II: Radio Frequency Circuits Electronics. Rewind Alternatorsas Oscillators QUESTIONS: What do you call of a high power radio-frequency signals that could be generated using specialized mechanical ac generators? When was the first practical alternator transmitter designed? Who designed in 1906 the first practivcal alternators? ANSWERS: Alternators 1906 Ernst Alexanderson

QUESTIONS: What do we consider in order to find low-frequency response of a simple audio amplifier? What circuits seem to bear a very little physical resemblance to those at lower frequency? What do you call of a point where the two reactances are equal and the capacitor becomes series-resonant circuit? What is the time when it takes a charge carrier to cross a device? What do we do to reduce the transit time? How do we keep the componets from interaction between each other in a circuit board? What is the other name for shielding? What can provide a useful shielding? What provides a small capacitance to ground that is adjusted during circuit alignment by bending the wire slightly in one direction or another? How do we prevent RF current from travelling from one part of the circuit to another? What is the simplest form of bandpass filter? What do you call of the effect of the capacitance in a common emitter circuit? How do we avoid the problem in Miller effect? What amplifier are rare in low- frequency applications but quite common at radio frequencies? How do we reduced the loading effect of the transistor impedances on tuned circuits? What is the other term for wideband amplifier? What do you call of the term that is equal to the gain across the entire bandwidth? What do you call of the element that allows sufficient reactance at low end of the frequency range in the transformer? What do you call of the classification of the amplifier during which the active device conduct current? A single-ended audio amplifier are generally operated in what class of amplifier? What is the conduction angle of a Class A amplifier? What do you call of the amplifier where each transitor is biased at cutoff region? What is the other term for Class B amplifier? What is the conduction angle of a Class B amplifier? What do you call of the amplifier that is compromise between ClassA and Class B amplifier? What do you call of the distortion that occurs as the input signal passes through zero, where both transistor are near cotoff? What do you call of the class of the amplifier where the output for sinusoidal input will resembles a series of pulses more than it does the original signal?

ANSWERS: consider capacitive reactance Microwave frequency self-resonant frequency transit time Make the devices physically small by shielding "cheap and dirty" ground plane "gimmick"

"bypassing" resonant circuit Miller effect by using common base amplifier common-base amplifier by using field-effect rather than bipolar transistor broadband "flat" ferrite conduction angle Class A amplifier 360 Class B amplifier Push pull amplifier 180 Class AB amplifier "crossover" Class C amplifier

QUESTIONS: What circuit constitutes a bandpass filter that passes the

ANSWERS:

fundamental requency attenuates harmonics and other spurious signals? What should be the biased of a Class C amplifier? What is accomplished by deliberately feeding back a portion of the output signal to the input in such a way that it has the same amplitude as the unwanted feedback but the opposite phase? What do you call of the circuit that operate at lower frequencies than straightforward through amplifier,and they are used at low power level? What do you call of the multipliers that operate at the second, or third, harmonic of the input frequency? What circuits are more common at radio frequency?

resonant circuit beyond cutoff neutralization

frequency multipliers frequency doublers or triplers LC circuits 1. The gain aroun the loop must be equal to one. 2. The phase shift around the loop must total either 0 or some interger multiple of 360 at the operating frequency Hartley Oscillator

What are the Barkhausen criteria?

What type of oscillator can be recognized by its use of a tapped inductor, part of a resonant circuit, to provide feedback? What do you call ot the oscillator that uses a capacitive voltage divider instead of a tapped inductor provide feedback? What do you call of the oscillator that is designed to swamp device capacitance for greater stability? It is typically tuned by moving a ferrite core into or out of the coil? When inductor is tuned it is called? What should be the biased of a varactor silicon-diode? What do you call of the circuit where the junction capacitance is made part of the resonant circuit that can be tuned simply by by varying the dc voltage on the varactor? What oscillator achieved greater stability by using a small slab of quarts as a mechanical resonator in place of an LC tuned circuit? What kind of material a quartz is? What do call of the deforming of the material that causes the cystal to generate a voltage? A crystall oscillator can also be operated at what fundamental frequency? What do you call of the device that keeps the crystal at temperatureslightly greater than the highest expected ambient temperature? What circuit uses the crystal in place of the inductor in a seriesresonant circuit consisting of C1,C2 and the crystal? What do you call of the oscillator that can be adjusted slightly by placing a variable capacitance in series or in parallel with the crystal? What do you call of a nonlinear device that combines two signal in such a way as to produce the sum and difference of the two input frequencies at the output? What do you call of the device which produces only two input signal frequency? What is often used in audio electronics to designate a linear summer? What do you call of a distortion that is cross products and unwanted? What do you call of the mixers that is the simplest to understand mathematically, and it closely models the actual performance of the mixers using FETs?

Colpitts oscillator Clapp Oscillator inductor slug tuning reversed-biased VCO (voltage-controlled oscillator

Crystral oscillatot piezoelectric piezoelectric material harmonics or over tone crystal oven

Pierce circuit variable cystal oscillator

mixer

linear summing mixer intermodulation distortion square-law mixer

QUESTIONS: What mixer can use either type of nonlinearity? What transistor is especially convinient for use as a mixer because the parabolic shape of its transconductance curve gives it approximately a square-law response? What do you call of the mixer in which the input frequencies do not appear at the output? What do you call ot the cdicuit where the output amplitude is prop[ortional to the product of the two input sugnals, that can be used as balanced mixers? What do you call of the oscillator where a free-running LC oscillator can be easily tuned to different frequency because the operating frequency is usually determined by the tuned circuit? What method of frequency generation is the most preferred now in receiver ans transmeitters? What do you call of the basis of practical all modern synthesizer design? When does the PLL invented? What composes the PLL?

ANSWERS: diode mixers FET

balanced mixer multiplier circuit

VFO (variable- frequency oscillator) Phase-locked frequency synthesizer PLL Phase-locked loop 1932 1. VCO ( voltage-controll voltage) 2. LPF ( lowpass filter)

What is the other name for LPF lowpass filter? What do you call of the external reference signal that is compared with the VCO signal? What is the purpose of the PLL? What do you call of the frequency at which it opwerates when the control voltage is zero? What do you call when the phase detector generate a control voltage which will cause the VCO frequency to change until it is exactly that of the externalinput signal? What determines how far apart the external and internal frequencies canh initially be for the loop to achieve lock? What do you call when its frequency is change to follow the external signal? What do youi call when you achieve and maintain the total frequency range? What can be change by altering the voltage on some of the pins of the divider chip? What do you call of the minimum freequency step of the synthesizer? What is the simplest way to get a synthesizer work at frequencies beyond those at which programmable divider operate? What is a digital technology that can be used at frequencies above 1 GHz? What do you call of the divider that can be programmed to divide by either two consecutive integer? What should be the interval of FM broadcast stations? What is the frequency range of FM broadcast stations? What is used to remove the difference components as well as the VCO and crystal oscillators frequencies from the mixer output? What do you call of the movement of a block of the frequency?

"loop filter" phase detector to lock the VCO to the reference dignal free-running frequency acquisition of phase lock

capture range track lock range modulus resolution add a fixed-modulus divider in the front of the programmable divider ECL (emitter-coupled logic) two-modulus prescaler 200KHz 88.1-107.9 MHz bandpass filter frequency translation

Summary QUESTIONS: As the frequency ___, the effects of distributed capacitance and inductance become more significant. What can be use to avoid the interactions between components in high-frequency cicuits? What do you call of the RF amplifier that are designed for a relatively narrow range of frequencies to avoid problems with noise and spurious signals? ANSWERS: increases by the use of shielding and bypassing narrowband amplifier and wideband amplifier

QUESTIONS: Depending on the applications, an _____ amplifier can operate in Class A, B, C? What class of amplifier has the least distortion but is very insufficient? What do you call of the class of amplifier that is the most efficient but its extreme nonlinearity makes it unsuitable for many signals? What can be created when tuning the output cicruit of a Class C amplifier to a multiple of the input frequency? What requires a feedbackloop with unity gain and zero phase shift around the loop, at the operating frequency? Most variable-frequency RF oscillator use a _____ circuit for the feedback network. What do you call of the oscillator where a quartz is used as the feedback element are also common? What do you call of when a two different frequencies are applied to a nonlinear circuit signals at the sum and difference of the frequency? What frequency synthesizer can provide the stability of a crystal oscillator with the flexibility of a VFO? Simple single-loop frequency synthesizers are limited as to frequency resolutions and maximum frequency. These limitations can be overcome by using _____?

ANSWERS: RF Class A amplifier Class C amplifier frequency multiplier oscillator resonant crystal-controlled oscillator mixing

PLL frequency synthesizer

mixing, prescaler, multiple loops

Glossary QUESTIONS: What do you call of a mixer in which the input frequedies are cancelled and are therefore not present at the output? What do you call of the remocal of unwanted signal by providing low impedance path to ground? What do you call ot the total frequency range over which a PLL can become locked to a signal? ANSWERS: balanced mixer bypassing capture range

What is a small slab of quartz with attached electrodes; used as resonant circuit? What do you do to prevent the undesired passage of signals between circuits? What do you call of a multiplier where the output frequency is twice that of the input signal? The frequency at which a VCO operates when its control voltage is zero? What do you call of the device that can produce large number of output frequencies from a smaller number of fixed-frequency oscillators? What do you call of the movement of signal from one frequency to another using a mixer-oscillator combination? What do yopu call of a small length of wire, connected at only one end and used as a cfapacitance to ground? What do you call of an artificial ground, often consisting of an area of foil left on one side of a cicuit board? What do you call ot the total frequency range over which a PLL once locked, can remain locked? What do you call of the internal capacitance of the active device that can cause feedback that produces the same effect on the input as a much larger capacitance across the amplifier input? What do you call of a nonlinear circuit designed to generate sum and difference frequencies when two or more frequencies are present at its input(s). What do you call ot a number by which a digital divider chain divides? What do you call of a circuit whose output is proportional to the product of the instantaneous amplitudes of two input signals? What is a menas of avoiding istability in amplifier by using negative feedback?

crystal decouple doubler free-running frequency frequency synthesizer

frequency translation gimmick ground plane lock range Miller effect

mixer

modulus multiplier neutralization

QUESTIONS: What do you call of a device whose output voltage is a fuction of the phase difference between two input signals? What do you call of a device that locks the frequency of a VCO exactly to that of the input signal? What effects occur with some materials, such as quartz and some ceramics, whereby a voltage is produced across the material when it si deformed? What do you call of the divider that precedes tha main programmable divider in a frequency synthesizer? In a frequency synthesizer what do you call of the smallest amout by which the output frequency can be changed? What do you call of the circuit when a single component becomes a resonant circuit, because of the presence of stray capacitance or inductance, or both? What do you call of a frequency multiplier whose output frequency three timesw that of the input signal? What do you call of the reverse-biased diode used as a voltagevariable capacitor? What do you call of an oscillator whose frequency can be controlled by changing an external control voltage?

ANSWERS: phase detector PLL Phase-locked loop piezoelectric effect

prescaler resolution self-resonant frequency

tripler varactor VCO voltage control oscillator

CHAPTER IV: Angle Modulation QUESTIONS: What do you call of the general term that includes frequency and phase modulation? ANSWERS: Angle Modulation 1. radio broadcasting 2. sound signal in television 3. two-way fixed and mobile radio systems 4. satellite communications 5. cellular telephone system 1. data communication 2. used in some FM transmitter as an intermediate step in generation of FM The possibility of greatly improved signal-to-noise ratio frequency phase It is the amplitude of the modulating signal that varies the carrier wave. C Modulation carrier frequency side frequencies or sidebands use VCO (voltage-controlled oscillator) frequency deviation phase modulation index modulation index greater, increase

What are the applications of FM?

What are the apllications of PM?

What is the most important advantage of FM of PM over AM? In FM, the _____ of the modulated signal varies with the amplitude of the modulating signal. In PM, the _____ varies directly with the modulating-signal amplitude. What is the most important thing to remember in all types of modulation? The FM transmitter can use as Class _____ amlipfiers throughout since amplitude linearity is not important. What can be accomplished at low power levels? When the frequency is greater than the _____, the phase angle gradually moves ahead, and when the frequency is lower than the carrier frequency, the phase begins to lag. What is generated when changing the amplitude of a sine wave? What is the simpliest method that can be use in generation of FM signal? What is proportional to the amplitude, not the frequency, of the modulating signal? What id defined as the peak deviation, in radians? What is proportional to frequency deviation and inversely proportional to modulating frequency? The _____ the frequency change, the greater the _____ in phase angle. What type of filter when the baseband is passed through a lowpass filter with the frequency response? What produces an infinite number of sidebands even for a singletone modulation? What can be used to expressed a series of sinusoids? What represents normalized voltages for the various frequency components of an FM or PM signal, that is, the numbers in the table represents the actual voltages if the unmodulated carrier has an amplitude of 1V? In Bessel Function what represents the amplitude of the componet at the carrier frequency? What is the other term for Jo? In Bessel Function, What rrepresents the amplitude of each of the first5 set of sidebands? The bandwidth, for practical purposes, is equal to twice the number of the _____ significant Bessel coefficient, multiplied by the modulating frequency. What approximation that can be used to find the bandwidth of an FM signal? In general what can be used for voice communication? _____ due to noise are associated with frequency shifts that will be interpreted by the receiver as part of the modulation.

integrator angle modulation Bessel Functions Bessel Functions

Jo rest frequency J1 highest

Carson's Rule narrow bandwidth phase shift

QUESTIONS: What effect can be observed by simply driving away from an FM broadcast transmitter while listening to it on a car radio? What do you call of the effect of the strong signal that captures the receiver, and in fact this property of FM? What do you call of the noise power that is evenly distributed across the channel at the receiver bandwidth? An improvement in S/N can be made by boosting or _____ these high frequencies before modulation, with a corresponding cut in the receiver after demodulation. When was FM stereo introduced? What is used such as background music stores and offices? What is the maximum audio frequency of SCA signal? What instrument allows the power in the carrier and each sideband to be measured, and it allows the modulation frequency to be found by measuring the separation between sidebands? What do you call of the method of measuring deviation that is elegant and simple, but requires an expensive spectrum analyzer and complete control over the modulating frequency? Summary QUESTIONS: What includes the angle modulation? What is widely used for analog communications? What is used for data communications? The _____ of an angle modulation signal does not change with modulation, but the _____ ioncreases due to generation of multiple side of sidebands. What can be used to calculate the voltage and power of each sidebands? What rule is an approximation of bandwidth? FM has significant advantage compared with AM in the presence of noise interference, provided that the _____ is relatively large and the signal is reasonably strong. What can be used to improve the S/N for FM? What do you call of the scheme that preserves compatibility with monaural receiver and requires only a slight increase in bandwidth? What is much more useful than an oscilloscope for the analysis of FM signals?

ANSWERS: threshold effect capture effect white noise pre-emphasizing 1961 Subsidiary Carrier Association 7 KHz Spectrum analyzer

Bessel zero method

ANSWERS: frequency modulation phase modulation frequency modulation phase modulation power, bandwidth

Bessel Function Carson's Rule deviation pre-emphasis multipexing scheme

spectrum analyzer

Glossary QUESTIONS: What do you call of the general term that includes freequency and anglemodulation? What do you call of the ability of FM receiver to receive the stronger of two signals, ignoring the weaker? ANSWERS: angle modulation capture effect

What do you call of the frequency of signal before modulation is applied? What is used of low-pass filter in a receiver to remove the effect of pre-emphasis on the frequency response? What do you call of the amout by which the frequecny of an FM signal shifts to each side of the carrier frequency? In FM and PM, what do you call of the peak amount in radians by which the phase of the signals deviates from its resting value? What do you call of an FM with a relatively low modulation index? What is use of a high-pass filter in an FM transmitter to improve the signal-to-noise ratio; and always used with de-emphasis at the receiver? What do you call of the frequency of the unmodulated carrier of an FM signal? What is the synonyms for rest frequency? What do you call of the secondary carrier that can carry an additional modulating signal and is itself modulated onto the main carrier? What do you call of the noise rduction effect that occurs with strong FM signals? What do you call of an FM with relatively large modulation index?

carrier frequency de-emphasis frequency deviation modulation index (NBFM) Narrow band FM pre-emphasis

rest frequency carrier frequency subcarrier

threshold effect (WBFM) wideband FM

CHAPTER V: Transmitter QUESTIONS: What refers to the ability to change operating frequency rapidly, without extensive returning? What do you call of the signals that are often harmonics of the operating frequency or of the carrier oscillator if it operates at a different frequency? What Class of amplifier is common to transmitter that produce a large amout of harmonic energy? How do we rate FM transmitters? When testing communications transmitters, the technologist should be aware of the _____? What is the ratio of the output power to the input from the primary power source? What keeps the modulation at a level approaching but never exceeding 100%? It is a "mature" technology but is still in widespread use? What do you call when a modulation is accomplished at the last stage in the transmitter? What do you call of the part of the transmitter where it is ANSWERS: frequency agility Spurious signal

C power output rated duty cycle overall efficiency (ALC) Automatic-level-control circuit Full-carrier FM high-level modulation

exclusive for power handling stages? What stage calls for the power amplifier, probably operating Class C to drive the final stage? What circuit is required to amplify the very small signal from a microphone to a sufficient level to modulate the transmitter? What do you call of electrically, the process of really summation? What network can be used to transform impedance either from up or down but it is best suited to active device that requires a fairly high load impedance such as tubes? What two networks acts like a low-pass filters, aiding in the reduction of harmonic levels? It is a noninductive resistor of the correct value (usually 50 ) that is capable of dissipating the transmitter's rated power? It is always found as part of the tranceiver. It is actually a frequency synthesizer, to maintain cystalcontrolled frequency accuracy and stability. What provides the power to the large speaker when the tranceiver is in the receive mode? What is designed to keep the modulation index as high as possible without permitting overmodulation? What do you call of an amlifier that amplify audio linearity and yet efficient? What is the other name for Class D amplifier? The pulses are produce by switching to the ampltude of the sample? What is the other name for PDM? What do you call of the technique that is patent by Harris corporation, uses multiple solid state power amplifer? What do you call of the cancellation of the input frequency of itself? An ideal balance modulator is mathematically equivalent to____? What is the far most common device for suppressing the unwanted sideband? What transmitter uses a carrier oscillator and a balanced modulator to generate DSBSC followed by a cystal filter to remove the unwanted sidebands? The changing from one sidebands to the other by switching the frequency of the carrier oscillator also changes the _____ at the output?

exciter (IPA) Intermediate Power amplifier audio circuitry mixing pie network

pie and T network dummy load CB radio oscillator integrated-circuit amplifier automatic level control Class D amplifier switching amplification (PDM) Pulse Duration Modulation pulse width modulation Digital Amplitude Modulation balanced multiplier crystal filter SSB transmitter

carrie frequency

QUESTIONS: The power-amplification of an SSB transmittter must be? What signal have no amplitude variations? What do you call of the separate containing the audio and low power RF stages? It involves high voltages, large amount kof power, forced-air or water cooling and sometimes vacuum tube technology- are in separate cabinet? What requires the frequency of the carrier oscillator be varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal? What are the ways to generate Direct FM?

ANSWERS: linear FM signal exciter power amplifier stage

Direc FM 1. use reactance modulator 2. use either an IC cicuit or VCO 3. use oscillator chip with external varactor mixing

What do you call of the process where you can change the carrier frequency to any required value, but it has no effect on the deviation? What is achieved without any interference with the stability of crystal oscillator? What is one way to measure the true power? What do you call of a meters that allows them to distinguish between power flowing from the transmitter toward the antenna and reflected power from the antenna?

phase modulation measure its heating effect directional couplers

Summary QUESTIONS: A_____ must generate a signal at the correct carrier frequency with the right power level, and with modulation that is an accurate reflection of the orif\ginal information signal? It is important in the design of any transmitter to minimize the presence of the _____ at the output. The _____ of a transmitter is an important specification particularly in view of the large power levels often used. ANSWERS: transmitter

spurious signal efficiency

A typical AM transmitter has a _____ or _____ oscillator followed by several stages of amplification. Usually the final amplifier stages, called the _____, modulated. this allows all stages to operate at Class C. What is used in most AM transmitter for greater efficiency? What can be generated by means of a balanced modulator to which a baseband and carrier-frequency signals are applied? What do you call of a transmitter that is usally work by filtering a DSBSC signal to remove the unwanted sidebands? Transmitter requires an _____ circuit between the outout of the power amplifier and the antenna. What are the basic ways to genrate FM? It requires that the carrier oscillator be frequency modulated? The baseband signal is integrated and then applied to a phase modulator What can be use to uncrease the frequency deviation in an FM transmitter? Most FM transmitters use _____ . What can be use to amplify FM signal? What are the technique in measuring output power of transmitter?

crystal-controlled, frequency synthesizer power amplifier high-level modulation DSBSC AM SSB transmitter impedance-matching circuit 1. direct FM 2. indirect FM direct FM indirect FM Frequency multiplier PLL modulator Nonlinear amplifier 1. calori-meter wattmeter 2. directional couplers 3. RF ammeters

Glossary QUESTIONS: What do you call of a scheme for keeping a transmitter or receiver tuned to the correct frequency? What do you call ot the circuit for keeping the amplitude of a signal within the prescribed limits? What stage of an amplifier used to isolate two other stages from each other? What do you call of a change of carrier amplitude with modulation in an AM transmitter What is a system that provides more gain for low-level than for higher-level signal? What do you call of any system that generates FM without using phase modulation? What do you call of a noninductive power resistor used to simulate an antenna? What is the ratio of time on to total time? What is the ratio between the largest and smallest signals at a point in a system? What part of the transmitter operate at low power levels? What do you call of the ability of a transmitter to tuned rapidly from one operating frequency to another? Amplitude modulation of the output element of the output stage of a transmitter? What do you call of the transmitter power amplifier stage immediately before the output stage? Modulation of a transmitter at any point before the output element of the output stage? What do you call or the oscillator whose frequency is controlled by a binary number written to an internal register? What is the ratio of the power output of a device to the total power required from its power supply ? What do you call of the absence of spurious signal in the output of a transmiter? What is any emission from a transmitter other than the carrier and sidebands required by the modulation scheme in use (in suppressed carrier system the carrier is also a spurious signal) ANSWERS: (AFC) automatic-frequency control (ALC) automatic level control buffer carrier shift compression direct FM dummy load duty cycle dynamic range? exciter frequency agility high-level modulation (IPA) Intermediate Power amplifier low-level modulation numerically-controlled oscillator overall efficiency spectral purity spurious signal

CHAPTER VI: Receivers

QUESTIONS: A _____ must separate the desired signal from other signals and noise and then demodulate the signals. What is the most common type os receiver? What do you call of a receiver where it uses a mixer/local oscillator combination to transfer all incoming signal frequencies to a common IF? It is responsible for setting the noise figureof the reciever. When a receiver can receive signal at frequency other than that to which the receiver is tuned? The _____ must be high enough to provide good image rejection but low enough to allow the required selectivity to be obtained with the type of filter in used. What depend of a superheterodyne receiver directly on that of the locar oscillator? It is responsible fot the selectivity of the receiver and it also provide most of the predetection gain? Most AM Receiver use _____ which have the advantage of relatively high levels of distortion. It requires a beat-frequency oscillator to reinsert the carrier and generally used product detectors What can be use to remove AM before the detector? Receivers require some form of _____ to componsate for the very great range in signal strenght at antenna. What refers to the signal strenght require for a satisfactory signal to noise ratio? What refers to the ability of the receiver to reject interference and out-of-channel noise? _____ and _____ are useful for troubleshooting technique for receiver and for many other typesof electronic system What do you call of the communication channel immediately above or below the desired channel in frequency? What is the next channel beyond the adjacent channel? What do you call of a combine mixer and oscillator that uses one transistor or tube for both? What circuit is used to adjust the gain of a system in accordance with the input signal strenght? What do you call of a reduction of gain for a weak signal due to a strong signal close to it in frequency? What is a bandpass filter using piezoelectric ceramics elements What do you call of a combination of mixer and local oscillator that is used to moved a signal from one frequency to another? What is a bandpass filter that uses piezoelectric quartz elements It is a circuit to recovert the bvaseband signal from a modulated signal. It is a specialized microprocessor designed to perform arithmetic operations on digitized communication signals? It is an AM demodulator that works by rectifying the signal and lowpass filtering the result. What is the first stage of a receiver? What do you call of the application to a mixer of a signal from a local oscillator that operates at a frequency above that of the incoming signal? In a frequency converter, what do you call of the second input frequency that producesthe same output frequency? What do you call of a frequency to which a signal is shifted as an intermediate step in receptionor transmission? What do you call of an oscillator in conjunction with a mixer to shift a signal to a different frequency? It is the application to a mixer of a signal from a local oscillator

ANSWERS: receiver superheterodyne superheterodyne RF amplifier image frequency IF

stability IF amplifier envelope detectors single-sideband suppressed carrier Limiters AGC sensitivity selectivity signal injectio, signal tracing adjacent channel alternate channel autodyne converter AGC blocking ceramic filter converter crystal filter demodulator digital signal processor envelope detector front end high-side injection

image frequency IF Intermediate Frequency local oscillator

that operates at a frequency below that of the incoming signal.

low-side injection

QUESTIONS: What do you call of a bandpass filter that uses mechanical resonators? It is a low level carrier signal transmitted to facilitate regeneration of the carrier at the receiver. What is a detector for suppressed-carrier AM signals that works by multiplying the signal with a regenerated carrier? What do you call of the strenght of an unmodulated carrier that reduces the noise output of an FM receiver by a specified amout? It is an FM detector that is based on a 90- degree pahse shift network. it is a type of FM detector. What is the ratio of signal-plus-noise and distortion to noise-plusdistortion (closely related to signal to noise ratio) What do you call of a meter in a receiver that indicates the strenght of the receivedsignal? What do you call of the ability of the receiver to reject signals of frequencies other than the frequency to which the receiver is tuned? What do you call of the receiver to receive weak signals with a satisfactory signal-to-noise ratio? For a bandpass filter, what is the ratio between the bandwidth fortwo specified amount of attenuation? What is a reception of signal at frequencies other than that to which a receiver is tuned? What is a systems that disables the output of a receiver in the absence of a suitable signal? What is the receiver in which the signal is moved, using a mixer to an intermediate frequency before demodulation? What filter uses acoustic wave on the surface of the substrate to achieve the desired response What do you call of the adjustment of two or more tuned circuits so that they can be tuned simultaneously with one adjustment? What is a receiver in which the signal is amplified at its original frequency before demodulation? The FM signal strenght with defined deviation required to produced a specified SINAD in a receiver.

ANSWERS: mechanical filter pilotcarrier product detector quieting sensitivity

quadrature detector radio detector SINAD S-meter selectivity

sensitivity shape factor skin effect squelch superheterodyne receiver (SAW) surface-acoustic-wave tracking (TRF) tuned-radio frequency usable sensitivity

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:

Frequency Modulation ( FM )

QUESTIONS: What type of angle modulation wherein the frequency is varied relative to the modulating frequency signal? What do you call of the amount by which the frequency varies its unmodulated value? What is the total variation in frequency? What is the frequency deviation over the modulating frequency ( fm )? What is the ratio of the actual deviation to the maximum deviation multiplied by 100%? What are the 2 bands of FM? What is the modulation index of Wideband FM? How about the modulation index of the Narrowband FM? What is the frequency deviation of Wideband FM? What is the freqeuncy deviation of Narrowband FM? What is the modulating frequency range of Wideband FM? What is the maximum modulating frequency on Narrowband FM? What is the application of Wideband FM? What is the application of Narrowband FM? What do you call of the boosting of the higher modulating frequency at the transmitter, in accordance with a pre-arrange curve to improve noise immunity at FM? What is the cutting of the higher modulating frequencies at the receiver? What are the 3 forms of Interference in FM?

ANSWERS: Frequency Modulation Frequency Deviation ( max ) Carrier swing modulation index ( mf ) Percent of modulation Wideband and Narrowband mf > 1 ( 5-2500) mf 1 max = 75 kHx max = 5 kHz fm range: 30 kHz- 15kHz fm, max = 3 kHz for Entertainment and Broadcasting Employed in communications Pre-emphasis

What is the effect of two stations being received simultaneously? What do you call of the interference that is true to mobile receivers because this interference occur when travelling from one transmitter toward another? What do you call of a modulating system in which adequate information is sent to the receiver to enable it to reproduce original stereo material? What are the different ways to generate FM signals? What is the other name of indirect method? What do you call of the generation of FM signal wherein it makes with use of reactance modulator? What do you call of the modulation wherein the phase of the carrier is made proportional to the instantaneous value of the modulating signal? It is proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal and therefore independent of its frequency? It is proportional to the amplitude of the modulating voltage? When moduating index is proportional to the modulating voltage only? When modulating index is also inversely proportional to the modulating frequency? Under identical conditions; FM and PM are indistinguishable fo a single modulating frequency ehen the _____ is changed. When modulating frequency is change; PM _____ will remain constant. FM _____ will increase as_____ is reduced and vice versa.

De- emphasis 1. Image frequency 2. Co- channel Interference 3. Adjacent channel interference Image frequency Co-channel interference

Stereophonic FM Multiplex System 1961 1. Direct Method 2. Indirect Method Armstrong method Direct Method Phase Modulation

Phase Modulation Frequency Moduation Phase Modulation Frequency Modulation modulating frequency modulation index modulation index, modulating frequency

QUESTIONS:

What are the advantages of FM over AM?

ANSWERS: 1. The amplitude of the FM wave is independent of the depth of the modulation whereas in AM, it is deopendent on this parameter 2. There is a large decrease in noise and hence an increase in the S/N ratio in FM a. Less noise at FM frequency b. FM receivers can be fitted with amplitude limiters to

What are the disadvantages of FM?

remove amplitude variations caused by noise. 3. It is possible to reduce noise still further by increasing deviation (unlike AM) 4. There are guardbands between FM stations 5. FM transmitter operate in the upper VHF and UHF 1. A much wider channel is required by FM, 7 to 15 times as large as that needed by AM 2. FM transmitting and receiving equipment tends to be more complex, particularly for modulation and demodulation therefeore more expensive 3. Since reception is limited to line of sight, the area of reception for FM is much smaller than for AM. Demodulation

What do you call of the process by which the modulating signla is recovered from the modulated carrier and is found in the receiver? What do you call of the device that has the function of selecting the desired signal from all the other unwanted signals amplfying and demodulating it, and dispaying it in the desired manner. What are the 2 types of receiver? What do tyou call of the type of receiver where its composition is simple and high sensitive? What is the other name for TRF receiver? What is the alignment broascast frequency of TRF receiver? What problems do we encounter in TRF receiver?

receiver 1. Tuned Radio Frequency ( TRF) 2. Superheterodyne receiver TRF receiver "logical" receiver 535- 1640 kHz 1. Instability 2. Insufficient adjacent frequency rejection 3. Bandwidth variations 455 kHz 10.7 kHz 1. Ist RF amplifier 2. 2nd RF amplifier 3. Detector 4. Audio Amplifier 5. Power amplifier sensitivity selectivity Imagerejection frequency Image rejection ratio

What is the intermediate frequency of AM receiver? What is the intermediate frequency of FM receiver? What composed of a block diagram of TRF receiver?

What is the ability to amplify weak signal? What is the ability to reject unwanted signals? What do you call of the ratio provided by the tuned circuit to block image frequency ( fsi )? What do you call of the ratio of gain at desired signal frequency ( fs ) to the gain of image frequency signal ( fsi )?

Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) Emission Classification

Symbol First

Second

Third

Letter Unmodulated N Amplitude Modulation A B C H J K Angle Modulation K L M P Q V W X 0 1 2 3 7 8 9 A B C D E F N W

Type of Modulation Unmodulated Double-Sideband, Full Carrier ( DSBFC ) Independent Sideband, Full Carrier ( ISBFC ) Vestigial Sideband, Full Carrier ( VSB ) Single- Sideband, Full Carrier ( SSBFC ) Single- Sideband, Suppressed Carrier ( SSBSC ) Single- Sideband, Reduced Carrier ( SSBRC ) Pulse- Amplitude Modulation ( PAM ) Pulse- Width Modulation ( PWM ) Pulse- Positive Modulation ( PPM ) Unmodulated pulse (binary data) Angle Modulated during pulses Any combination of pulse-modulation category Any combination of two or more of the above forms of modulation cases not otherwise covered No modulating signal Digitally Keyed Carrier Digitally Keyed Tone Analog (sound or video) Two or more digital channels Two or more analog channels Analog and digital Telegraphy, manual Telegraphy, automatic (teletype) Facsimile Data, telemetry Telephony (sound broadcasting) Television (video broadcasting) No information transmitted Any combination of second letter