Trees - A Golden Nature Guide

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GOIOEN NATUBE GU1OEB
BIRDS FLOWERS INSECTS TREES
REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS STARS MAMMALS SEASHORES
FISHES FOSSILS GAME BIRDS SPIDERS
ZOO ANIMALS SEASHELLS OF THE WORLD
ROCKS AND MINERALS BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS
NON-FLOWERING PLANTS INSECT PESTS POND LIFE
ORCHIDS INDIAN ARTS
GOIOEN BO1ENCE GU1OEB
ZOOLOGY BOTANY WEATHER
GOIOEN F1EIO GU1OEB
BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
SEASHELLS OF NORTH AMERICA
GOI OEN B EG 1ON|AI G U1 O E B
THE SOUTHEAST THE SOUTHWEST
THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
EVERGLADES NATIONAL PARK
THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS ACADIA NATIONAL PARK
YOSEMITE WASHINGTON, D.C.
ISRAEL AND THE HOLY LAND MEXICO
GO1OEN HANOBOOXB
SAILING PHOTOGRAPHY GUNS POWER BOATS
SPORTS CARS FISHING CAMPING SCUBA DIVING
HENRY GASSER'S GUIDE TO PAINTING
THE SKY OBSERVER'S GUIDE SKIING ANTIQUES
OL0tR OL0tH MA1ukt uJ0t and OL0tN Fkt5S
are trademarks of Western Publishing Company, Inc.
5TEC1E5 1 M CO1O
&
A GU!DE IO FAmIL!AK AmEKICAN IKEE5
by
HERBERT S. ZIM, Ph.D., Sc.D.
and
AL E XAND E R C. MAR T I N, P h. D.
Former Seni or Bi ol ogi st, U.S. Fish and Wi l dl i fe Service
ILLUSTRATED 8Y
D OR OT H E A A N D SY B AR L OWE
A GOLDEN NAIUKE GUIDE
WLObT FK1 T1W YWKK
Z
IM1M
Trees brighten the countryside and soften the harsh lines
of city streets. Each year they increase in importance and
fnd new uses. They are beautiful and majestic; among
them are the largest and oldest of living things.
Our thanks go to the many individuals and institutions
who helped us with this book. Dorothea and Sy Barlowe,
the artists, have given unstintingly of their time and
talent to produce plates of unusual excellence. leland
Prater for the U.S. Forest Service has supplied invaluable
photographs. Henry K. Svenson of the American Museum
of Natural History, Harold N. Moldenke and the library
and herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden, and
William H. Durkin and Donald G. Huttleston of the Brook
lyn Botanic Garden helped us over many rough spots, as
did the National Herbarium in Washington, D. C.
In the present revision, nine pages of information have
been added, including scientifc names. We hope readers
will fnd this fuller and more attractive volume more useful.
H. S. Z.
A. C. M.
HLV!`LL LL!!M
Copyright 1V, 1VZ by Western Publ ishi ng Company, I nc. Al l ri ghts re
served, incl uding rights of reproduction and use i n any form or by any
means, including t he making of copies by any photo proces, or by any
elec:ronic or mechanical device, printed or written or oral, or recordi ng for
sound or vi sual reproduction or for use i n any knowl edge retri eval system
or device, unl ess permission i n writing is obtai ned from the copyri ght pro
prietor. Produced in the U. S. A. by Western Publishing Company, I nc. Pub
lished by Gol den Press, New York, N.Y. Library of Congress Catal og Card
Number: 1b1
1N1N
31N MWW
Trees are the most conspicuous and best-known plants in
man's experience. Many are graceful and a joy to see. So
it is no wonder that people want to know the diferent
trees. This book is a guide to the most common trees in
America. In addition to the 1 40 kinds pictured, the book
may help you identify many more that are similar.
Trees are easiest to identify by their leaves. Most of the
illustrations in this book show also the form of a tree
as it usually grows. By studying the forms of trees, you
may soon learn to identify them at a distance. This book
deals only with trees. It does not include vines or shrubs.
A tree is a woody plant with a singie erect stem, growing
to a height of 1 0 feet or more. While shrubs also are
woody, they are usually smaller than trees and tend to
have many stems growing in a clump.
This country has two major groups of trees: conifers
(Pines and their relatives), identifed by needle-like or
scaly leaves; and the broad-leaved trees (leaves broad in
contrast to leaves of the Pines). Some of the latter, like
Willows, have narrow leaves. Others, like Maples, have
broad ones. Trees with similar types of leaves have been
placed together in this book to make identifcation easier.
One group of broad-leaved trees has simple leaves
leaves with a single, fattened blade on a stalk or petiole.
Other trees have compound leaves, in which the blade is
divided into a number of leafets. A leafet may look a
d
4
good deal like a leaf, but leafets are distinct in having
no bud at their base.
The leaf blade may be entire; that is, with a smooth,
uncut edge. The edge may be toothed, or it may have
larger projections called lobes. Sometimes a leaf is both
lobed and toothed. The pattern of the leaf edge permits
further classifcation of trees-such as used here.
When you fnd a tree you do not know, frst decide if
it is a needle-leaf or a broad-leaf type. If the latter, see
whether it is simple or compound, entire, or toothed or
lobed. This you can tell at a glance. Then use the key
(p. 5) to fnd where in this bo
o
k the tree is likely to appear.
Information i
n
this book stresses identifcation.
Range maps show where various trees are likely to oc
cur. If the range of more than one tree is given, a dif
ferent color or line pattern is used for each. Overlapping
of colors
and lines means overlapping of ranges. Each

species is named on, or next to, the color or line pattern it
refers to, as in the sample map below.
As you learn more about trees, knowledge of their sci
entifc names grows increasingly useful. Scientifc names
of trees illustrated in this book are on pp. 1 56-1 57.
Slip this book into your pocket or pocketbook. Use it in
the park or along the street whenever you see a tree you
do not know. Thumb through the book in your spare time.
Become familitr with common trees, so you recognize
them at sight. At frst you will have to check details of
leaf, bark, and perhaps buds and fruit to be sure of your
identifcation. As you come to know
trees by their branching and their
form, you will be able to identify
some kinds at a distance. Other,
less striking or less common trees
will take closer looking.
A KE^ T O T H E T R E E 5
Trees with needle-like or scaly leaves
(conifers) poges J6-40
Trees with fat leaves of varying breadth
(broadleaf trees)
4J-J3
Trees with simple leaves, not divided into
leafets e 4J-J2V
Edges of leaves neither toothed nor
lobed 4J-3
Edges of leaves toothed . 4-61
Edges usually lobed and toothed
(some entire); fruit an acorn 62-10J
Edges lobed, or toothed and lobed;
fruit not an acorn . J06-J29
Trees with compound leaves, divided in
to leaflets
Leafets arranged fnger-like JJ-J53
O
/7
^
N111N 311N
WHEN TO LOOK Trees are with us ail year long and
are as interesting in winter as in any other season. If you
want to know the trees, study them month by month to
see the changes that mark the seasons. Spring is a time
of opening buds and fowers, some attractive, others
small and easy to overlook. In spring, the pattern of
opening leaves can be seen, with changing colors and
textures as the leaves mature. In summer, leaf character
istics are obvious and should be used to the full. But the
summertime leafy twig is not enough, for details of buds,
twigs, and bark are easier to observe later. As fall comes
in, many fruits mature and the development of rich au
tumn coloration, before the leaves drop, makes some
trees brilliant. Winter is the time to study buds, twigs, and
bark, and also to learn trees by their shape and form.
WHERE TO LOOK Nearly every part of our country
has its native trees and introduced species as well. Even
the concrete canyons of great cities with their soot and
fumes con boast of trees. Trees grow nearly everywhere.
Florida leads the list with some 314 diferent species.
Texas, Georgia, and California follow in order, but even
the plains states boast of sufcient variety to make tree
study worth while. To see the most kinds of trees in a
region, visit as many diferent localities as you can.
HOW TO LOOK look at trees in two diferent ways:

First, see them as a pilot looks at a plane fying toward
him or as you recognize your neighbor coming home from
work. A glance is sufcient; details are unimportant. You
recognize your neighbor so automatically that you might
fnd it hard to describe him. learn to know common trees
the same way, so you can recognize a White Oak or a
Pitch Pine as you drive down the road. learn the tree
;
s
form and habit of growth so that you can quickly recog
nize it even at a distance, or at night.
Next, learn to look at trees as a student or scientist.
Notice details that identify an unusual species or tell you
about the growth and life histories of trees you know by
name. There is much to learn about familiar trees that can
be discovered only by close observation and detailed
study. First, you get acquainted with trees. Then, as you
begin to look closer, you begin to know the trees.
U N I TE D S TATE S F O RE S T BE L T S
A Pacifc fores's Northern forests
B Rocky Mountain forests
L
C
entral hardwood forests
C
Plains and prairie f Southern forests
d
WHAT TO SEE Trees are complex living things. Not
only the leaves but the fowers, fruit
,
seeds, bark, buds,
and wood are worth studying. The structure of the tubes
and ducts that make up the stems varies from tree to tree.
The annual rings in the wood show the tree's age and
rate of growth .
. Trees have fowers, though some hardly resemble
familiar fowers of the garden. Detailed study of the tiny
fowers can be as interesting as the study of large fowers
such as those of the Magnolia and Tuliptree. The incon
spicuous fowers of Oaks, Willows, and Pines are usually
pollinated by wind. The larger fowers are often insect
pollinated. From the fowers develop fruits containing
seeds; seeds too are worthy of study. Some are nutritious
and have become foods for man and for wildlife. Some
are dispersed by ingenious natural devices.
Study where trees grow. See them in relation to their
environment. An unfavorable environment
,
as a mountain
peak, may so dwarf and alter the size and form of a tree
that one scarcely recognizes it as the same kind of tree
that is growing tall and proud a few miles away. Some
trees grow only in swamps; others only in sandy soils.
Some prefer sun; some shade.
When you look at a tree, see it as a whole; see all its
many parts; and fnally, see the living tree as being in a
community of plants and animals, living in close relation
ship to them and to the soil and climate.
KINDS OF TREES Trees belong to the same plant fam
ilies as many herbs, fowers, and shrubs. Most of the 77
American families are represented by broad-leaved trees
(p. 3). The needle-leaved species belong in the pine fam
ily with the e;ception of two yews. The palm and lily
families include over a dozen unusual trees, and many
minor families with only a few species are known.
WWM M1NWN W1 311N
Over 800 species of native and naturalized
trees grow wi ld in the United States. About
75 are naturalized; the rest are native.
These trees make up over 600 million
acres of forest and produce about 1 0
billion dollars' worth of forest products
yearly.
PALM5: Over 15
kinds, with paral l el
veined l eaves, i n
warmer regions.
8ROA0LAIIR5:
Over 50 kinds, in
cl uding oaks, maples,
cherry, ash, bi rch.
COMIIR5: Over
100 kinds, incl uding
pine, heml ock, spruce,
fr, cedar.
V
\
VA3H MI W 311
lEAVE5
leaves make food from water and carbon di
oxide, using the energy of sunlight. Chl orophyl l
makes this energy transformation possibl e.
Leaf cross-section and stoma lenlarledl
FLOWER5
I nside a l eaf, at the lop, is
a sheet of "pal isade" cel l s
which absorb s unlight. Guard
cel l s around s;omata (open
ings on the bottom of
.
the
l eaf) help retain water.
Al l trees produce fowers of
some kind. Most fowers have
both male organ (stamen) and
femal e organ (pistil ) . Sepa
rate mal e and feral e fowers
may occur. Some fowers l ack
conspicuous petal s. Wi nd or
insects carry pol l en from sta
men to pistil . Here ovul es,
fertil ized, devel op i nto seeds.
Pistil
TREE 5TEM5
The cambi um is a l ayer of growing and dividi ng cel ls. Cel l s pushed
outward form bark; those pushed i n form wood, which enabl es a tree
to grow l arge. Wood cells are l ong; thei r walls thicken and harden
as they mature and di e. Wood is mai nl y cel l ulose and l i gnin.
Wi nter buds of
Woo
d and bark cel l s
Tuliptree
lenlarled I
Fruits devel op from the
ri pened ovary. They bear
the seeds by whi ch trees
reproduce. Tree seeds
vary greatl y in size; some
of the l argest trees have
the smal lest seeds.
Tree fruits i n various
forms ai d in the dispersal
of seeds. Fl eshy fruits are
eaten by ani mal s, from
whose bodies the seeds
may l ater be dropped.
Winged fruits are spread
by wind. "Seed trees" l eft
after l umberi ng are a
quick way to reforest l and.
Roots anchor trees t o the
soil and absorb water and
soil mi neral s needed for
growth. Some trees have
deep tap roots; others
have a spreading system
of roots.
Roots as they push through
t he soil are aided by a cap
that forms over the lender
growi ng point of each
root. Behind this point,
myriads of root hairs ex
tend into the soi l , i ncreas
ing the root's absorbing
surface tremendousl y. The
spread of a tree' s root
system is at l east equiv
al ent to the spread of its
crown.
kOOT5
Root cap
( enlarged )
Root hairs
( enlarged )
\ 2
MM
MMW
kM%N
Twig cross-sections i l l us
trated here show haw
wood cel l s grow:
. Tip of Shoot
I In a young shoot, bundl es of cel l s
form. These are a pri mary ki nd of
wood, knawn as pravascul ar tissue.
2 As the shoat grows, a l ayer af cam
bium forms across and between the
primary bundl es. As the cambi um di
vides, wood and bark cel l s form.
3 The cambi um l ayer continues to di
vide as l ang as the tree grows, form
ing wood and bark. Wood cells formed
i n fal l are often smal l er; growth stops
in wi nter, and the spring cel l s are
l arger. Thi s di ference makes the an
nual ri ngs i n many stems.
Z. More Mature Twig
TREES AS LIVING THINGS are a wonder to behold.
The oldest live for as long as three or four thousand years.
Some grow almost as high as a 40-story skyscraper. The
largest contain enough wood to build dozens of average
size houses. These giants grow from seeds so small that
several hundred weigh not even an ounce.
Within each seed are the tiny beginnings of a tree.
After the seed sprouts, years of growth follow, during
which time the leaves use solar energy to make sugar
from carbon dioxide and water. From sugar, by intricate
chemistry, the wood of the tree is eventually built. The
tree's center or heartwood is dead. But around this core
is a living sheath from which all parts of the tree develop.
As the cells of the tree live, grow, and reproduce, they
use some of the sugar made by the leaves, minerals taken
from the soil, and tremendous amounts of water.
TREES AND WOOD always go together. In very young
trees and branches the growing cells develop a ring of
vascular bundles. The very important cambium layer of
cells forms across these bundles and soon grows to form
a complete ring. As the cells of the cambium divide, those
that are pushed outward form bark. Those that are push
e
d
inward form wood.
Wood is made of several types of cells; most of them
are long and tubular. Wood cells are alive when young;
later they die, leaving a network of vertical tubes. Each
kind of wood has distinct cells. Wood of conifers (soft
woods) contains many thick cells called tracheids. Hard
woods contain wood fbers and vessels. New wood cells
produced in spring are often larger and thinner than
those formed later, and so each season is often marked
by an annual ring.
WO O D S T R U C T U R E
White Pine Red Oak Ri ver Birch
Note the even-sized Oak is tough, hard, In thi s even-grai ned
cel l s, the annual ri ngs, a n d often coa r s e. wood, note the scat
and the few, scattered Note the l arge vessel s tered vessel s or pores.
resin canal s (whi ch are which form i n spri ng, The annual rings are
mor e n u me r ou s i n making annual ri ngs thi n and harder to
other pi nes). di sti nct. distinguish.
\ d
!A
TREES AND MAN Trees always will be one of the im
portant natural resources of our country. Their timber,
other wood products, turpentine, and resins are of great
value. Trees also have values beyond reckoning in hold
ing the soil, preventing foods, and perhaps infuencing
climate. In addition, the beauty of trees, the majesty of
forests, and the quiet of woodlands are everyone's to en
joy. The wooded parts of our country are the areas to
which many people turn for recreation.
Woods and forests are the homes of many kinds of
wildlife, ranging from deer, elk, moose, and bear to
small squirrels and even smaller songbirds. Preservation
of our timberlands and the conservation of forest re
sources are essential to a sound, farsighted national
policy. Through the U.S. Forest Service, the National Park
Service, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and many
state agencies, forest and wildlife resources are being
preserved or wisely harvested so that we may use them
now, yet save them for our children's children to enjoy.
It is your privilege to have a share in the work of forest
conservation. Do your share by being careful with fre,
by helping in tree planting, and by being vigilant in pro
tecting, through legislation, your forest and wildlife
resources.
!
WWW311 WA31&1311N
FI ELD STUDY Trees can be studied at every season,
and they should be. Study the life history of a tree through
the year. Each season will show features that cannot be
seen at other times. Select some nearby trees to visit at
least once a month. Watch the buds open in spring and
the leaves unfold. See the fowers, fruit, autumn color,
twigs, bark, and even the insect pests. On page 154 are
suggestions of excellent places to see and study trees.
Specimens are often labeled to aid identifcation.
COLLECTI ONS are not so important in studying trees as
you might believe. Field studies are best, but a collection
of leaves, twigs, or fruits may be of real value if you use
the collection after you make it. leaves are easiest to col
lect. Make your collection early in the season before
insects and storms have injured the leaves. Get a short
twig with several leaves, to show leaf placement as well
as twig and bud characteristics. Press leaves between
sheets of newsprint or other soft paper. Set a board atop
your press with a heavy weight on it. Turn and change
the papers daily or every few days.
After leaves are pressed, mount them on cardboard
with strips of gummed paper. Turn some over to show
the reverse side. Cover with
Cellophane. label your
specimen with common and
scientifc name, date col
lected, locality, and notes.
Collections of winter twigs
can be mounted on card
board with thin wire. Seeds
and fruits can be stored in
small boxes or in glass vials.
!^
TREE CENSUS A census of trees can be interesting and
valuable to both the census taker and to the community.
Often the best argument.for conserving or improving the
tree plantings in your town or in nearby forests is a re
port on the existing conditions. Get a map of your town,
neighborhood, or camp. Follow it systematically, marking
down the location and name of each tree you fnd. Keep
a count by species as you go.
GROWI NG TREES Seeds of many common trees are
easy to grow and cultivate as seedlings. A visit to a state
or Forest Service nursery will show you how this is done.
Collect seeds of common species. Most will not grow till
the following spring and should be stored at outdoor
temperatures. In spring, seeds may be set in fats or pots
covered lightly with a mixture of sand and loam. learn to
recognize the seedlings, for they often have leaves that
difer from those of mature trees. When seedlings are
several inches high, they can be set in individual pots or
transplanted.
FORESTS AND FOREST TYPES Trees do not grow in
an entirely haphazard pattern. Diferences in soil, tem
perature, and rainfall tend to cause certain species to
grow together, forming distinct types of forests, such as
the northern coniferous
forests of Maine or the
Oak-Hickory hardwood
forests of Ohio. If you
travel at all, knowing
and recognizing the for
est types will add to
your enjoyment of the
scenery.
Pressed und
.
mounIed specimens.
FAMOUS TREES Most cities or regions have trees
famous for their age, size, or historic events that took
place nearby. Locate historic trees in your community; see
that they get any needed attention. Search for the largest
trees in your area; you may fnd record specimens.
REFORESTATI ON Careless lumbering, fres, hastily
planned agricultural programs, and plain neglect have
left our forest remnants in poor shape in many places.
Often where this has occurred, local groups are taking
active steps to restock the land with crops of trees.
Schools can sometimes obtain farms abandoned for taxes,
to be used for practical conservation demonstration plots.
Other school systems have their own farms and camps to
teach and practice conservation.
COMMUNITY FORESTS AND FOREST RESERVES
There are, in this country, several communities free of
taxes because the income from community forests, planted
decades ago, is enough to meet the bills. A community
forest is a project which does more than provide future
income from lumber. It also becomes a wildlife refuge
and, if the surroundings permit, a picnic and recreation
center. Areas around reservpirs, for example, where use
of the land is limited, a-re excellent for this purpose. In
terest other people, then consult the county agent, state
forester, or a representative of the U.S. Forest Service to
make suitable plans.
WOOD AND LUMBER The recognition of diferent
woods by their pores, rays, and grain is an interesting
hobby, especially if you like wood and use it. If you
collect and study woods, remember that the names that
lumbermen give trees are often diferent from those used
in this book. White Oak lumber may come from six or
eight diferent Oaks; Yellow Pine from several Pines.
\
PI NES are widely distributed conifers, most common in
cool temperate regions. Conifers lack true fowers; the
seeds develop in cones. The conifers include nearly 500
species in fve families. Of these, the Pine family is largest
Eastern White Pin"
Ponderosa
Pine
Virginia Pine
and best known. It includes Spruce, Fir, Hemlock, and
others besides those we commonly call Pines. True Pines
hove long needles, usually growing two to fve in a clus
ter. The cones ore large and well formed.
\ v
EASTERN WHI TE PI NE is a hardy and valuable north
easern conifer. Prized for its timber, it was cut ruthlessly
for years. Few prime stands of White Pine remain. New
plantings are slowed by several diseases. One is the white
pine blister rust, a fungus disease that spreads to White
Pine from currants and gooseberries. Recognize White
Pine by its soft, blue-green needles, fve in a cluster. Cones
are long and narrow, with thin, rounded scales; bark, dark
with deep cracks; wood, light and
soft. Western White Pine is some
what similar; needles heavier, cones
larger and longer.
Height: 50 to 1 00 ft. Pine family
SUGAR PINE, one of the tal l est, l argest, and most ma
jestic of Pi nes, has a strai ght, taperi ng trunk topped by
a fattened crown. The thi ck branches spread at al most
ri ght angl es to the trunk. Needl es, growi ng fve i n a cl us
ter, are heavy, bl ue-green, with white ti nge. They persist
for two or three years. Cones, maturi ng i n two years, are
the l argest known-12 to 15 i n. l ong, often l onger. The
seeds are an i mportant wi l dl ife food. The bark i s brown,
wi th scal y ri dges. The sugary sap
crystal l i zes at cuts i nto white, cri sp

granul es. The wood is reddi sh brown,

l i ght, and soft.
:.
Height: 200 to 220 ft. Pine family ~~.
2 \
22
PI TCH PI NE prefers rocky, sandy regions and i s tolerant
of poor soil. Young trees on open ground may be rounded
and symmetrical; older trees develop picturesque and ir
regular crowns of gnarled branches. As the name indi
cates, these Pines are rich in pitch or resin, which makes
small branches and cones fne for torches or campfres.
The gummy timber is brittle, of low grade, and of little
economic value. Needles are in groups of three, 3 to 5 in.

long, stif and yellowish-green. The
bark is reddish-brown, furrowed.
The prickly, stemless cones persist
on the trees for several years.
Height: 40 to 70 ft. Pine family
LONGLEAF PI NE has, as i ts name i mpl ies, l ong needl es
-12 to 18 i n. l ong, dark green and shi ny, three in a
cl uster. The young shoots are a del i ght to the eye. Young
longl eafs are cut for Christmas greens. Ol der trees are
tapped for gums that produce turpenti ne, resi n, and other
"naval stores. " Tappi ng may not i nj ure the trees, which
yi el d excel l ent al l -purpose l umber. But the resi n-covered
cuts i n the trees catch fre easi l y, making the forest dan-
gerous i n dry weather. The bark i s

orange-brown and scal y. Cones are

5 to 10 i n. l ong, dul l brown and
spi ned.
Height: ! 00 to 1 20 ft. Pi ne fomily
24
PONDEROSA PI NE al so has l ong (4 t o 7 i n.) needl es
i n cl usters of three. I t is a western tree, often growi ng
l arger than longl eaf Pi ne. Ponderosa, al so cal l ed Western
Yel l ow Pi ne, i s pri zed for i ts l umber. Now the most wi del y
used Pi ne for bui l di ng, fenci ng, rai l road ti es, and con
structi on, it i s careful l y cut to i nsure future suppl ies. Bark
on young trees i s dark brown, furrowed. Ol der trees de
vel op l arge, fat, reddish pl ates. The brown cones, 3 to 5
i n. l ong, with spi ked scal es, grow
on short stal ks. Young shoots, when
broken, have an odor l i ke that of
an orange.
Height: 80 to 200 ft. Pi ne family
LODGEPOLE PI NE has a dual personal ity. In open areas
of the Rockies it is a thin, tall Pine, favored by the Indians
for maki ng pol es for tipis and l odges. Thi s form of lodge
pol e Pi ne gave the tree its common name. But hi gh in the

mountai ns or al ong the shores, wi nds twist these Pi nes
i nto gnarl ed, bent shapes that have earned for them the
lati n name conforfo. Many cones on thi s Pi ne hang for
years wi thout openi ng. However, fre-very destructive
to thi s thi n-barked Pi ne-causes the
cones to open, reseedi ng the burned
,
area. The two needl es are short and
twisted.
Height: 1 5 to 80 ft. Pine family
.
VIRGI NIA PI NE is best known as a l ow, scrubby tree of
waste pl aces and abandoned farml ands. Al so known as
Jersey Pi ne, i t predomi nates i n the New Jersey pi ne bar
rens. On sandy, easi l y eroded l and it provi des cover
under which more val uabl e trees may get started. The
short, twisted, dul l needl es and sharp, prickl y cones are
characteristic. I n northern states and Canada, the some
what si mi l ar Jack Pi ne occurs. I ts two needl es are shorter,
and the twisted cone is smoother.
'
Virgi ni a Pi ne has l i ttl e val ue as ti m
ber, though i t is occasi onal l y used
for pul p.
Height: 30 to 40 ft. Pi ne family
Z
PI NYON PI NE produces the delicious pinyon or pine
nuts, an Indian and wildlife delicacy, which we too have
learned to enjoy. The low, drought-resistant tree grows on
mesas and mountainsides in the Southwest. Its needles
are short and stif, in clusters of twos and threes. The
wood is used for fenceposts and fuel. In late fall the
Navajos and other Indians shake the nuts-which are
large, wingless seeds-loose from the open cones, gather
ing them by the bushel. Another

Pinyon Pine with about the same
range has its needles singly instead

of in twos or threes.
Height: 1 5 to 50 ft. Pi ne family

_
_
2
SPRUCES grow strai ght and tal l , taperi ng upward t o a
poi nt. The branches are hori zontal , often droopi ng. Si nce
the wood is soft, fai rl y strong, and often free fro knots,
Spruce i s a val uabl e ti mber tree. The wood is used i n
many ki nds of construction and bui l di ng. Canadi an Spruce
suppl i es much of our pul pwood. Al i Spruces can be rec
ogni zed by thei r needl es, arranged i n compact spi ral s
around the twigs. Each needl e is four-si ded, nearl y square
i n cross-secti on. The cones, al ways hangi ng down, ma
ture i n one season. Eastern Spruces (Red, White, and
Bl ack) make up much of the cool northern forests. South
ward they fol l ow the hi gher parts of the Al l egheni es.
Black
Spruce
Red
Spruce
SpruceN
ross
Section
Western Spruces are larger and i ncl ude more speci es.
The Bl ue Spruce is often pl anted as an ornamental (as i s
Norway Spruce, a European tree, with droopi ng branches
and l ong cones) . Of the western Spruces, Engel mann and
Bl ue ar e most common. Si tka Spruces of t he Northwest
become gi ants 150 to 180 ft. high and 8 to 12 ft. thi ck.
Spruces are used by northern wi l dl ife duri ng the l ong
wi nter: spruce grouse and varyi ng hares eat the needl es,
deer browse on the twi gs, and cross
bi l l s, chi ckadees, and other song
birds feed on the smal l wi nged
seeds.
ZV
LARCHES or Tamaracks are northern conifers whi ch, l ike
the Bal dcypress of the South, shed thei r leaves wi th the
comi ng of winter. The sl ender, dark needl es, about an
i nch l ong, grow i n tufts of a dozen or more at t he ends
of stunted branchl ets. The smal l , scal y cones are up
ri ght. Three speci es of Larch grow i n thi s country; a!l are
somewhat si mi l ar i n appearance. The wood of these tal l ,
strai ght trees i s used f or pol es, l umber, and constructi on.
The tough fbers from the roots of
Tamarack were used by some east
ern I ndi ans to bi nd seams of thei r
bi rchbark canoes.
Height: 50 to 1 20 ft. Pine famiiy
DOUGLAS-FI R and its c
l
ose re
l
ative, Bigcone S
p
ruce,
are not Firs or Spruces, but close relatives of Hemlock
(
p
. 35). like it, they have flat, soft, short-sta
l
ked need
l
es,
growing in a flattened s
p
iral
around the twig. The red
dish cones, 2 to 3 in.
l
ong, have narrow, three-
p
ointed
bracts between the sca
l
es. Next to the Giant Sequoias,
Douglas-fr with its rounded, straight, regular trunk is our
largest tree. Some grow over 200 ft. high, but 100 ft. is
more common. The wood varies from
coarse to fne-grained. It yields p
l
y
wood, construction timbers, and
other
l
umber.
Height : 80 to 1 20 ft. Pi ne family
o \
o2
FIRS are another group of northern conifers. Of about
25 species, 10 are found i n the United States. Al l are
tal l , symmetrical , cone-shaped trees wi th dense branches.
The smooth bark of young trees i s broken by bl i sters of
resi n or bal sam. The bark of ol der trees i s furrowed or
ri dged. Fi r needl es are without stal ks, generally fattened
or grooved above. They are usual l y bl unt-ti pped and
l eave ci rcul ar scars when they dr op of. The cones ar e
upri ght and l ong, and vary i n col or f r om green or pur
pl i sh to brown. I n the Northeast, the Bal sam Fi r is com
mon. Thi s spreadi ng Fi r is recogni zed by i ts smooth, even
cones and by the whitish l i nes on the undersi de of the
needl es. Fragrant, spri ngy
,
Bal sam boughs are used i n
maki ng beds by many campers in the North Woods. More
important i s the resi n obtai ned by cutti ng the bark. This
resi n, used for mounti ng mi croscopic speci mens in l ab
oratories, is known as Canada Bal sam. White, Cal iforni a

Red, Pacifc Si l ver, Grand, and other speci es of Fi rare
found i n our western mountai ns and up i nto Canada. Of
20 to 25 mi l l i on Chri stmas trees cut each year, about 30
per cent are Bal sam Fi r. Dougl as-fr
ranks second
,
with other species of
Fi r and Spruce trail i ng
.
oo
o4
REDWOOD ond GIANT
SEQUOI A, c
l
ose
l
y re
l
ated
trees, were once common, even
in the arctic. Redwood, with
leaves suggesting Hem
l
ock, is
the ta
ll
est tree (record: 364ft.).
Wood reddish, soft, and brittle.
Giant Sequoia, with leaves like
Juni
p
er, is the
l
argest and old
est
living thing. Wood coarse,
brown and britt
l
e. Range lim
ited; now
p
rotected in Nation
al Parks. Genera
l
Sherman tree
is 273 ft. high, 115 ft. around,
and over 3,000 years old.
Height: 200-300 ft . Pine family
HEMLOCK, wi th its coarse wood, was i gnored when the

pri me eastern forests were cut over. Now i t has become
an acceptabl e ti mber tree, used for constructi on, box
i ng, and pulpwood. Heml ocks are easi l y transpl anted
and are wi del y used i n ornamental hedges. The bark i s
ri ch i n tanni n. Short, fat needl es on mi nute stal ks, i n two
fattened rows, are characteristic of Heml ock. These
needl es are darker above and si l ver- l i ned bel ow. There
are two eastern and two western
species of Heml ock. The western
ones, most common i n the North
west, are l arger.
Hei ght: 60 to 1 00 ft. Pine fomily
oO
J^
JUNIPERS are found on rocky, sandy, or other poor soi l s
i n most parts of thi s country. They ar e most i mportant i n
the West. Ni ne of our twel ve speci es are found i n the
Far West. Most Junipers have mi nute, bl unt, scal y l eaves
growi ng cl ose to the twi g. The frui t i s a modi fed cone,
with feshy scal es mergi ng to form a bl ui sh "berry" con
tai ni ng one or several seeds. Juni per berri es are an
i mportant food of some bi rds and other smal l wi l dl ife;
many I ndi ans l i ke them too. The berry of the Common
Juni per furni shes t he favor of gi n. Junipers are generally
stout, spreadi ng trees, with thi n, scal y, or fbrous bark.
The Utah Juniper, a typical tree of the dry Southwest, i s
Alligator
Juniper
Sierra
Juniper
o
also called Desert Juniper. Its twigs are slender, and the
round berry has a single seed. The berry, either fresh or
dried, is used by local Indians in favoring their food.
The Alligator Juniper difers in having its thick gray bark
broken into squared plates like that of the reptile's skin.
Western Junipers are common in the same range as
Pinyon Pines (p. 27) and are equally resistant to drought.
The wood is used for fuel, lumber, ornaments, and fence
posts. No one will forget the pungent
smell of burning Juniper in a camp
fre under western desert skies.
od
EASTERN RED-CEDAR is a Juniper, like those on pp. 36-
37. It is a well-known tree of roadsides, fields, hedge
rows. The leaves of Red-cedar are sharp and needle-like
on young shoots, scaly on older twigs. The fruit is a pur
plish berry. The reddish wood is used for chests, pencils,
posts, and shingles. Cedar oil, distilled from leaves and
wood, is used in household preparations. Along the Gulf
and in Florida, Southern Red-cedar, a related species, has

smaller berries and thinner, droop-
ing twigs. The name Cedar may be
confusing, as it is used for several
conifers not closely related.
Height : 20 to 60 ft. Pi ne fami ly
NORTHERN WHI TE-CEDAR is closely related to West
ern Red-cedar, a giant conifer of the Pacifc Northwest.
The White-cedar's twigs and short, light green, scale-like
leaves are fattened into fan-like sprays. The brownish
cones are very small. In contrast to the Junipers, these
Cedars prefer moist or swampy soil. Varieties have been
cultivated and grown for windbreaks and ornamental
use. The smooth, resistant wood is used for shingles and
siding. An
eastern coastal species

has smaller, narrower leaves.
Hei ght: 25 to 50 ft. (Northern White
cedar, east); 1 00 to 1 50 ft. (Western
Red-cedar, west). Pine family
o
4
BALDCYPRESS, l i ke the larches, sheds its l eaves in the
fal l . Thi s tal l , pyrami dal tree prefers moist or wet soi l s.
I t thrives i n southeastern swamps, where coni cal "knees"
grow up from the roots. These may aid i n provi di ng ai r
for submerged parts. The l eaves are fattened, soft, l i ght
green, and feathery, resembl i ng Heml ock. The frui t i s a
smal l , dark, rounded cone. The durabl e wood, very re
si stant to rotti ng, is prized for posts, fats for nursery pl ants,
ties, and construction. Bal dcypress
'
is pl anted as an ornamental , both
here and i n Europe, wherever wi n
ters are mi l d.
Height: 80 to 1 00 lt. Pine family
4\
BLACKGUM, Sourgum, Pepperri dge, and Tupel o are
vari ous names by whi ch thi s handsome, medi um-si zed
tree i s known. It is common al ong moi st roadsi des and i n
woods. Of several southeastern speci es of Tupel o, two
grow in swamps. One has l arge red fruit, from whi ch
preserves are made. Bl ackgum l eaves (2 to 5 i n. l ong)
are smooth and shi ny, turni ng bri l l i ant red i n fal l . The
dark bl ue frui t i s eaten by bi rds and smal l mammals. A
characteri stic feature of Bl ackgum i s
the sti f hori zontal twi gs and branch
es. Sweetgum (p. 1 1 3) is not a rel a
tive, despite its name.
Height: 50 to 75ft. Dogwood family

4Z
PERSI MMONS are common in warmer regions, where
nearly 200 species are known. Only two are found in our
country. One of these is confned to Texas. The Common
Persimmon, a slender attractive tree of roadside, hedge
row, and open feld, is especially plentiful in the South.
In the fall the glossy green leaves become tinged with
yellow, and some trees are laden with dull orange fruits.
Male and female fowers are borne on separate trees,
,
so only the latter bear fruit. The as-
tringent fruit, edible after frost, is
popular with opossums, raccoons,
and foxes.
Height: 40 to 60 ft. Ebony family
DOGWOODS T
h
ere are 1 7 American species of Dog
wood, rangi ng from t
h
e ti ny northern Bunchberry to t
h
e
Pacifc Dogwood, whic
h
may grow as high as 80 ft.
Other speci es are s
h
rubby or are smal l trees. Opposi tel y
pl aced, si mpl e l eaves with curved, al most paral l el vei ns
are fel d marks for the Dogwood group. The sl ow-growi ng
Fl oweri ng Dogwood is best known, both i n i ts wi l d and
cul tivated forms; t
h
e l atter i ncl ude pi nk-fowered vari
eti es. The "fower" i s a group of enl arged bracts around
a cl uster of smal l true fowers. T
h
e r ed frui ts are as attrac
tive as t
h
e fowers, and serve as food for wi l dl i fe as wel l .
The dense, compact, fne-grai ned
wood of Fl oweri ng Dogwood i s un
equal ed for the maki ng of s
h
uttl es
for weavi ng. ( Pl ate on p. 44.)
Height: 10 to 80 ft. Dogwood family
CATALPA ( pl ate on p. 45)
h
as become i ncreasi ngl y com
mon and better known as i t
h
as been pl anted more and
more outsi de of its ori gi nal range. I t i s a
h
andsome orna
mental someti mes used i n street pl anti ng. Two speci es of
Catalpa grow in the United States, but the fami l y to whi ch
they bel ong i s promi nent i n the tropics and i ncl udes some
500 trees, shrubs, and vi nes. The l arge,
h
eart-s
h
aped
l eaves, spotted whi te fowers, and bean-l i ke seed pods
characteri ze Catal pa. The bark i s red-brown and scal y.
Leaves grow opposite or i n threes. Catal pa i s fast-grow
i ng. I ts wood i s coarse but durabl e,
h
ence val uabl e for
Ao
fences, posts, pol es, and si mi l ar uses.
Attempts have been made, with some
success, to grow i t as a wood crop.
Height: 20 to 50 ft. Bignonia family
gnO
rOnge
44
FLOWEk1MG 0OGWOOD (text OM p. 43)
4O
CATALPA (text OM p. 43)
4
REDBUDS once seen in bl oom on a l awn or in a garden
wi l l al ways be recal l ed wi th del i ght. The wood i s of no
commerci al val ue, but these smal l trees are favorite
ornamental s, si nce they begi n bl oomi ng when very
young. They are hardy and col orful . In earl y spri ng the
tree is a mass of l avender. The pal e green, bean- l i ke
pods that fol l ow the fowers become purpl e i n l ate sum
mer. The thi n, heart-shaped l eaves turn bri ght yel l ow i n
fal l . The deep brown bark is smooth
on young trees, furrowed on ol der
ones. Redbud grows al ong streams
and i s tol erant of shade.
Height: 10 to 30 ft. Legume family
OSAGE-ORANGE like Catalpa is planted widely out
side its original range. It was used as one of the first
"living fences" to bound prai
ie farms. Indians prized the

tough wood for bows and war clubs; we use it to a lim
ited extent for posts and ties. Osage-orange is a relative
of the Mulberries (pp. 1 1 4- 1 1 5) and the Fig. It is easily
identifed by its shiny leaves, thorny twigs, bright orange
inner bark. The unusual, wrinkled, orange-like fruit, 4 to
4
5 in. in diameter, has a typical citrus

odor, but the inside is dry and pulpy,
with a milky juice. It grows from a
ball of small green fowers.

L
'
I
=
I
''
1
Hei ght: 1 5 lo 50 ft. Mulberry family
`--
'''=

4d
NPMLLlP (text Of pp. 50-51 )
4v
NPMLLP (text OM pp. 50-5 1 )
UMBRELLA MAGNOLI A is so called because large ( 1 2

to 20 i n.), smooth, bright green l eaves surround each
fower l i ke an umbrel lo. The compact tree, preferri ng
ri ch, moist soi l s, devel ops a rounded, i rregular crown.
Branches ar e thi ck, twi gs at sharp angl es. Bar k i s gray,
thi n, becomi ng warty. Fl owers (4 to
8 i n. across), creamy whi te, l i ke
larger Magnol ias smell slightl y un
pleasant. Fruit reddens on r i peni ng.
( Plate on p. 48.)
Height: 20 to 30 ft. Magnolia family
SWEETBAY grows farther north al ong the Atlanti c
Coastal Plai n t han other Magnol ias. I n the North these
trees are shr ubl i ke, but in southern swamps they some
times grow 7 5 ft. high. Sweetbay i s often pl anted as an
ornamental i n European gardens. The fower, small for
Magnol ias, i s wh ite and fragrant. Leaves are smal l , too

(3 to 6 i n. l ong); br i ght green above,
s ilvery white below. They drop late
the next spri ng in the South, some
times ear l i er i n the North. Bark i s gray,
smooth and thi n. (Plate on p. 48. )

CUCUMBER MAGNOLI A i s one of the largest and
hardi est of the s i x speci es of our nati ve Magnol ias. I t has
l ight brown, scal y bark, becomi ng t hi ck and fur rowed
on ol der trees. The l eaves-6 to 10 i n. l ong, thi n, l i ght
green, hai ry bel ow-typi fy the Cucumber Magnol ia. Buds
are large, si l ky, poi nted; fowers greenish-yel l ow, unat
tracti ve. Fruits, l i ke smal l cucumbers
when immature, swel l and open to
reveal red seeds. (Plate on p. 49.)
Height: 50 to 80 ft. Magnolia .amily
\
SOUTHERN MAGNOLI A-or j ust "Magnol i a" -i s the
name given to thi s very handsome tree, now used ex
tensi vel y as an ornamental . Thi s l arge Magnol i a, wi th
thick branches and twigs, prefers the ri ch, moist soi l of
swamps and ri ver banks, though it is adaptabl e under
cul ti vati on. I ts lati n name, Nogno/to grondtoro, testi fes
to the fact that it bears l arge fowers, 6 to 8 i n. across.
These white, waxl i ke fowers with a strong, heady fra-
grance, are al l the more attractive
by bei ng set of by l arge, dark

green, l eathery l eaves, 6 to 9 i n. l ong,
rusty- brown bel ow. ( Pl ate on p. 49. ) .
` - - ..
4
CULTIVATED MAGNOLIAS Our native Magnol i as,
wi del y used as ornamental s and for street pl anti ng i n the
South, are not hardy enough for pl anti ng i n the North.
Magnol i as commonl y seen i n northern gardens are horti
cul tural varieties from Chi na and Japan, usual l y formed
by crossi ng a hardy variety wi th a showy one. Even hardy
cul tivated Magnol ias need sunny, protected pl aces i n the
North. They usual l y bl oom before thei r l eaves come out;
our native Magnol i as bl oom after. Thei r fowers are usu
al l y l arge, some up to 10 i n. across; white, cream, or
ti nted with pi nk or l avender. Another hal f-dozen or more
i mported ki nds, wi del y grown i n the South, are tender
species whi ch need the same warm cl i
mate as our native Magnol i as. Some,
l i ke nati ve species, bl oom after the
l eaves appear. Two have white fowers
with a touch of red at the center. Some
grow l arge; most are smal l trees or
shrubs.
Cultivated Maqnolia
Z
PACI FI C MADRONE is an attracti ve, l ow-branchi ng
western t ree common on s l opes of Paci fc coast ranges.
I t i s a sl ow-growi ng, l ong- l ived tree. The l eathery, ever
green l eaves, 3 to 5 i n. l ong, shi ny above and pal e bel ow,
make a dense fol iage. The brick-red bar k i s smooth, peel
i ng i n t hi n sheets from ol der trees. Fl owers i n white cl usters
gi ve way to orange-red berries, whi ch are eaten by
pi geons and other bi rds. The browni sh, br ittl e wood,
whi ch warps and checks badl y i n dryi ng, has l ittl e use
except i n charcoal -maki ng. Paci fc
Madrones i ncl ude three speci es, and
two of these speci es ar e rare.
Height: 20 to 50 ft. Hepth family
J
CALI FORNIA-LAUREL or BAY, usual l y found in ravi nes
and canyons, is a common evergreen tree of moi st soi l s.
The narrow, shi ny, l eathery l eaves, 3 to 6 i n. l ong, remai n
on t he tree for two year s or mor e. When crushed, they
smel l l i ke camphor . The t r unk often divi des at its base.
The bark i s smoot h, gray-brown, becomi ng scal y on ol der
trees. The ol i ve- l i ke fruit, yel l owi sh when ri pe, has one
large seed. Seeds are often washed down canyons and
sprout t o form dense thi ckets. The
mottl ed, fne-grai ned wood is used
| n cabi networ k and for decorative
efects.
Height: 20 to 50 ft. Laurel family
4
BLACK WI LLOW is found al ong many streams in the
eastern hal f of the country. I ts i rregul ar, spreadi ng
branches, l arge si ze, and dark trunk make i t easy to
recognize. The thi n, narrow l eaves often have stipul es,
l i ke ti ny heart-shaped col l ars at thei r base. They are the
onl y wi l l ow l eaves uniforml y green on both si des. The
fowers are i n l oose catki ns, l ess fufy than Pussy Wi l l ows.
Mal e and femal e fowers, borne on separate trees, form

smal l , hai ry seeds. The soft, fne

grai ned wood is used to make arti
fci al l i mbs; al so for boxes, cani ng,
and baskets.
Height: 30 to 60 ft. Willow family
WEEPI NG WI LLOW, a native of China, was l ong ago
i ntroduced i nto Eur ope and the Middl e East and l ater to
this country. This is the Wi l l ow of the Bi bl e, the one that
grew by the waters of Babyl on. I t is wi del y cul tivated
where soi l i s moist, especial l y i n citi es, as it i s tol erant of
smoke and gr ime. Weepi ng Wi l l ow i s now wi l d i n some
areas. The l ong, limp, pendent twigs are characteri stic.
The narrowl y lance-shaped l eaves, simi lar _ to t hose of
other Wi l l ows, are 3 to 6 i n. l ong. The mi nute seeds are
covered with white hai rs. The bark is grayi sh brown and
fssured. li ke other Wi l l ows, i t i s easi l y grown from stem
cuti ngs.
Hei ght : 20 to 50 ft . Willow family
Sandbar
Willow
OTHER WI LLOWS About 100 ki nds of Wi l l ows grow
in t hi s country. Many are smal l and shrubby. Crack Wi l
l ow, i ntroduced from Europe, grows l arge. Twi gs snap
of, fal l , and t ake root if the soi l i s moist. Sandbar Wi l l ow,
sometimes l arge, more often forms ri versi de thi ckets.
Note its very nar row l eaves. Peach l eaf Wi l l ow i s more
common on prai r i es al ong watercourses. Pussy Wi llow
i s a favori te i n March and Apri l ,
when openi ng buds mar k a new
growi ng season. I t i s cul ti vated for
the fower market.
AMERICAN ELM is well known, because it is one of the
conspi cuous trees of easter n woods, fel ds, and town
streets. Other Elms are found i n Europe, Asi a, and north
er n Afri ca. Wi del y planted, thi s Elm makes an excel l ent
shade and street tree. Now i t i s menaced by i nsect pests
and the Dutch Elm di sease. The vase-shaped form and
spreadi ng, open branches make Ameri can Elm easy to
i denti fy at a di stance. Note the uneven base and the
doubl e teeth on the l eaf, and the
smooth twi gs. The wood i s used for
""
furn i ture, contai ners, and vari ous
smal l arti c l es.
Height: 75 to 1 00 ft. Elm family
d
WI NGED AND SLI PPERY ELMS are both easter n trees,
though the l atter ranges farther north and west. Wi nged
Elm or Wahoo has small l eaves (1 to 3 i n. long) and frui t.
The corky outgrowths or wi ngs on the twi gs give i t i ts
name. The bark of Sl i ppery Elm is brown and deepl y
furrowed. The i nner bark of Sl i ppery Elm twi gs was for
mer l y chewed for rel ief of throat ailments. The twi gs are
hai ry but not corky. The frui t is large and fattened.
Sl i ppery Elm wood i s similar to that
of Ameri can Elm. Coarse, hard, and
heavy, it makes fenceposts.
Height: 30 to 40 ft. !Winged); 40 to 60
ft. !Slippery). Elm family
ROCK AND CEDAR ELMS The hai ry twi gs of Rock Elm
often have corky wi ngs l i ke those of Wi nged Elm. Rock
Elm has larger frui t and general l y grows farther north
than Wi nged El m. The l eaves are larger, 3 to 6 i n. l ong.
Cedar Elm i s at i t s best i n the l imestone hi l l s of Texas.
The thi ck, dar k green l eaves are smal l er than those of
any other nati ve Elm (about the same si ze as the cul ti
vated Si berian Elm) . I ts twi gs are often corky; the bar k is
V
l i ght brown and furrowed. This Elm,
unl i ke others, fowers in late summer. :

-
---- - o -,,
The hai ry seeds are simi lar to those
of Rock Elm, but smal l er .

Hei ght: 50 to 70 ft. ! both) . Elm fomily

HACKBERRY, a rel ative of El m, i s readi l y recogni zed by

its gray, warty bark and by the witches' brooms of tan
gl ed twigs caused by a fungus disease. There are ei ght
speci es i n thi s country and about ffty more the wor l d
over. leaves ar e thi nner t han those of El m, more pointed,
and-i n one Hackberry-l ess toothed. The smal l , hard
fruits are eaten by wi l dl ife, bei ng a favorite of robi ns
and mocki ngbi rds. The wood-coarse, soft, and rather
weak-i s used occasi onal l y for fur
niture and fenci ng, though Hack
berry i s pri mari l y a shade and shel
ter bel t tree.
Height : 5 to 80 ft. Elm family
SERVICEBERRY or Shadbush is common over most of
thi s country. Of some 20 species, most are western and
shrubby. Onl y a few ar e trees. Serviceberries are found
i n woods, fel d borders, and roadsi des. They do wel l i n
poor soi l . The fruit, ri peni ng earl y, is a favorite food of
over 60 species of Ameri can wi l dl ife, i ncl udi ng many
songbi rds. Deer browse on the twi gs. Servi ceberry i s
i denti fed by i ts fnel y saw-toothed, alternate l eaves;
grayi sh-brown, smooth bark; and, in
spring, by its cl usters of white, l ong
petal ed fowers, openi ng earl y be
fore the l eaves are out.
Height: 15 to 50 ft. Rose family
1
Z
AMERI CAN HORNBEAM is known al so as the Bl ue
Beech because of its disti ncti ve smooth, bl ue-gray, mus
cl e- like bark. A l ow tree, it prefers moi st soil al ong ri ver
banks, or l ow ground. The l eaves are simi lar to the Hop
Hornbeam's, but are smal l er, darker, and more shi ny.
They turn orange and red i n the fal l . The fruits are cl us
ters of nutl ets i n pai rs, eoch set on a three-lobed bract.
Songbi rds use them as food. The light brown wood is

tough, hard, and heavy. It is used
for handl es, wedges, and wherever
hard wood is needed. The tree is
planted as a moi st- soi l ornamental .
Hei ght: 20 t o J0 ft. Birch family
HOP HORNBEAM or I ronwood is related to Ameri can
Hornbeam and is li ke it in some ways. Hop Hornbeam i s
mai nly an upland tree, preferri ng open, well - drai ned
woods. I t grows taller and straighter than Ameri can
Hornbeam, and i s di sti nctive wi th its scaly, brown bark.
The name refers to the hop- l i ke fruits, which hang i n
compact cl usters. Each seed i s i n a smal l bag formed
from an i nfated bract. The tough wood i s used for tool
handl es, mal l ets, and the l i ke. A
smol l er, western s peci es i s an unu- ,
sual l y rare tree, fQund onl y in one
,
Ari zona l ocal i ty.

Height: 20 to 40 ft. Birch family
\
^J
4
AMERI CAN HOLLY is the best known of a group of
about 15 native Hol l ies, most of whi ch are shrubby.
Ameri can Hol l y, a pl ant of moist soi l and ri ver botoms,
reaches i ts best growth i n the Southeast. I t i s wi del y
pl anted where. soi l and cl i mate are sui tabl e. Recogni ze
thi s Hol l y by its heavy, s pi ny, evergreen l eaves and its
smooth gray bark. Mal e and femal e fowers are borne
on separate trees, and t
h
e bri g
h
t red fruits onl y on the
femal e tree. I n wi nter and earl y
spri ng they are a favori te food of
songbi rds, such as the bl uebi rd, cat
bi rd and mocki ngbi rd.
Height: 20 to 50 ft. Holly family
O
AMERI CAN BEECH is a statel y and beautiful tree. Our
nati ve speci es is best known. Copper Beech and Weepi ng
Beech are European var i eties whi ch are often pl anted as
ornamental s i n parks. Beech prefers ri ch bottoml and or
upl and soi l s. I t tol erates shade and gradual l y domi nates
the forest growth. Its di sti nctive smooth gray bark, l ong,
poi nted buds, and strongl y vei ned l eaves are character
istic. The fruit, a tri angul ar nut, i s eaten by mammal s and
bi rds. The wood-reddish, cl ose
-
grai ned, and hard-i s used for fur-
"
""""*"P
ni ture, woodenware, barrel -maki ng,
and veneer.
.
Height: 60 to 80 ft. Beech family
WI LD CHERRI ES About 14 s peci es of Wi l d Cherry,

rangi ng from shrubs to l arge trees, are found in thi s
country. Al l prefer moist soi l s on sl opes and bottoml ands.
larger Cherries are val ued for thei r fne wood; al l furni sh
Wild Plum
1 0 to 20 ft.
fruits whi ch are eaten avi dl y by wi l dl i fe, especial l y by
song and game bi rds, bears, and many smal l mammal s.
Our cul ti vated Cherri es come from Europe; the Fl oweri ng
Cherri es fr om Asia. Pl ums are cl ose relati ves.
b
Choke
Cherr
y Wild Black Cherr
y
CHOKE CHERRY is shrub or smal l tree ( 1 0 to 20 ft.
hi gh) of irregul ar form. It is widel y distributed through
out i ts range, formi ng thickets i n dry, upl and soi l . Choke
Cherry is a common constituent of hedgerows. On young
trees the bark is smooth, gray, and spotted wi th narrow
l enti cel s, like that of other Cherries. The leaves of Choke
Cherry are shorter and more rounded than those of Bl ack
Cherry and come to an abrupt point. The fruits, i n tight
cl usters, are dark red, astri ngent, and unpal atabl e when
ri pe. Birds eat them neverthel ess. (Pl ate on p. 66.)
WILD BLACK CHERRY is the l argest member of this
group, growi ng 40 to 80 ft. hi gh and occasional l y hi gher.
Its habi t is always treel i ke. The tree spreads with age and
devel ops drooping branches. Twigs are thi n, wi th sl ender
brown buds. The smooth, browni sh bark on young trees
becomes cracked i nto rough pl ates as the tree matures.
leaves are thick, narrow, tapering, and shi ny green. Com
pared to other Cherries, this tree bl ooms l ate ( i n l ate May
or June). I ts cl usters of smal l white fowers give way to
fruit, whi ch become tart and bl ack
by the ti me they ri pen. Songbi rds do
not l et them hang for l ong. Cherry
wood is val ued for furniture and
cabi network. (Pl ate on p. 66. )
V
PIN CHERRY or Bird Cherry is a smal l sl ender tree of the
East and North. I t is a fast-growi ng tree, common on
hi l l sides, i n the mountai ns, and al ong fel d borders. Pi n
Cherry rarel y grows more than 30 ft. hi gh, wi th smooth,
rusty brown bark marked with l arge l enti cel s. The smal l
brown buds tend t o cl uster on t he t hi n twi gs. The l eaves
are even more narrow than Wil d Bl ack Cherry. They taper
to a l ong poi nt and are fnel y toothed. This tree is al so
cal l ed Red Cherry, si nce the fruits, eaten by many bi rds,
are red when ri pe. ( Pl ate on p. 7
. )
WILD PLUMS, some ! species of them, ar e mostly
shrubs. One becomes a smal l tree 1 0 to 20 ft. hi gh, with
short, thorny branches and twigs. Wi l d Pl ums form thi ckets
throughout the Midwest. Earl y settl ers counted on the fruit
as part of thei r wi nter suppl y of preserves. leaves of Wi l d
Pl ums are more rounded and coarser-toothed than those
of Cherries. The fruit is l arger, grows si ngl y i nstead of in
cl usters, and is orange or red when ripe. Though the fruits
are more attractive to us, they are not eaten as much by
wi l dl ife as are the Wi l d Cherri es.
However, many bi rds and smal l
mammal s make pl um thickets thei r
favorite retreat. Foxes eat the frui t
occasional l y. ( Pl ate on p. 7
. )
bKLHc (text OM pp. 72-7 4)

1\
blKLHc textOf pp. 72-74)
Z
PAPER BIRCH or Canoe Birch is the Whi te Bi rch of the
North-the tree used by I ndi ans to make their bi rchbark
canoes. I ts bark was al so used to make baskets, dishes,
and trays. Paper Birch is a tree of open woods and river
banks, common and wel l known throughout the North.
I t grows tal l (occasional l y 1 00 ft. ),
wi th a rounded top and numerous
l arge horizontal branches. Twigs are
thi n and droop sl i ghtly. The smooth,
chal k-white bark is spotted with hori
zontal openi ngs (l enticel s). l t becomes
scal y with age. The l eaves are oval ,
2 to 4 i n. l ong, coarsel y toothed,
darker above. ( Pl ate on p. 70.)
GRAY BI RCH is often cal led White Bi rch, but thi s name
confuses the tree wi th several others. Thi s is a smal l north-
ern tree, often growi ng i n cl usters or thickets. I t never
attai ns the stature of either our
Paper Birch or the European White
Birch, whi ch it resembl es mai nly in
the col or of its bark. Whi l e its thi n
bark is somethi ng l i ke that of Paper
Bi rch, the triangul ar l eaves are dis
tinctl y diferent. like al l Birches, it
bears frui t in a narrow cone with
many smal l , wi nged seeds. Fl owers
are catkins. Wood-heavy, cl ose
grai ned, and reddish-brown i n col or
-is used for spool s, cl othespins, and
hoops. (Pl ate on p. 70. )
YELLOW BI RCH l i ke Paper Bi rch is a northern or moun
tai n tree with bark that eventual l y peel s i nto thi n, curl y,
si l very-yel l ow strips. I t is one of the l arger Bi rches, grow
ing occasi onal l y 100 ft. hi gh, with rounded top and
typi cal droopi ng twi gs. leaves ar e nearl y oval , doubl e
toothed, 3 to 4 i n. l ong, pal er bel ow,
with a wi ntergreen odor. Yel l ow
Bi rch prefers ri ch open woods, wel l
drai ned soi l . The wood of Yel l ow
and si mi l ar Bi rches is good for
furniture, wood-
enware, boxes,

*
" ~ q
*
better pl ywood.
( Pl ate on p. 71 . )
Height: 50 t o 75 ft.
Birch family
RIVER BI RCH, or RED BI RCH, i s the onl y Bi rch common

i n the South. I t grows 50 to 80 ft. tal l , wi th short, hangi ng
branches and thi n twi gs. I t prefers moi st, swampy soi l and
ri ver banks. The l eaves, 1 to 3 i n. ,
doubl e-tooth
e
d as i n Yel l ow Bi rch,
are more i rregul ar, and more deep
l y i ndented, turni ng dul l yel l ow i n
autumn. Fl owers are catki ns, 2 to 3
i n. l ong, openi ng before the l eaves.
The bark, a warm, reddi sh-brown,
curl s i nto thin sheets on young trees
and breaks i nto shal l ow pl ates on
ol der trunks. The fruit, an erect cone
si mi l ar to that of Yel l ow Birch, i s
somewhat more poi nted. ( Pl ate on

! . )
o
4
WHI TE BI RCH is even more common i n northern Europe
than our Canoe Bi rch i s here. Duri ng the early part of
the century it was imported i nto this country as an orna
mental and i s sti l l wi del y used for home and park plant
i ngs. Whi te Bi rch i s a spreadi ng, short- l i ved tree wi th
droopi ng branches, somewhat l i ke
Gray Bi rch but wi th bark thi cker, l ess
smooth. From it Europeans made
bowl s, spoons, shoes, and brooms
(from twi gs). Among horti cul tural
varieties, one has pendul ous, wi l l ow
l i ke branches; another, l eaves deep
cut and di vi ded. ( Plate on p. 70.)
SWEET BI RCH, or Black or Cherry Bi rch, grows up to
75 ft. hi gh. Graceful and symmetrical , i t prefers rich,
well - drai ned upland soil . The aro
matic twi gs are tasty to chew. The
sap, which fows steadil y from a cut
i n spri ng, was once used to make
bi rch beer. The leaves, 2 to 6 i n.
l ong, are mor e regular, more fne| y
toothed than in Yell
o
w or Ri ver Bi rch.
The dark, blacki sh bark, which gi ves
the tree one of its common names,
breaks into fat, square plates. I t i s
not papery like other nati ve Bi rches.
The fne wood i s pri zed for fur niture
and cabi network. Once used to i mi
tate mahogany, it i s now val ued for
itself. ( Plate on p. 71 .)
O
ALDERS are cl ose rel atives of the Bi rches, wi th si mi l ar
fowers, fruits, and seeds. Thei r bark i s marked wi th hori
zontal l enti cel s as i n Bi rches. Al ders, however, are mostl y
shrubs. Of about ni ne speci es i n thi s country, onl y two
become good-si zed trees: the Red and White Al ders of
the Paci fc Coast. The short-stemmed, al ternate l eaves
vary from species to species, but al l are characteri zed by
strong feather vei ns. Fl owers are greeni sh or yel l owi sh
catki ns. The fruits are smal l , woody
cones. Al ders are fast-growi ng and
prefer moi st soi l al ong streams or
i n swamps.
^
SOURWOOD i s an i nteresti ng tree related to the Paci fc
Madrone ( p. 52). I n late spri ng the rows of white, bel l
shaped fowers add t o its beauty. The si mpl e, al ternate
l eaves are shi ny dark green, turni ng a rich scar l et with the
comi ng of col d weather. Because of its attracti ve appear
ance, Sourwood i s someti mes used as an ornamental ,
especial l y i n the Sout h. The name refers to the sour taste
of the twigs, whi ch are chewed by woodsmen as a thi rst
quencher. The bark i s reddi sh gray,
smooth at frst, becomi ng scal y wi th
age. The frui t i s a smal l hai ry cap
sul e wi th many seeds.
Height: 15 to 40 ft. Heath family
BUCKTHORNS are wi del y di stri buted. Onl y a few of the

1 0 to 15 Ameri can speci es are treel i ke. Al l have si mpl e
l eaves growi ng al ternatel y on the twi gs. I n some, the
l eaves have smooth edges; i n others they are fnel y
toothed. The fruit, si mi l ar to that of Wi l d Cherry, i s red
or bl ack when ri pe. I t i s eaten by songbi rds i n the West
and South. Woodpeckers are fond of the fruits; so are
catbi rds and mocki ngbi rds. Buckthorns are too smal l to
have ti mber val ue. Some are used
as ornamental s. The bark of a west
ern species produces cascara, a
l axative drug.
Height: 1 5 to 25 ft. Buckthorn family ,
d
QUAKI NG ASPEN i s one of the smal l er Popl ars and
one of the best known. The simpl e, al ternate, almost round
l eaves, on thi n, fattened stal ks, sti r i n the fai ntest breeze,
gi vi ng the tree its nome. The bark on young trees i s o
pol e greeni sh white, becomi ng darker and rougher wi th
age. Twi gs ore thi ck; buds waxy and scal y. Quaki ng
Aspen i s o qui ck-growi ng, upl and t ree of sandy or rocky
soi l s and burnt- over l and. I t l ooks its best agai nst the
dark conifers i n the Rocki es. I t i s
known al so as Trembl i ng or Ameri
can Aspen. The soft, whi te wood is
used for pul p, excel si or, matches.
Hei ght: 20 to 40 ft. Wi l l ow family
BI GTOOTH ASPEN or Large-tooth Aspen is named for

the large, rounded teeth on the margi ns of i ts heart-shaped
l eaves. I t i s a northeaster n tree, simi lar i n form and growth
to Quaki ng Aspen, but with heavi er twi gs and larger,
coarser l eaves. As i n other Poplars, the fower i s a droop
i ng catki n whi ch opens before the l eaves are out. The
catki n devel ops i nto a cl uster of fruits wi th smal l , hai ry
seeds that are easi l y di str i buted by the wi nd. Al l Poplars
are quick-growi ng and produce a
quick cover in bur nt-over areas. The

"
^*
soft, l i ght wood i s used for pul p,
boxes, excel si or, and matches.
Height: 30 to 60 ft. Wi l l ow family ` --=.
COTTONWOODS are common, wi del y distri buted Pop
l ars which are appreciated most i n their native open
prai ries, where they fol low the watercourses. They are
pl anted for shade near ranchers' homes, al ong streets,
and as wi ndbreaks. Cottonwoods are l arge trees with
pal e bark whi ch becomes deepl y furrowed on ol der trees.
The twi gs are heavy; the buds l arge, poi nted, and gummy.
The wood i s used for l umber and boxes as wel l as pul p.
About a dozen species occur i n thi s
country, some with narrow, wi l l ow
l i ke l eaves, but most with l eaves
si mi l ar to those i l l ustrated.
Height: 60 to 1 00 ft. Willow family
AMERICAN BASSWOOD or Li nden, a handsome shade
tree, spreads broadl y when space permi ts. Several other
speci es occur. Grayi sh-brown twi gs bear pl ump, rounded
wi nter buds. The l arge, heart-shaped, vei ny l eaves are
easy to i dentify. Basswood bark i s dark and deepl y fur
rowed. &ropean Li ndens, wi th thei r smal l er l eaves and
more compact crowns, ar e used i n street pl anti ng. The
wood of our species i s l i ght and fne-grai ned, used i n
woodenware, cabi network and for
toys. The fowers, whi ch yi el d an
excel l ent honey, perfume the ai r on

.
h
PmerXD
warm June mg ts.
ssw
Height: 60 to 1 00 ft. Linden family
"--. .
d\
dZ
White
Oaks
Black
Oaks
Beech
Spring
Chestnut
M11t M
COMPAR| 5ON Ol WH
Summer Fall
Wi n er
THE OAKS rank wi th the wor l d' s most i mportant trees.
Venerated by anci ent peopl es, they are sti l l symbol s of
strength. These members of the Beech fami l y are rel ated
to the once-common Chestnut. This i mportant forest tree
was al most compl etel y destroyed by a rampant fungus
disease; onl y a few scattered sucker growths remai n.
Tanbark-oak resembl es both Oak and Chestnut; i t bears
acorns. Oaks make up one of the l argest groups of native
trees in the United States. At l east 50, perhaps 75, speci es
occur i n thi s country, mai nl y i n the East. They are our most
i mportant hardwood ti mber for l umber, fuel , barrel s, rai l
road ti es, and other uses. Al l Oaks have the di sti nctive
frui t-the acorn. Al l have al ternate si mpl e l eaves, some
enti re and others toothed or l obed. Nearl y al l Oaks can
Tanbark-oak
IAMI I3
M 8|ACK OAK5
Spri ng
Summer
Oaks
Fall Winter
dJ
Aeorns Ripen
i n One
Season
i n Two
Seasons
be put i n the Whi te Oak or the Bl ack Oak group. The
White Oaks ( pp. 84-95) mature thei r acorns i n a si ngl e
year; t he l eaves have rounded l obes and usual l y l ack
teeth; the bark is general l y pal e. The Bl ack Oaks ( pp.
96- 1 07) fake two years to mature acorns; l eaves have
sharper l obes and bri stl e-poi nted teeth; the bark i s usu
al l y dark. Some Oaks are hard to i dentify; use l eaves, tree
form, bark, buds, and acorns as gui des. Oaks are i mpor
tant sources of food for many ki nds
of wi l dl ife, and i n years when the
mast crop ( acorns) fai l s, the deer,
squirrel s, and raccoons may have
troubl e fndi ng enough to eat.
d4
WHIT OAK GkOUF - LAV5
WHI TE OAK
5" to
]"
BUR OAK
5" to
]"
POST OAK
4" to
OVERCUP OAK
5" to
]"
CHESTNUT OAK
to 8"
CHI NKAPI N OAK

4" to
SWAMP WHI TE OAK

5" to
]"
GAMBEL OAK
3" to 5"
LI VE OAK
3" to 4"
CALI FORNI A
LI VE OAK
''
to 3"
WHI TE OAK
3/ " to 1 "
ACORNS
POST OAK
l." to 1 "
OVERCUP OAK
'l" to 1 11"
CHI NKAPI N OAK
11" to l/4"
CHESTNUT OAK
1 " to l 12 "
LI VE OAK
3/ " to 1 "
SWAMP WHI TE OAK
3/" to I 'l"
GAMBEL OAK
!"
to l/4"
CALI FORNI A
LI VE OAK
3/ " to l 'i"
d
d
WHI TE OAK is the best known Oak of al l . Common
throughout New Engl and, i ts beauty attracted the atten
tion of earl y col onists. I n open pl aces White Oak devel ops
a broad, symmetrical crown and majestic appearance. The
l i ght gray, scal y bark is characteristic; so are the l eaves,
with fve to ni ne rounded l obes. Young openi ng l eaves are
pi nkish or red, as are the l eaves i n autumn. White Oak
prefers rich soi l but grows sl owl y. The l arge, poi nted
acorns i n shal l ow cups were eaten
by I ndi ans. I t i s an outstandi ng l um
ber tree, used for furniture, boats,
and barrel s.
Hei ght: 60 to 1 20 ft. Beech family
POST OAK i s smal l er t han White Oak but in open areas
they both devel op the same rounded form. Post Oak' s
bark is grayi sh, wi th broad
,
scal y ri dges. The obl ong
l eaves, cl ustered at ends of twi gs, are thi cker, hai ry
beneath, and more l eathery than in Whi te Oak. They have
three to seven broad l obes, the mi ddl e ones bei ng the
l argest. The l eaf i s wedge-shaped at i ts base. Occasi on
al l y trees wi th t hree- l obed l eaves are found. The acorns
d
are si mi l ar to White Oak, but smal l -
er. The wood is used for rough con

structi on, for rai l road ti es
,
and, as
its name i ndi cates, for posts.
BUR OAK has a top-heavy l eaf, broad toward the ti p
and abruptl y narrowed toward the center. The i ndenta
tion or si nus someti mes cuts cl ose to the midrib. The l ower
l obes are shal l ow, and the taperi ng l eafbase is wedge
shaped. The scal y, hai ry, deep cup of its l arge acorn
gives this Oak its name. The cup covers about half the nut.
The deepl y furrowed bark is grayi sh-brown. Bur Oak is a
rugged tree with thi ck spreadi ng branches and an irregu
l ar, rounded crown. I t prefers moist
l ocal ities, but tol erates poor, dry soi l
i n fel ds, al ong roadsi des, and even
i n the prai ri es.
OVERCUP OAK compared to Bur Oak has a narrower
l eaf, which i s more hai ry beneath. Fal l col ors vary from
yel l ow to red. The medi um-si zed acorns are al most en
tirel y encl osed by the cup. They are smal l er than the
acorns of Bur Oak and l ack the ragged fri nge. Overcup
i s a medi um-si zed to l arge Oak
,
whi ch i s restricted to
bottoml ands and wet soi l . Though wi del y di stri buted i n
t he Southeast, it is not very common. The bark i s l i ke Bur
Oak but darker. The wood -
.
dark
-
brown, hard, heavy, cl ose-groa ned,

and durabl e-i s used and often mar-

keted as White Oak.

e
`...
dV
CHESTNUT OAK i s mai nl y a mountai n tree of the Ap

pal achi ans. I t grows up to 100 ft. hi gh wi th an i rregul ar
crown. Chestnut Oak thrives i n dry, rocky soi l , often on
hi l l si des and ravi nes. Its dark brown bar k, unti l recentl y
harvested as a source of tanbark for tan ni ng l eather, i s
very deepl y furrowed. The tree' s name refers to i ts Chest
nut-l i ke leaf. But the l eaf is broader and has rounded teeth,
whi l e that of Chestnut i s more poi nted and has sharp-

poi nted teeth. Acorns of Chestnut
`
-
:
-
-
-
.
. _ r Oak often sprout i n the fal l , soon
after droppi ng. The wood i s hard,
strong, and c l ose-grai ned.

CHI NKAPI N OAK has a l eaf somewhat resembl i ng
t hat of Chest nut Oak, t hough i t i s sl i ghtl y i rregul ar, more
narrow and more poi nted. I t i s hai ry beneath. Chi nkapi n
Oak prefers ri cher soi l t han Chestnut Oak and grows over
a much wider range. I t extends, i n i sol ated stands, as far
west as New Mexi co. The bark i s l i ke that of White Oak
gray and scal y. The acorns are smal l er z i n. ) t han i n any
cl osel y rel ated Oak. They are rounded and about hal f
encl osed by t hei r cup. The wood, l i ke
that of other White Oaks, is used
i n constructi on and for l umber. The
name i s I ndi an, meani ng "l arge. "
V\
VZ
SWAMP WHITE OAK is an irregul ar, somewhat shaggy
oak found i n swamps and other moist areas. The bark,
though gray, has more brown than i n White Oak, and is
ri dged and scaly, even on twi gs. The l eaf edges are wavy
rather than deeply l obed, and are hairy beneath. Swamp
White Oak acorns are borne i n pairs on a stal k, 2 to 4
i n. l ong. Farther south, in the same ki nd of moi st habitat,
one fnds the cl osel y rel ated Swamp Chestnut or Basket
Oak. These and most other trees i n

the White Oak group do not devel op
bri l l iant autumn col ors. lumber from

al l is sol d as White Oak.
Height: 60 fo80 ft. Beech family
LI VE OAK has become a symbol of the South. The l ow,
spreadi ng tree, often covered wi th Spani sh Moss, marks
ol d pl antati ons and roadsi de pl anti ngs. The el l i pti cal ,
bl unt-ti pped, l eathery l eaves are evergreen-that i s, they
remai n green and on the tree throughout t he year. The
acorns are smal l but edi bl e; wood is used for furni ture.
Two other southeastern Oaks ( laurel and Wi l l ow) have
l eaves of somewhat si mi l ar shape, but they are t hi nner and
mor e poi nted t han li ve Oak. Several
western Oaks are evergreen. Botan-

ists appl y the unqual i fed name li ve

Oak onl y t o thi s speci es.
Height: 40 to 60
f
t. Beech
f
amily
``-...
Vo
4
GAMBEL OAK or Utah White Oak is common in the
Rocki es, where i t is a shrub or smal l - to medi um-si zed tree.
Thi ckets of Gambel Oak are common i n hi gh, dry pl aces,
where they ofer shel ter to deer and other wi l dl i fe. The
l eaf resembl es that of White Oak but i s thi cker and hai ry
beneath. The scal y bark is grayi sh brown. The acorns are
smal l , wi th the cup coveri ng about a thi rd of the nut.
Other western White Oaks i ncl ude the Oregon White

Oak, wi th l arge rounded acorns,

'
and the Cal iforni a Whi te Oak, wi th
very l ong poi nted ones i n a shal l ow
cup.
Height: 20 t o 70 ft . Beech family
CALI FORNI A LI VE OAK or Coast live Oak is an at
tracti ve evergreen Oak found in open groves and as a
shade tree. It is a broad tree wi th a l ow, spreadi ng crown
frequentl y branchi ng near the ground. The Hol l yl i ke
l eaves are evergreen, tough, shi ny green above and
hai ry bel ow. They ar e oval or obl ong, wi th short spi ny
teeth. The acorn i s l ong and poi nted, wi t h a scal y cup
(compare wi th Canyon li ve Oak, p. 1 07). Bl ue Oak or
O
n
t..-
e
d e,
h
h
1
s
n
,

evergreen. The rounded acorn is i n
:
a shal l ow cup.
Height: 30 t o 50 ft. Beech family

V
bPLK OPK GROUP bPVbb
BLACK OAK
to 8"
NORTHERN RED OAK
5" to 7
"
SOUTHERN RED OAK
to 8"
PI N OAK
5" to 7"
SCARLET OAK
9 to
BLACKJACK OAK
9 to
WATER OAK
3" to 5"
WI LLOW OAK
3" to 5"
SHI NGLE OAK
9 to
CANYON LI VE OAl
to 3"
BLACK OAK
11" to 3/ "
PLLKM
NORTHERN RED OAK
J"
to 1 1/4"
SOUTHERN RED OAK
J"
SCARLET OAK
["
to 3/4 "
WATER OAK
1/4
11
to 3/4 "
WI LLOW OAK
V4 to 1/z "
PI N OAK
1/4 " to 1f"
BLACKJACK OAK
3/4 "
SHI NGLE OAK
lz " to 3/4"
CANYON LI VE OAK
1 " to 2"
V
Vd
BLACK OAK i s one of the most common eastern Oaks. I t
sets the pattern for Oaks wi th spi ny l eaves, dark bark,
and acorns whi ch take two years to ri pen. Bl ack Oak
l eaves are vari abl e, dark and shi ny wi th hai ry vei ns.
Those on the l ower part of the tree are broader and have
shal l ower l obes than the l eaves hi gher on the trees. The
orange i nner bark i s an i mportant i denti fyi ng character
istic even though you have to gouge with a knife to see it.
Acorns are medi um-sized, wi th a
broadl y rounded, downy nut, about
half encl osed i n a deep cup. The
wood i s coarse, hard, and heavy.
NORTHERN RED OAK i s a wi despread, common Oak
of open woods. I t i s one of the l argest Oaks, occasi onal l y
1 25 ft. hi gh. I t s dar k bar k has conspi cuous l ong, smooth
pl ates between the furrows. The l eaves ten d to hang
verti cal l y on the stal ks, and the l obes tend to be more
tri angul ar than i n other speci es. The l eaves are smooth
or onl y l i ghtl y hai ry al ong the vei ns. The mi ddl e l obes are
l argest. Acorns are l arge and rounded i n a s hal l ow cup.
Red Oak, wi t h its cl ose-grai ned,
reddi sh-brown wood, is regarded as

the most i mportant ti mber tree of the

Bl ack Oaks. I t i s al so a shade tree.
Hei ght: 60 to 90 ft. Beech family
SOUTHERN RED OAK is often cal l ed Spanish Oak.

There are two pri nci pal strai ns: one wi th three-l obed
l eavs, the other with l eaves havi ng fve deep l obes.
Some of the three- l obed leaves are al most triangul ar.
Both ki nds have taperi ng, wedge-shaped bases, and ore
rusty or hai ry beneath. The dark bark furrows i nto narrow
ridges. The acorns are smal l lz i n. l ong) and rounded, in
shal low, scal y cups. The brown, coarse wood is val uabl e
for foori ng, constructi on, and mi l l
work. I n the Southeast thi s Oak i s
often pl anted for shade and as an
ornamental tree.
\ \
PI N OAK takes its name . from the many short, pi n l i ke
twi gs that cl uter the hori zontal or downward-sl opi ng
branches. These make i denti fcati on easy i n wi nter. The
l eaf has fve to seven deep l obes wi th l ong teeth; i t i s
dark green above, l i ghter and smooth bel ow. The gray
brown bark remai ns smooth for some ti me, gradual l y
breaki ng i nto scal y ri dges. Pi n Oak is parti al t o moist soi l .
I t i s a hardy tree, wi del y used i n street and ornamental
pl anti ng. Pi n Oak i s wi del y cul ti -
voted in Europe. Acorns are smal l .
(about z i n. l ong) , rounded, with
a shal l ow cup.
.

! UZ
SCARLET OAK is so cal l ed because of the bri l l i ant
col or of i t s autumn l eaves. I t is a common, robust, taper
i ng, open- crowned tree of forest and roadsi de, preferri ng
dry,
sandy soi l s. The dark bar k is strongl y fi ssured. The
l eaf, 3 to 6 i n. l ong, i s smooth, shi ny, wi th few or no hai rs
bel ow, somewhat resembl i ng Pi n Oak. However, it is
l arger than that of Pi n Oak, wi th fve to seven deep l obes.
The si nuses between them are broadl y rounded. The
, acorn
, medi um-si zed, i s about hal f
covered by a deep cup. The reddi sh
brown wood, though coarse and
heavy, is someti mes sol d as Red Oak.
Height : 70 to 80 ft. Beech family
BLACKJACK OAK is a smal l tree, growi ng in wel l
drai ned sandy s oi l and wastel ands. The l eaves, 3 t o 7 i n.
l ong, ar e coarse and l eathery, dark green above, covered
bel ow with browni sh hai r and turn dul l yel l ow or brown
i n the fal l . Thei r broad, rounded tip, shal l ow l obes, and
short l eafstal ks are characteristic, though the shape of the
l eaf is somewhat variabl e. Bl ackj ack acorns are smal l ,
about half encl osed in a cup. The bark is bl ack, thi ck,
rough, and broken i nto nearl y

square pl ates. The wood is of very

l i mited val ue and is used mai nl y for
fuel or charcoal .
o

\ 4
WATER OAK is a common southern Oak; a tree of river
banks, marshes, and food pl ai ns. I t i s someti mes pl anted
as a southern shade tree. Despi te its name,
i t al so grows
in dryer woods wi th other Oaks, Hi ckori es, Ash, and Gum.
Leaves are somewhat si mi l ar to those of Bl ackj ack Oak
but sma l l er (2 to 5 i n. l ong) , thi nner; narrower, and wi th
l ess hai r beneath. They are a dul l bl ue-green, tumi ng
yel l ow i n the fal l . The bark is dark gray
, smooth when

young, l ater becomi ng broken i nto

i rregul ar ri dges. The acorn, smal l
and broadl y rounded; usual l y has
two di sti nct col or zones.
Hei ght: 50 to 80 ft. Beech family
SHI NGLE OAK i s a handsome tree with sl ender branches
and a tal l , pyrami dal , rounded crown. I t resembl es Wi l l ow
Oak but has broader, coarser l eaves. leaves (3 to 6 i n.
l ong) are dar k green above, pal er and hai ry beneath,
with wavy margi ns and a spi ny ti p. They l ook as if they
shoul d be evergreen, but are not. A few of the autumn
l eaves turn dul l brown and hang on the twi gs al l wi nter.
The bark i s dark brown, smooth, becomi ng deepl y cracked
\
with age. The wood i s hard and

C0|D are smal l , somewhat

fattened, and about hal f covered
by a reddi sh-brown, scal y cup.
Height: 50 t o 60 ft. Beech family
--=.
J
WILLOW OAK has smal l l eaves shaped l i ke the Wi l
l ows, but here the si mi l arity ends. The l eaves are fai rl y
thi ck, bl unt, l ack teeth, and have a smooth edge. They are
shi ny green above, pal er beneath. The strai ght trunk and
n umerous si de branches are characteri stic of th is Oak.
The medi um-si zed Wi l l ow Oak is wi del y pl anted and has
become a popul ar shade tree i n the South. I t prefers ri ch,
moist soi l . The acorns, growi ng on very short stal ks, are
. smal l and rounded, i n shal l ow cups.
The wood is reddi sh brown, si mi l ar
to wood of ot her Bl ack Oaks but of
somewhat i nferior qual ity.
CANYON LIVE OAK has acorns ri peni ng i n two years;
the somewhat si mi l ar Cal iforni a Li ve Oak (p. 95) acorns
ri pen i n one. Both are l ow, spreadi ng trees, but the more
vari abl e l eaves of Canyon Li ve Oak have a yel l owi sh fuzz
beneath. Some have coarse teeth; some are nearl y smooth.
Canyon Live Oak i s a smal l tree (occasi onal l y up to 1 00 ft.
tal l ) of hi l l si des and mountai n val l eys. Several shrubby
forms have been descri bed. Acorns vary in si ze and form,
\
but have a thi ck, yel l owi sh, wool y

cu. Cal iforni a Li ve Oak has l ong

pomted acorns.

:

.
\ d
SASSAFRAS, cal l ed Green Sti ck by the I ndi ans because
of its bri ght green twigs, is a common eastern tree or shrub
wi t h pecul i ar, mitten-shaped, three- l obed l eaves. Some
are enti re, a few have two l obes, but al l turn a ri ch orange
and red i n the autumn. Chi l dren chew the aromati c twi gs.
Ol der peopl e ecal l the teas and toni cs made from Sas
safras roots. Bi rds, i ncl udi ng quai l , feed on the purpl e
fruits. The warm brown bark of ol der trees i s deepl y
..
furrowed. Sassafras grows al ong

roadsi des and fencerows, and i n
open fel ds, i n wel l - drai ned, aci d
soi l s.
Height: 25 to 50 ft. Laurel fami ly
1 U
ULKcc textOM p. 1 1 0)
\ 0
TULI PTREE or Yel l ow-popl ar is a tree of anci ent l i neage.
Cl osel y rel ated to the pri mitive Magnol ias ( pp. 48-51 ),
the Tul i ptrees go back over ffty mi l l i on years. Fossi l l eaves
have been found i n rocks of Europe and Greenl and. The
Tul i ptree grows tal l , its strai ght trunk free of branches
near the ground. A beautiful tree i n aU seasons, i t i s
pl anted as an ornamental but not as a shade tree. The
pecul i ar squari
-
sh l eaves, broad and notched, make i den
ti fcati on easy. The tree i s named from the greeni sh-yel l ow
t ul i p- l i ke fowers, openi ng in May and June. Buds, cl osed
by two purse- l i ke scal es, are uni que. The frui t i s a cone
.
`
of many smal l , wi nged seeds. The
bark is thi ck, grayi sh, ri dged. The
creamy yel l ow wood, soft, easi l y
worked, i s used f or pul p and manu
factured arti cl es. ( Pl ate on p. 1 09. )
Hei ght: 80 to 1 20 ft. Magnolia family
HAWTHORNS or Haws are a thorn i n the botanist's si de.
Thei r i denti fcati on and c l assi fcati on are compl ex. Some
authori ti es set the number of Ameri can speci es at 1 65;
others at over 1 ,200. Whi l e speci es such as Scar l et Haw
( p. 1 1 2) are di sti nct enough to be recognized wi thout
much di fculty, it is general l y sufci ent to i dentify one
of these trees as "a Hawthorn. " Hawthorns are smal l
trees or shrubs
,
some wi th irregul ar, thorny branches.
The smooth, browni sh bark breaks i nto thi n, scal y pl ates
with age. Hawthorn l eaves are si mpl e, toothed, and some
ti mes l obed, al ternati ng on the twi gs. The fowers are
white or pi nk, in cl usters. Fruits, l i ke
'
mi ni ature appl es, are orange, yel
l ow, or red
,
and not as val uabl e t o
wi l dl ife as a ppearance suggests.
Height: I 0 to 25 ft. Rose family
\ \ \
Engl ish Hawthorn
Cockspur Haw
HPWHLKM texton pp. 1 1 0 and 1 1 2)
\ \ 2
SCARLET HAW is one of the more common eastern How
thorns. I t i s on attractive tree whi ch is al so cultivated as
on ornamental . This How is a smal l tree wi th many strai ght
thorns, on i nch or so l ong. The l eaf i s toothed, wi th smal l ,
rounded l obes. Fl owers appear i n May and devel op i nto
hangi ng fruit, frst green and downy, becomi ng red i n
fal l . The bar k i s t hi n, gray, and scal y. Scar l et How i s a
tree of dry soi l s, found in fencerows, ol d fel ds, and open
woods. I t and other Hawthorns

p
ro
vi de some food and a l ot of thorny,
protective shel ter for songbi rds and
other wi l dl ife.
Height: !5 to 20 ft. Rose family
1 1 d
SWEETGUM, al so cal l ed Li qui damber, is often pl anted
as a shade tree because of bri l l i ant fal l col ori ng i n its
fol i age. I t i s a tal l , strai ght tree of l ow, moist pl aces. I ts
short, gray, hori zontal branches bear thi ck twi gs with
corky ridges. The star-shaped l eaves are somewhat l i ke
those of Mapl e but grow al ternate on the twi gs. The hang
i ng, dry fruit, a bal l covered wi th ti ny horns, opens to
rel ease smal l wi nged seeds, whi ch are eaten by bi rds.
The bark is thi ck, gray, and scal y.

SOll weak, browni sh wood is
. .
used for furniture, cabi network, and
veneer.
Height: 80 to 1 20 ft. Witch Hazel family

' v-..
\ I 4
MULBERRI ES are smal l or medi um-si zed trees cl osel y re
l ated to Hackberry ( p. 60) and Osage-orange (p. 47).
The l eaves and twi gs yi el d a mi l ky j ui ce. We have native
and i mported s peci es. The leaves of al l are al ternate,
heart- shaped or l obed, wi th s mal l , bl unt teeth. The Red
Mul berry, native and common throughout the East, gave
earl y settl ers hope of establ i shi ng a si l k i ndustry i n thi s
country. I t is a tree of roadsi des and bottoml ands. The
l eaves, i n contrast to those of White Mul berry, are some
what hai ry beneath and rough. The berry- l i ke fruit, r i pe
in mi dsummer, is a pur pl i sh red. Red Mul berry is some
ti mes pl anted as a shade tree. White Mul berry i s a some
what s i mi l ar tree from Asi a. I t was brought from Chi na
and Japan in an efort to start an Ameri can si l k i ndustry.
White Mul berry has smooth l eaves and whi ti sh or l aven
der frui t. These, and the frui t of Red Mul berry, are favor
ites of songbi rds. The Bl ack Mul berry from Persi a i s some
ti mes cul ti vated i n the warmer parts of t hi s country. I t has
l arge, dark-col ored fruits. Paper- mul berry i s an ori ental
speci es pl anted as an ornamental in the South, where it
occasi onal l y escapes and becomes natural i zed. The
l eaves are ery rough
_
and hai ry,
l obed or ent1 re, 3 to 8 H. l ong. I n

Chi na and J apan paper was made
from its i nner bark.
Height : 30 to 50 ft. Mulberry family

1 1
MAPLES, next to Oaks, are the best- known broad- l eaved
trees. Mapl es have worl d-wi de distri buti on i n temperate
l ands. Some 60 to 80 speci es are known; about a quarter
of them are found i n North Ameri ca. Some are shrubby,
Rock
y
Mountain Maple
but most are medi um to l arge trees. Al l have pal m-shaped,
si mpl e, opposite l eaves, except Boxel ders ( p. 1 38). Thei r
typi cal pai red, wi nged fruits are eaten by bi rds, by squi r
rel s, and by other smal l ani mal s.
\ \
\ \ d
NORWAY MAPLE i s the tree someti mes mi staken for
Sugar Mapl e. Thi s tree, of European ori gi n, i s commonl y
pl anted al ong city streets because of its resi stance to
smoke, dust, and i nsect pests. Whi l e the l eaf is somewhat
si mi l ar to that of Sugar Mapl e, it i s broader-usual l y
wi der than it is l ong. Norway Mapl e i s a medi um-si zed,
fast-growi ng tree, devel opi ng a rounded crown and dense
fol i age. The greenish-yel l ow fowers, i n droopi ng cl us
ters, and the wi nged seeds whi ch devel op from them are
l arge for Mapl es. Norway Mapl e yiel ds a mi l ky j ui ce when
frui t or l eaf stem i s broken. Sugar Mapl e does not. One
vari ety of Norway Mapl e has purpl i sh l eaves.
Height : 40 to 70 ft. Maple family
SUGAR MAPLE needs no i ntroducti on. Everyone knows
of its sugary sap, from whi ch mapl e syrup and mapl e
sugar are made. But, i n addi ti on, Sugar Mapl e i s a fne
shade and ornamental tree used for street and home
pl anti ngs. The wood i s excel l ent for furni ture, cabi net
work, and wood turni ng. Its l eaves, wi th strai ght-si ded
l obes, are not so wi de or thi ck as those of Norway Mapl e.
The teeth are l arge and few i n number. Leaves turn a ri ch
\ \ v
yel l ow, orange, or scarl et in fal l .
The gray bark forms pl ates whi ch
-
-
-

become faky wi th age. The frui t
ri pens i n l ate summer.
Height: Z5 to 1 00 ft. Maple family
. . ..
Z
BLACK MAPLE is consi dered by some a speci es distinct
from Sugar Mapl e. Others rank it si mpl y as a variety with
more shal l ow l obes and even fewer teeth. The bark is
si mi l ar to that of Sugar Mapl e: dark gray, breaki ng i nto
thi n pl ates. Bl ack Mapl e l eaves are somewhat smal l er than
Sugar Mapl e, bri ght green above, yel l owi sh and hairy
beneath. The wood is reputed harder than Sugar Mapl e.
Both Bl ack and Sugar Mapl e are tapped i n earl y spri ng
when the sap fows. About 30 gal -

=a.. p
I ons of the watery, sl i ghtl y sweet sap

are boi l ed down to yi el d a gal l on
of gol den brown syrup.
Height: 60 to 1 00 ft. Maple family

RED MAPLE l i ves up to its name in every season. In earl y
spri ng, before the l eaves appear, the bl unt, red buds
open, and cl usters of red and orange fowers hang from
the reddi sh twi gs. As the l eaves unfol d, they t oo are
reddi sh, gradual l y t urni ng t o green, pal er underneath,
wi th triangul ar l obes and smal l teeth. But the vei ns and
t he l eafstal k kee
p
thei r reddi sh ti nt al l s ummer . The ri pen
i ng frui t i s red al so. Red Mapl e is a wi despread tree of
swamps, ri ver banks, and moi st hi l l
sl opes. The soft, cl ose-grai ned, l i ght-

brown wood is used for boxes, nov-
el ties, and woodenware.

.
Height: 60 to 80 ft. Maple family

1 ZZ
SI LVER MAPLE or Soft Mapl e has l arge, deepl y l obed
l eaves that are pal e green above and whi ti sh bel ow, wi th
some hai rs al ong the vei ns. One form has l eaves deepl y
cut and i ndented. I n fal l they l ack the bri l l i ant col ors of
Red and Sugar Mapl es, turni ng dul l yel l ow i nstead. The
grayi sh bark i s smooth, becomi ng furrowed and scal y with
age. Si l ver Mapl e is a tree of ri ver banks and bottom
l ands. I t grows rapi dl y and is pl anted al ong streets for

shade. I t i s al so used as an orna-

mental . The white, soft wood i s suited
for mi l l work, spool s, and smal l arti
cl es.
MOUNTAI N MAPLE, al so cal l ed Dwarf Mapl e, is a
smal l , shrubby tree of eastern mountai ns. Leaves, usual l y
three- l obed, wi th smal l teeth, turn bri l l i ant yel l ow and red
i n fal l . The cl uster of s mal l greeni sh fowers wi th narrow
petal s forms an erect spi ke-unusual i n Mapl es. Fruits, in
hangi ng cl usters, are red. The bark i s smooth, thi n, green
when young, becomi ng reddi sh- brown wi th age. Another
smal l Mapl e of eastern mountai ns i s Stri ped Mapl e or
Moosewood. I ts smooth, greeni sh
bark has t hi n, white stri pes; the
l eaves are l arge, broad, and round
ed at the base.
Height: 5 to 20 ft. Maple family
\ Zd
BROADLEAF MAPLE has the l argest l eaf of any Mapl e.
The l eaf itsel f i s 8 to 1 2 i n. across and the peti ol e or l eaf
stal k is 1 0 to 1 2 i n. l ong. The thi ck l eaf i s fve-l obed and
deepl y cut, dar k green above and pal er beneath. The
Broadl eaf Mapl e prefers bottoml and soi l , but grows i n
foothi l l s and l ow mountai ns i nto Canada and Al aska
where there i s enough water. The bark i s browni sh and
rough, wi th scal y ri dges. The wood is l i ght brown, si mi l ar
t o t hat of Sugar Mapl e. I t i s val ued
i n the West, where hardwoods are
rel ativel y scarce, for veneer, furni
ture, and woodenware.
ROCKY MOUNTAI N MAPLE i s al so cal l ed Dwarf
Mapl e and ri ghtl y so, for it i s more typical l y a shrub than
a tree. I t shoul d not be confused with Mountai n Mapl e
( p. 1 23), whi ch i s al so cal l ed Dwarf Mapl e. The l eaves are
quite vari abl e. Some l ook l i ke a coarse Red Mapl e l eaf;
some have onl y three l obes and an al most strai ght base.
Occasi onal l y, l eaves are cut so deepl y that they appear
to be compound. The vei ns are yel l ow and promi nent.
Rocky Mountai n Mapl e i s found
where t he s oi l i s moi st. I t prefers
hi gher al ti tudes i n the southern part
of its range.
Height: 1 0 to 20 ft. M
'
p/e family
\ Z
SYCAMORES or Pl ane Trees beautify stream banks al l
through the East and i n some of t he val l eys of t he South
west. The three native species are characterized by bark
whi ch peel s of i n l arge brown sheets, reveal i ng the cream
col ored fresh bark beneath and givi ng the trunk an attrac
tive mottl ed appearance. Of the native speci es, the Amer
ican Sycamore is best known and most common. The l eaves
are al most heart-shaped, three- to fve- l obed, thi ck, l i ght
green above, pal er and hai ry bel ow. The base of the
l eafstal k i s hol l ow, conceal i ng the wi nter bud. Frui ts are
the typi cal "buttonbal l s. " The hard, yel l owi sh to brown,
coarse-grai ned wood i s used for furni ture, boxes, and
woodenware.
The Cal i forni a and Ari zona Sycamores are more l i mi ted
i n range. The Cal iforni a tree i s very much l i ke the eastern
Sycamore but the fruits are not si ngl e, but i n a stri ng
of three or four bal l s. The Ari zona Sycamore i s si mi l ar,
wi th l arger l eaves and l onger l obes. Al ong city streets
and i n parks, the Ori ental and london Pl anes are often
pl anted as ornamental s and for shade. These trees do
wel l i n the unfavorabl e envi ronment of ci ti es. The seeds
of these Sycamores resembl e those
of our wester n species. The l eaves
of the london Pl ane are l ess l obed
t10n our common Sycamore.
Hei ght: 60 to 1 00 ft. Plane Tree family
1 Zd
PALMS AND PALMETTOS form a group quite separate
from other trees. They are rel ated more to Li l i es, Bananas,
Bamboo, and Grasses than to ordi nary trees such as
Oaks and Mapl es. Thei r l eaves have paral l el vei ns and
the wood devel ops di ferentl y. I n t he tropi cs, thi s l arge
and anci ent group of pl ants is very i mportant. The Royal
Pal m of Central Ameri ca, most maj esti c of the Pal ms,
occurs spari ngl y i n Fl ori da. Here al so we fnd the Cabbage
or Sabol Pal metto, wi th i ts cl uster of l arge, fan- shaped
l eaves toppi ng a thi ck base stal k, 20 to 30 ft. high. Thi s
reaches i ts l argest si ze al ong the West Coast, where i t i s
common near the beaches. Cabbage Pal metto i s named
for the l arge, edi bl e bud or "cabbage" crowni ng the stem.
Washi ngton Pal m
\ 2v
Our native western Pal m, the Washi ngton Pal m, is very
restricted i n its natural range, but has been wi del y pl anted
here and abroad. I t i s our l argest native s peci es. Thi s i s
a Pal m of the desert, and grows i n canyons and near
waterhol es. The fan-shaped l eaves, 4 to 5 ft. across, are
usual l y spl it and frayed by the wi nd. The smal l white
fowers devel op i nto round bl ack fruits whi ch were used as
food by desert I ndi ans. The western Yucca or Joshua Tree
is a member of the Lil y fami l y and i s
rel ated to the Pal ms.
Height: 20 t o 30 ft. (Cabbage Palmetto);
40 to 60 ft. (Washington Palm).
Palm family

nglCn
|m
LOooOge
..
|O| m
HICKORIES and thei r rel atives constitute an i mportant
group of nut-beari ng trees. Some have been natural ized
and cul tivated to produce i mportant crops. As wi l d trees
of open forests, Hickories are at thei r best: l arge, wel l
shaped trees wi th strai ght trunks and heavy l i mbs. Hi ck-
ories have al ternate, compound, fragrant l eaves. The frst
pair of l eafets, from the tip of the leaf, i s usual l y l argest.
Hi ckory wood i s pri zed as fuel for outdoor cooking and
smoki ng meats. I t i s used f or tool handl es and articl es
whi ch cal l for tough, l i ght wood.
1 o\
\ o2
SHAGBARK UICKORY has gray bark wi th l ong, l oose
scal es-even shaggi er and l ooser than those of Sycamore.
The l eaves are al ternate and compound, wi th fve or seven
rather broad, toothed l eafets. The stout twi gs bear l arge
brown buds. The nuts have thi ck husks, but the shel l is
thi n and the meat is edi bl e and sweet. These are the
hi ckory nuts occasi onal l y seen i n stores. Shagbark Hi ckory
prefers ri ch, moist soi l and is often found with Oaks in

open woods. In spri ng the openi ng

of Hi ckory buds, wi th thei r greatl y
en l arged bud scal es, i s a si ght worth
seei ng.
Height: 60 to 80 ft. Walnut family
\ oJ
MOCKERNUT is i ndeed a mockery: the n ut has a thi ck
husk and l i ttl e or no meat i nsi de the heavy, hard shel l .
The bark of thi s upl and tree i s gray, thi ck, and furrowed.
The ri dges between the furrows ar e typi cal l y rounded.
The l eafets (seven or ni ne to a l eaf) are narrower than
t hose of Shagbark. The reddi sh- brown twi gs and the pal er
buds are hai ry-a poi nt that hel ps i n wi nter i denti fcati on.
Mockernut has l arge, oval buds with over l appi ng scal es.
The fower, as i n other Hickories, i s
a greeni sh catki n. The tough, dark
brown, el astic wood i s si mi l ar to that
of Shagbark.
Height: 40 t o 60 ft . Walnut family
1 d4
BI TTERNUT is someti mes cal l ed Swamp Hickory because
of i ts preference for wet soi l s. The bark i s grayi sh brown,
scal y, wi th shal l ow furrows. Twigs are yel l owi sh brown and
dotted. The bri ght, sul fur-yel l ow buds of Bi tternut are a
sure means of i denti fcati on. Note the seven to ni ne l eafets
to each l eaf-narrow, pointed, and fnel y toothed, bri ght
green above, pal e beneath. The nut is smal l , thi n-shel l ed,
and i n a poi nted husk. Perhaps because of its very bitter

nut, peopl e and ani mal s l eave more
seeds of Bitternut to grow, gi vi ng the
tree a better chance to survi ve. At
any rate, the tree i s common.
Height: 60 m 80 ft. Walnut family
PECAN i s a native southern Hi ckory which has been
transformed i nto an i mportant, cul tivated crop tree. I t i s
al so pl anted as an ornamental . The l ong, poi nted nuts,
devel oped i n new thi n-shel l ed vari eties, are a stapl e l uxury
food. They grow i n a thi n, sl i ghtl y wi nged h usk. Pecan has
a gray-brown, deepl y furrowed bark. Twi gs are somewhat
hairy, the bud yel l owi sh. The l eaf i s l ong and pendent,
wi th 1 1 to 1 7 narrow, fnel y toothed, s l ightl y curved l eaf-
1 d
l ets. Pecan is a l arge tree-the l arg-

est of the Hi ckori es. Its wood is more

brittl e and has l ess uses t han other `'
U
'
P
' _
r
P
n
U
C
very si mi l ar s peci es.
Height: 80 to 1 00 ft. Walnut family
`` - ..-
t
BLACK WALNUT is a pri zed hardwood. The brown,
fne-grai ned wood i s used for gunstocks, furni ture, and
cabi nets. Bl ack Wal nut is a tree of ri ch, open woods and
roadsi des and has often been used as a shade tree. The
l arge, fragrant l eaves have 1 5 or more l eafets, ea
c
h
fi nel y toothed and endi ng in a l ong poi nt. They are s mooth
above, hai ry bel ow. The round nut grows in a thick green
husk, from whi ch the pioneers made a brown dye. I t has
a dark, i rregul ar, hard s hel l that is

hard to crack, but the sweet, edi bl e,

very di sti nctl y favored kernel makes
the efort worth whi l e.
Height: 80 to 1 00 ft. Walnut family

BUTTERNUT or White Wal nut i s a spreadi ng tree, smal l
er t han Bl ack Wal nut, wi th l i ght gray bar k t hat breaks
i nto
_
el ongated fat ri dges. I t is a tree of stream banks,
roadsi des
,
and open woods, preferri ng ri ch, wel l - drai ned
soi l . The l eaf; si mi l ar to that of Bl ack Wal nut, has fewer
(7 to 1 7) and sl i ghtl y broader, more hai ry l eafets. The
edi bl e nut, i n a greeni sh, gummy husk, i s l ong and poi nted.
Other speci es of Wal nut are cul ti vated i n the West.
The Eng l i sor Persi an al nut (natie
of the M1ddl e East) grown H

orchards to produce the thi n-shel l ed
commerci al Wal nuts.

Height: 30 to 50 ft. Walnut family
`:- -. .
\ ob
BOXELDER is an excepti onal Mapl e, the onl y one wi th
compound l eaves. I ts l eaves grow oppositel y on thi ck
green twigs, wi th three to fve l arge, coarsel y toothed
l eafets. The grayi sh-brown bark i s thi n, cracki ng i nto
i nterl aci ng fssures. The fruits, typi cal pai red keys of
Mapl e, grow i n droopi ng cl usters. Boxel der i s wi despread
through the Central States al ong streams, roads, and
fel ds. I t grows rapi dl y and has been used as a shade
tree i n prai ri e towns, though it i s
not nearl y so attractive as other
Mapl es. I t is al so used i n shel terbel t.
pl anti ngs.
Height: 40 to 60 ft. Mopl e fomi/y
oV
AI LANTHUS or Tree of Heaven is a native of Chi na,
brought to thi s country as food for si l kworms. It has
spread rapi dl y
,
growi ng mai nl y i n moist l ocati ons. I t
thrives i n ci ty backyards and l ots, and seems i nvi nci bl e
agai nst smoke, di rt, and i nsects. Ai l anthus i s a short- l ived
"weed" tree whi ch may temporari l y crowd out more desi r
abl e speci es. The l ong, compound, fern- l i
k
e l eaves have
from 1 5 to 3! l eafets, each l ance-shaped wi th smooth
edges. At the base of each l eafet is a smal l tooth, wi th a
swol l en
,
scent gl and. The i l l -smel l i ng mal e fowers and
t he smal l femal e fowers are bor ne on separate trees. The
smooth, stri ped, gray-brown bark cracks wi th age.
Height: 50 t o 80 ft. Quassia family
\ 4
SUMACS are a group of thi ck, pi thy-twi gged shrubs and
smal l trees. Even t he l argest rarel y grow more t han 20 ft.
hi gh; most are smal l er. They grow in open fel ds and road
si des, spreadi ng rapi dl y i n most wel l -drai ned soi l s to form
thi ckets. Staghorn Sumac, the most common, i s recogni zed
by the hai ry twi gs and l eaves, whi ch are al most white
beneath. leaves turn red i n the fal l . Smooth Sumac i s
si mi l ar but, as its name i ndicates, l acks the hai ry twi gs.

_
The l eaves are general l y l i ke those

of Staghorn Sumac, though l eafets

may be al most enti re or deepl y cut
-
on the margi ns.
s.
_
-.
Dwar Sumac
Poi son "sumac
The Dwarf Sumac i s not much smal l er than other speci es.
I ts l eaves are di sti nctl y diferent, with edges enti re and
leafets
a bri ght, shi ny green. The l eafstal k between t he
l eafets is wi nged. Fruits, r ed when ripe, form fai rl y com
pact cl usters. Poi son-sumac is a swamp-l ovi ng, attractive
species. leafets are shi ny green
,
with enti re edges turni ng
bri l l i ant orange and red i n fal l . Woe unto anyone who
pi cks t hem! They are more poi sonous t o t he t ouch t han
oisn ivy. The yel l owi
.
sh-whte br-
nes H l oose cl usters a1 d H 1 dent1 f-
,
- -==,,,g
cati on duri ng wi nter.
Dwo8co
Height: 10 to 30 ft. Cashew family
|b| cel
|o.soo-sc
*. __,
|e
\ 4Z
ASHES are to basebal l what Mapl es are to bowl i ng. Bats
and other sporting goods are made from their tough, fne
grai ned, el asti c wood, whi ch has other uses too. Of about
20 s peci es of native Ash, most are eastern trees. Al l
have opposite, compound l eaves, catki n- l i ke fowers, and
wi nged seeds i n droopi ng cl usters.
WHI TE ASH is the most common and best- known eastern
Ash. I t i s a forest tree of ri ch, moist soi l s, often found wi th
Oaks, Hi ckori es, and Mapl es. White Ash grows tal l , wi th
a broad crown. The bark i s gray, wi th i nterl aci ng fssures
and ri dges. Leaves and twi gs are opposite. The compound
l eaves usual l y have seven oval l eafets, dark green above,
pal er and si l very beneath, each wi th a few i rregul ar bl unt
teeth. They t urn yel l ow or purpl i sh in autumn. Frui ts are
1 4o
si ngl e "keys" wi th a l ong narrow
wi ng. They form in

spri ng and hang - -
-

in droopi ng c l usters ti l l they drop

of i n l ate fal l .
Height: 60 t o 90 ft. Olive family
- -- -.
\ 44
BLACK ASH i s a northern tree, common in swamps and
i n moist soi l s. I ts dark green l eaves l ook bl ack i n the forest
shade. The bark i s dark gray, with shal l ow, i nter l ocki ng
cracks. The twi gs are smooth, gray, wi th l i ght l enti cel s and
dark buds. The 7 to 1 1 l eafets are fnel y toothed, hai ry
al ong the l arge vei ns, and wi thout a stal k. The wi nged
fruits of Bl ack Ash have a conspi cuous notch at the base.
So do fruits of the angul ar-twi gged Bl ue Ash of the Cen-
tral States. The l atter, however, are
" "
*" shorter and wi der t han Bl ack Ash

.
fruits. The wood of - Bl ack Ash is

heavy, brown, and tough.

Height: 50 to 80 ft. Olive family
RED ASH is a s mal l , spreadi ng tree wi th typi cal Ash bark
and branchi ng. The l eaf i s l i ke that of White Ash but i s
someti mes hai ry al ong the l eaf stem. The frui t i s nar
rower than i n other ashes. I n the East a variety of i t, known
as Green Ash, i s i denti fed by smooth twi gs and shoots.
Typi cal Red Ash twi gs are vel vety. Farther west, these two
forms-the Green and Red-seem to merge. Red Ash i s
someti mes pl anted as a shade or shel terbel t tree, espe
ci al l y west of the Mi ssi ssi ppi . The
wood, l i ght brown in col or and si mi -

l ar to White Ash, is used for tool han

dl es, baskets, and sporti ng goods.
Hei ght: 40 to 60 ft. Ol i ve family
- -------
\ 4
MOUNTAI N-ASH, in spite of its name, is not an Ash at
al l but is i n the same fami l y as Hawthorns and Appl es.
Several s peci es, al l northern and preferri ng ri ch moun
tai n soi l , have s mal l white fowers i n fattened cl usters.
The compound, Ash- l i ke l eaves grow a l ternatel y on the
stem and have about 1 3 to 1 5 l eafets, even l y toothed.
The bark i s smooth, gray-brown, si mi l ar to Cherry. The
showy red berri es are a favorite wi nter food of song and
game bi rds. A European speci es,
Rowan Tree, wi th orange fruit, i s
wi del y cul ti vated i n northern states
as a l awn ornamental .
Height: 1 5 t o 25 ft. Rose family
BLACK LOCUST is a tree val ued as an ornamental for
street
p
l anti ng and as a soi l bi nder i n stabi l i zi ng eroded
l and. It is a tal l , somewhat sl ender, i rregu l ar tree wi th
short branches. The smooth twigs are di sti ncti ve i n havi ng
a pai r of smal l thorns at the base of each l eaf. Leaves are
al ternate and compound, wi th smal l , oval l eafets, 1 3 to
! 5 to a l eaf. The l eafets have smooth edges and are si l
very bel ow. The fowers of Bl ack Locust, creamy white and
fragrant, unfol d i n l ong cl usters before the l eaves are wel l
devel oped. The bark i s a dark gray
,
rough, and broken
l 4
into branchi ng ri dges. Bl ack Locust is _
bothered by borers and fungus pests, `

:
~
~
:
- .
-
-
-.
@_ _ '
but the wood, resistant to rotti ng,
makes excel l ent fenceposts ( Pl ate on
! 4B)
o
p. .
` -=. o
Height: 30 to 50 ft. Pea family
HONEY LOCUST, l i ke Bl ack Locust, is wi del y pl anted
outsi de of its natural range. I t is l arger than Bl ack Locust
and thorni er. Someti mes the enti re trunk is enci rcl ed by
l ong, branchi ng thorns. The bark, nearl y bl ack, is smooth
on young trees, breaki ng i nto l ong, scal y ridges. The l eaves
are si mi l ar to those of Bl ack locust but more narrow, and
may be twi ce compounded wi th each l eafet l i ke a com
pound l eaf. The fowers are greeni sh and smal l . They
hang i n cl usters 2 to 3 i nches l ong from the base of the
l eaves. The fat, reddi sh-brown seed pods grow about a
foot l ong and contai n a sweet, sti cky pul p i n additi on to
te hard seeds. These pods are some-

t1 mes fed to cattl e. The wood of
Honey Locust is used for fenceposts,
constructi on, and ti es. ( Pl ate on

p. 1 49
. )
` . .
Height: 60 to l 00 ft. Pea family

4d
bLPLK LLLU textOM p. 1 47)
HOMEY LLLU textOD_ Q. 1 47)
1
KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE is so named because pi oneers
i n that state made a bi tter dr i nk from its seeds. This odd
tree, whi ch has onl y one rel ati ve-a Chi nese speci es-has
a wi de range, but nowhere i s it common. The dark trunk,
wi th furrows and ri dges, and the scal y, thi ck twi gs i dentify
the tree i n wi nter and spri ng. Kentucky Cofee-tree does
not l eaf out t i l l very l ate. leaves are l arge, twi ce com
pounded, wi th oval , poi nted, wi del y spaced l eafets. The
fruit, a l arge heavy bean, is si mi l ar
locust. The soft, brown, coarse wood

to but thi cker t han that of Honey
is too scarce to be of use.
Height: 75 to 1 00 ft. Pea family

BUCKEYES are a smal l group of native trees with several
rel atives south of the Mexi can border. They are unusual
i n several ways. Thei r fruits, t hough l ar ge and attractive,
are i nedi bl e. (I t is the white spot on the brown nut that
gives the Buckeye its name. ) The compound l eaves grow
opposite on thi ck twi gs, but the l eafets, i nstead of spread
i ng feather-l i ke as they do i n Ash or Ai l anthus, radi ate
out l i ke the fngers of your hand. These di sti nctive l eaves
i dentify Buckeyes and Horsechestnut. Eastern Buckeyes
have yel l ow or pi nk fowers i n l oose cl usters. The Cal -
\ \
shaped fru
.
l t and wh1te fowers. The1 r

nectar, po1 sonous to bees, creates a

iforni a spe
.
ci es has smooth, pea-
seri ous probl em. ( Pl ate on p. ! 52. )
Heig. ht: 20 to 40 ft. Horsechestnut family -.
HORSECHESTNUT has been carri ed from the Bal kans

north i nto Europe and thence westward to thi s country.
I t i s pl anted al ong streets and i n parks, and i s an ol d
favori te wi t h i t s spreadi ng, rounded shape and its massive
cl usters of fowers. The Horsechestnut twi g i s an i deal one
to study i n wi nter. The l arge, resi nous buds on i ts si des
and end are easi l y exami ned. Pl ace a twi g i ndoors i n
water and watch t he buds sl owl y swel l and burst. Note
the scars l eft by l ast year's bud scal es. See how much
the tree has grown by traci ng back fr om one group of
bud-scal e scars to another. Recogni ze Horsechestnut by its
opposite, compound leaves, like those of Buckeye but
coarser and wi th l eafets wi der near the apex. The l arge
nuls, whi ch fal l as the spi ny husks open, are attractive to
see but are bitter and i nedi bl e, as any boy who has been
tempted by them can testify. ( Pl ate on p. ! 53
. )
Height: 50 to 80 ft. Horsechestnut family
\ Z
bULKcTc (text OO Q. 1 51 )
1 o
HLKcLHcMU textOD Q. 1 5 1 )
\ 4
N AT I O N A L F O R E S T S
Nati onal forests are recreati on areas and excel l ent
pl aces to study trees and forestry. Our mai n nati onal
forest areas are shown in green on t he map above. These
are your recreati onal areas; use them for vi si ts or l onger
vacati ons. I nformati on about specifc forests may be ob
tai ned from t he fol l owi ng regi onal ofces:
No r t h e r n Reg i o n : F e d e r a l
Bui l di ng, Mi ssoul a, Montana.
2 Rocky Mount ai n Regi on: Fed
eral Center, Bui l di ng 85, Den
ver , Col orado.
3 Southwester n Regi on : 5 ! 0 Sec
ond Street, N. W. , Al buquer
q ue, New Mexi co.
R I nt er mountai n Regi on : Forest
Servi ce Bui l di ng, Ogden, Utah.
b Cal i for ni a Regi on: 630 Son
some Street, San Franci sco I ! ,
Cal i for ni a.
Q Paci fc Northwest Regi on : Post
Ofce Bui l di ng, Portl and 8,
Oregon.
East ern Regi on : 8 ! Market
Street, Upper Darby, Pen nsyl
vani a.
8 Southern Regi on : 50 Seventh
Street, N. E. , Atl anta 5, Geor
g ia.
North Cent r al Regi on: 23
North Second Street, Mi l wau
kee, Wi sconsi n.
BOOKS ON TREES l i sted bel ow i ncl ude a vari ety of
i nformati onal gui des and manual s. These and many
others wi l l hel p you toward a better understandi ng of
trees and mor e ski l l i n i dentifyi ng them. Al so avai l abl e
ar e many Federal and state publ i cati ons on trees, forestry,
and rel ated subj ects.
U. S. Department of Agricul ture: TREES, THE YEARBOOK OF AGRI CU LTURE,
I 4, U. S. Govt. Pri nti ng Ofce, Washi ngton 25, D. C. A top refer
ence vol ume on trees, forests, ond forestry.
Petrides, George A.: A FI ELD Gui DE TO TREES AND SHRU BS, Houghton
Mifi n Co. , Boston, I 58. Another useful gui de i n the Peterson series
coveri ng trees, shrubs and vines of northeastern and central North
America.
Harlow, Wi l l i am M. : TREES OF EASTERN UNI TED STATES AND CANADA,
McGraw- Hi l l Book Co. , New York, 1942. A handy, nan-techni cal
gui de to the regi on i ndicated.
Harrar, E. S. , and Harrar, J. G. : Gui DE TO SoUTHERN TREES, McGraw
Hi l l Book Co. , New York, 1946. This is a handy, wel l -i l l ustrated
fel d gui de to southern trees.
El iot, W. A., and Mclean, G. B.: FOREST TREES OF THE PACI F I C CoAST,
G. P. Putnam' s Sons, New York, 1938. A compl ete gui de to the
pri nci pal western species.
U. S. Department of Agri cul ture: AGRI CU LTURE HANDBOOk #4I , CHECK
LI ST OF NATI VE AND NATURALI ZED TREES OF THE U. S. , I 5, U. S. Govt.
Pri nti ng Ofce, Washi ngton 25, D. C. Pri nci pal sou rce of scienti fc
and common names.
MUSEUMS AND BOTANI CAL GARDENS are good
pl aces to st udy trees. Museums may have exhi bi ts of
l eaves, twi gs, wood, fruits, or systemati c groupi ngs of
trees. local museums, not l i sted bel ow, may al so contai n
i nteresti ng exhi bits. Study l abel ed growi ng trees i n parks,
botanical gardens, or speci al tree col l ecti ons ( arboretums).
Don't forget Nati onal Parks, Monuments, and Forests,
and state parks and forests for protected stands of nati ve
speci es.
MUSEUMS
Al bany, N. Y. : New York State
Museum
Chi cago: Chi cago Natural His
tory Museum
New Yor k: Amer ican Museum of
Natural Hi story
Washi ngton : U. S. Nati onal Mu
seum
\ OO
\
PARKS, BOTANICAL GARDENS,
AND ARBORETUMS
Ann Arbor, Mich. : Ni chol l s Ar
boretum
Berkel ey, Cal i f. : Univ. of Cal i f.
Botani cal Garden
Boston: Boston Publ ic Gardens
Chi cago: Brookfel d Zoo
Chi cago: lincol n Park
Coconut Grove, Fl a. : Fai rchi l d
Tropi cal Gardens
I l l i nois: Cook County Forest Pre
serves
Jamaica Pl ai n, Mass. : Arnol d Ar
boretum
Kennett Square, Pa. : longwood
Gardens
li sl e, I l l . : Morton Arboretu m
Mi ami : U. S. D. A. Pl ant Station
Muncie, I nd. : Hunti ngton Arbo
retum
New Haven, Conn. : Marsh Botani
cal Garden, Yal e Univ.
New london, Conn. : Conn. Col
l ege for Women Arboretum
Petersham, Mass. : Harvard Forest
St. louis: St. louis Botani cal Gar-
den
St. Paul , Mi nn. : Como Park
San Francisco: Gol den Gale Park
Washi ngton: St. El i zabeth' s Hos-
pi tal Grounds
Washi ngton: U. S. Nati onal Arbo
retum
H t I 1N3I II t NAM1H
Fol l owi ng is a cross reference to the sci enti fc names of species i l l ustrated
on i ndi cated pages i n this book. If the frst (genus) nome is abbreviated,
i t i s the same as the one mentioned j ust before it.
20 Pi nus strobus. 36 J uni perus osteosperma.
21 Pi nus l amberti ana. 37 Al l i gator: Juni perus deppeana.
22 Pi nus ri gi da. Si erra: J . occi dentol i s.
23 Pi nus pal ustri s. 38 J uni perus vi rgi ni ana.
24 Pi nus ponderosa. 39 Thuj a occi dental i s.
25 Pi nus contorto. 40 Taxodi um di stichum.
26 Pi nus vi rgi ni ana. 41 Nyssa syl voti ca.
27 Pi nus edul i s. 42 Di ospyros vi rgi ni ono.
28 Pi cea engel manni i . 44 Cor n us fori da.
29 Bl ack: Picea mari ana. 45 Catal pa speci osa.
Whi te: P. gl auco. 46 Cerci s canadensi s.
Red: P. rubens. 47 Madura pomi fero.
30 Tamarack: Lari x l ari ci na. 48 Umbrel l a: Magnol i a tri petal a.
Wester n: L. occi dentol i s. Sweetboy: M. vi r gi ni ana.
31 Pseudotsuga menzi esi i . 49 Cucumber: Magno
l
i a acumi nate.
32 Abi es concol or. Southern: M. grandi fora.
33 Abi es bal samea. 51 Magnol i a soul angeana.
34 Gi ant: Sequoi a gi gantea. 52 Arbutus menzi esi i .
Redwood: S. sempervi rens. 53 Umbel l ul ari a cal i forni ca.
35 Tsuga canadensi s. 54 Sal i x ni gra.
1
SCI ENTI FI C NAMES ( continued I
55 Sal i x bobyl oni co. 1 02 Quercus cocci nea.
56 Crack: Sal i x fragi l i s . 1 03 Quercus mar i l andi ca.
Peochl eof: S. omygdol oi des. 1 04 Quercus ni gra.
Sandbar: S. i nteri or. 1 05 Quercus i mbri cari a.
Pussy: S. di scol or. 1 06 Quercus phel l os.
57 Ul mus ameri cana. 1 07 Quercus chrysol epi s.
58 Winged: U l mus ol oto. 1 08 Sassafras al bi dum.
Sl i ppery: U. rubro. 1 09 li ri odendron t ul i pfera.
59 Rock: Ul mus thomosi i . 1 1 1 Ashe: Crataegus ashei .
Cedar: U. crassi fol i a. Engl i sh: C. oxyacantho.
60 Cel t i s occi dental i s. li t t l e Hi p: C. s pothul oto.
61 Amel anchi er canadensi s. Cockspur: C. crus- gol l i .
62 Carpi nus carol i ni ana. 1 1 2 Crataegus pedi cel l ate.
63 Ostrya vi rgi ni ana. 1 1 3 li quidombar styraci fua.
64 l l ex opaca. 1 1 4 Whi te: Morus al ba.
65 Fagus grandi fol i a. Red: M. rubro.
66 Choke: Prunus vi r gi ni ano. 1 1 8 cer pl atanoi des.
Wi l d B l ock: P. serot i no. 1 1 9 Acer saccharum.
67 Pi n: Prunus pensyl vani ca. 1 20 Acer ni grum.
Wi l d Pl um: F, ameri cana.
1 21 Acer rubrum.
70 Paper: Betul a papyri fera. 1 22 Acer sacchari num.
Gr ay: B. popul i fol i o. 123 Acer spi catum.
Whi te: B. pendul o. 1 24 Acer macrophy l l um.
71 Yel l ow: B. al l eghani ensi s. 1 25 Acer gl abrum.
Ri ver: B. ni gra.
1 2 Ameri can: Pl atanus
Sweet: B. I ento. occi dental i s.
75 Red: Al nus rubra. Ca|i forni a: P. racemose.
Speckl ed: A. rugosa. Ari zona: P. wri ght i i .
Whi te: A. rhombi fol i o. Ori ental : P. ori ental i s.
76 Oxydendrum arboreum.
1 28 Sobol pal metto.
77 Cascara: Rhamnus purshi ono. 1 29 Woshi ngtoni o fl i fero.
Carol i na: R. corol i ni ono. 1 32 Carya ovoto.
78 Popul us tremul oides. 1 33 Corya tomentoso.
79 Popul us grondi dentota. 1 34 Carya cordi formi s.
Popul us del toi des. 1 35 Carya i l l i noensi s.
81 Ti l i a americana. 1 36 Jugl ans n igra.
82 Chestnut: Castanea dentota. 1 37 Jugl ans ci nerea.
83 Ton bark -oak: 1 38 Acer negundo.
Li thocarpus densi forus. 1 39 Ai l anthus al t i ssi ma.
86 Quercus al ba.
1 40 Stoghorn: Rhus typhi no.
87 Quercus stel l ate. Smooth : R. gl obro.
88 Quercus macrocarpa.
1 4 1 Dwarf: Rhus copal l i na.
89 Quercus l yrata. Poi son : Toxi codendron verni x.
90 Quercus pri nus. 1 43 Fraxi nus ameri cana.
91 Quercus muehl enbergi i . 1 44 Fraxi nus ni gra.
92 Quercus bi col or.
1 45 Fraxi nus pennsyl vani ca.
93 Quercus vi rgi ni ana. 1 46 Sorb us ameri cana.
94 Quercus gambel i i . 1 48 Robi ni a pseudoacaci a.
95 Quercus agri fol i a. 1 49 Gl edi tsi a tri acanthos.
98 Quercus vel ut i na. 1 50 Gymnocl adus di oi ca.
99 Quercus rubra. 1 52 Aescul us gl obro.
1 00 Quercus fa l eota. 1 53 Aescul us hi ppocastonum.
1 01 Quercus pal ustri s.
d
I NW1X
An asterisk * ) denotes pages that i l l ustrate the tree or its parts.
8oI d type designates pages containing more extensive i nformation.
Acorns, 82-83, *85, *97
T Ai l anthus, * 1 39
Al ders, *75
Al l i gator J uniper, *37
Ameri can Aspen, *78
Ameri can Basswood,
* 81
Ameri can Beech, *65
Ameri can El m, *57
Ameri can Hol l y, *64

Ameri can Hornbeam,
*62
Ameri can Sycamore,
:
* 1 26 * 1 27
. Annual ri ngs, * 1 3
Arboretums, 1 56
g Ari zona Sycamore,
w O * 1 26, 1 27
" Ashe Hawthorn, * 1 1 1
Ashes:
m
~
I
d
x
Bl ack, * 1 42, *1 44
B l ue, 1 44
Green, 1 45
Mountai n- , * 1 46
Red, * 1 42, *1 45
Whi te, * 1 42, * 1 43

Aspens, *78- *79
<
Bal dcypress, *40
q Bal sam Fi r, 32- *33
Bark, * 1 0 1 2 - 1 3
;
Basket Oak, 92
Basswood, * 8 1
Bay, 53
Beeches, *65
T
Bl ue, *62
Bi gcone Spruce, 31
Bi gtooth Aspen, *79
Bi rches:
Bl ack, *71 , *74
Canoe, *70, 72
Cherry, *71 , *74
Gray, *70, *72
Paper, *70, *72
Red, *71 , *73
Ri ver, *71 , *73
Sweet, *71 , *74
Whi te, *70, *72, *74
Yel l ow, *71 , *73
Bi tternut, * 1 3 1 , *1 34
B l ack Ash, * 1 42, * 1 44
Bl ack Bi rch, *71 , *74
Bl ackgum, *41
Bl ackj ack Oak, *96,
*97, * 1 03
Bl ack Locust, 1 47, * 1 48
Bl ack Mapl e, * 1 20
B l ack Oak, *96- *98
Bl ack Spruce, 28, *29
Bl ack Wal nut, * 1 36
Bl ack Wi l l ow, *54
Botani cal gardens, 1 56
Boxel der, 1 1 7, * 1 38
8roadl eaf Mapl e, * 1 24
Broad l eaf trees, 3, *9,
41 - 1 53
Buckeyes, 1 5 1 , * 1 52
Buckthorns, *77
Buds, * 1 1
Bunchberry, 43
Bur Oak, *84, *85, *88
Butternut, * 1 37
Cabbage Pal metto,
* 1 28. 1 29
Cal iforni a- l aur el , *53
Cal iforni a Li ve Oak,
*84, *85, *95
Cal iforni a Red Fi r, 33
Cal i forni a Sycamore,
* 1 26- * 1 27
Cal i forni a Whi te Oak,
94
Canadi an Spruce, 28
Canoe Bi rch, '70, *72
Canyon li ve Oak, *96,
*97, * 1 07
Carol i na Buckthorn, *77
Cascara Buckthorn, '77
Catal pa, 43, *45
Cedar Elm, *59
Cedars, *38- *39
Cherri es: Bi rd, 69
Choke, *66, *68
Pin, *67, *69
Red, *69
Wi l d, *66-*69
Cherry Bi rch, '71 , *74
Chestnut, *82, 90
Chestnut Oak, *84, '85,
*90
Ch i nkapi n Oak, *84,
*85, *91
Choke Cherry, *66, *68
Chri stmas trees, 33
Coast li ve Oak, *84,
*85, *95
Cockspur Haw, * 1 1 1
Cofee-tree, Kentucky,
* 1 50
Coni fers, 3, *9, 1 8 -40
Conservati on, 1 4, 1 6
Cottonwoods, *80
Crack Wi l l ow, *56
Cucumber Magnol i a,
*49, 50
Cypress, Bal d- , *40
Desert Juni per, 36-37
Dogwoods, 43- *44
Dougl as-fr, *3 1 , 33
Dwarf Sumac, * 1 41
Eastern Buckeye, 1 51
Eastern Red-cedar, *38
Eastern Whi te Pi ne,
* 1 9, *20
El ms: Ameri can, *57
Cedar, *59
Rock, *59
Sl i ppery, *58
Wi nged, *58
Engel mann Spruce, *28, 2
Engl i sh Hawthorn, * 1 1 1
Engl i sh Wal nut, 1 37
Fi rs, *32- *33
Dougl as- , *31 , 33
Fl oweri ng Cherry, 67
Fl oweri ng Dogwood,
43, *44
Fl owers, * 1 0- * 1 1
Forests, U. S. , 1 54
Frui ts, * 1 0- * 1 1
Gambel Oak, *84, *85,
*94
Gi ant Sequoi a, *34
Gray Bi rch, *70, *72
Green Sti ck, 1 08
\ OV
NbX ( eonti nued I
Hackberry, *60 Mapl es:
Oaks (cont . ) :
Haws, 1 1 0- * 1 1 2 B l ock, * 1 1 6, * 1 20 Chi nkopi n, *84, *85,
Hawthorns: Ashe, * 1 1 1 Boxel der, 1 1 7, * 1 38 *91
Cockspur How, * 1 1 1 Broodl eaf, * 1 1 7, Coast Li ve, *84, *85,
Engl i sh, * 1 1 1 * 1 24 *95
Li ttl e Hi p, * 1 1 1 Dwarf, 1 23, 1 25 Gombel , *84, *85,
Scarl et Haw, * 1 1 2 Moosewood, 1 23 *94
Heml ock, *35
Mountai n, * 1 1 6, Laurel , 93
Hi ckori es: * 1 23 l eaves, *82 *84g *96
Bi tternut, * 1 3 1 , * 1 34 Norway, * 1 1 7, * 1 1 8 Li ve, *84, *85, *93
Mockernut, * 1 30, Red, * 1 1 7, * 1 2 1 Mountai n Whi te, 95
* 1 3 3 Rocky Mountai n,
Northern Red, *96,
Pecan, * 1 3 1 , * 1 35 * 1 1 7, * 1 25 *97, *99
Shagbark, * 1 30, * 1 32 Si l ver, * 1 1 6, * 1 22 Oregon Whi te, 94
Swamp Hi ckory, 1 34 Soft, *
l
22 Overcup, *84, *85,
Hol l y, Ameri can, *64 Stri ped, 1 23
*89
Honey locust, 1 47, * 1 49 Sugar, * 1 1 6, *1 1 9, Pi n, *96, *97, * 1 0 1
Ho p Hornbeam, *63 1 20
Post, *84, *85, *87
Hornbeoms, *62- *63 Mockernut Hi ckory, Scarl et, *96, *97,
Horsechestnut, 1 5 1 , * 1 .3 * 1 30, * 1 3 3
* 1 02
Moosewood, 1 23 Shi ngl e, *96, *97,
I ronwood, *63
Mountai n-ash, * 1 46
* 1 05
Jack Pi ne, 26
Mountai n Mapl e, * 1 23
Southern Red, *96,
Mountai n Whi te Oak,
*97, * 1 00
Jersey Pi ne, 26
95
Spani sh, * 1 00
Joshua Tree, 1 29
Mul berri es, * 1 1 4- * 1 1 5 Swamp Chestnut, 92
Juni pers, *36 *37
Museums, 1 5.
Swamp Whi te, *84,
Kentucky Cofee-tree,
*85, *92
Northern Red Oak, *96,
Tanbark-, 82, *83
* 1 50
Utah Whi te, *94
*97, *99
larches, *30
Northern Whi te-cedar,
Water, *96, *97,
large-tooth Aspen, *79
*39
* 1 04
Laurel Oak, 93
Norway Mapl e, * 1 1 8
Whi te, *84, *85, *86
leaves, * 1 0- * 1 1
Norway Spruce, 29
Wh ite group, 82-83,
col l ecti ng, 1 5
*84- *95
li nden, * 81
Oaks:
Wi l l ow, 93, *96, *97,
Li ttl e Hi p Hawthorn,
acorns, 83, *85, *97
* 1 06
* 1 1 1
Basket, 92
Oregon Whi te Oak, 94
I i ve Oak, *84, *85, *93
Bl ack, *96, *97, *98
Ori ental Pl ane, * 1 26
Locusts, 1 47, * 1 48- * 1 49
Bl ack group, 82-83,
Osage-orange, *47
lodgepol e Pi ne, * 1 8 ,
*96- * 1 07
Overcup Oak, *84, *85,
*25
B l ackj ack, *96, *97,
*89
London Pl ane, 1 27
* 1 03 Paci fc Dogwood, 43
Longl eaf Pi ne, * 1 8, *23
Bl ue, 95 Paci fc Madrone, *52
Bur, *84, *85, *88 Paci fc Si l ver Fi r, 33
Madrone, Paci fc, *52 Cal iforn i a live, *84, Pal mettos, * 1 28- 1 29
Magnol i as: *85, *95 Pal ms, *9, 1 28- * 1 29
Cucumber, *49, 50 Cal iforni a Whi te, 94 Paper Bi rch, *70, *72
Cul ti vated, *51 Canyon li ve, *96, Paper - mul berry, 1 1 5
Southern, *49, 51 *97, * 1 07 Peach l eaf Wi l l ow, *56
Sweetbay, *48, 50 Chestnut, *84, *85, Pecan, * 1 3 1 , * 1 35
Umbrel l a, *48, 50 *90 Pepperri dge, *41
P

I NDEX ( continued )
Persi an Wal nut, 1 37 Scarl et Haw, 1 1 0, * 1 1 2 Tul i ptree, * 1 0 * 1 1 ,
Persi mmons, *42 Scarl et Oak, *96, *97, * 1 09, 1 1 0
Pi n Cherry, *67, *69 * 1 02 Tupel o, *41
Pi nes: Sci enti fc names, 1 56- Twi gs, * 1 2
Eastern Whi te, * 1 9, 1 5
Umbr el l a Magnol i a,
*20 Seeds, 1 0, * 1 1
Jack, 26 Sequoi a, Gi ant, *34
*48, 50
Jersey, 26 Servi ceberry, *61
Utah J uni per, *36-37
Lodgepol e, * 1 8, *25 Shadbush, *61
Utah Whi te Oak, *94
w
Longl eaf, * 1 8, *23 Shagbark Hickory,
Pi nyon, * 1 8, *27 * 1 30, * 1 32
Vi r gi ni a Pi ne, * 1 9, *26
Pi tch, * 1 8, *22 Shi ngl e Oak, *96, *97,
Wahoo, *58, 59
Ponderosa, * 1 9, *24 * 1 05
Wal nuts, * 1 36- * 1 37
Sugar, * 1 9, *21 Si erra J uni per, *37
Washi ngton Pal m, * 1 29
Vi rgi ni a, * 1 9, *26 Si l ver Mapl e, * 1 22
Water Oak, *96, *97,
Western White, 20 Si tka Spruce, 29
* 1 04
x
Western Yel l ow, 24 Sl i ppe<y El m, *58
Weepi ng Beech, 65
u
Pi n Oak, *96, *97, *1 01 Smooth Sumac, * 1 40
Pi nyon Pi ne, * 1 8, *27 Soft Mapl e, * 1 22

Weepi ng Wi l l ow, *55
Western Larch, *30
Pi tch Pi ne, * 1 8, *22 Sourgum, *41

Western Red-cedar, 39
.
Pl ane Trees, * 1 26- 1 27 Sourwood, *76
o
Western Whi te Pi ne, 20
Pl ums, Wi l d, *67, *69 Southern Magnol i a,

Western Yel l ow Pi ne, 24
Poi son-sumac, * 1 41 *49, 51

Whi te Al der, *75
Ponderosa Pi ne, * 1 9, Southern Red-cedar, 3B

Whi te Ash, * 1 42, * 1 43
*24 Southern Red Oak, *96,

Whi te Bi rch, *70, *72,
o
Popl ars, *78- *BO *97, * 1 00
*74
< Yel l ow-, * 1 09, 1 1 0 Spani sh Oak, * 1 00
Whi te-cedar, *39
Post Oak, *84, *85, *87 Speckl ed Al der, *75

White Fir, *32, 33
Pussy Wi l l ow, *56 Spruces, *28- *29
Whi te Mul berry, * 1 1 4

m
Bi gcone, 3 1
Whi te Oak, *84-*86
J
Quaki ng Aspen, *78
Staghorn Sumac, * 1 40
Whi te Pi ne, Eastern,
Stri ped Mapl e, 1 23

z
Red Al der, *75 * 1 9, *20
Red Ash, * 1 42, *1 45
Sugar Mapl e, * 1 1 9
Whi te Spruce, 28, *29
Red Bi rch, *71 , *73
Sugar Pi ne, * 1 9, *21
White Wal nut, * 1 37
Redbud, *46
Sumacs, * 1 40- * 1 41
Wi l d Cherry, *66-*69
Red-cedar, *38-39
Swamp Chestnut Oak,
Wi l d Pl ums, *67, *69
Red Cherry, 69
92
Wi l l ows: B l ack, *54
Red Mapl e, * 1 1 7, * 1 21
Swamp Hi ckory, * 1 34
Crack, *56
Red Mul berry, * 1 1 4
Swamp Wh ite Oak,
Peachl eaf, *5
Red Spruce, 28, *29
*84, *85, *92
Pussy, *56
Redwood, *34
Sweetbay, *48, 50
Sandbar, *56
Ri ver Bi rch, *71 , *73
Sweet Bi rch , *71 , *74
Weepi ng, *55
Rock El m, * 59
Sweetgum, 41 , * 1 1 3
Wi l l ow Oak, *96, *97,
Rocky Mountai n Mapl e,
Sycamores, * 1 26- * 1 27
*1 06
* 1 1 7, *1 25
Tamarack, *30
Wi nged E l m, *58
Royal Pal m, 1 28
Tanbark-oak , 82, *83
Wood, * 1 0- * 1 3
Trees:
Saba! Pal metto, * 1 28 maj or ki nds of, *9 Yel l ow Bi rch, *71 , *73
Sandbar Wi l l ow, * 56 parts of, * 1 0- * 1 1 Yel l ow-popl ar, * 1 09
Sassafras, * 1 08 Trembl i ng Aspen, 78 Yucca, 1 29
L L MM
| LL ||
Mkk
A GOL N NAIU k G U |
HERBERT S. ZI M, Ph. D., Sc. D. , outstandi ng
authori ty on sci ence educati on i s Adj unct Pro
fessor at the Uni versity of Mi ami . A Fel l ow of
Sci ence, he works wi th nati onal and i nterna
ti onal organi zati ons on educati on, popul ati on,
and ecol ogy. He i s Educational Consul tant for
the Ameri can Fri ends Servi ce Commi ttee and
Western Publ i shi ng Company. A wi de readi ng
publ i c knows hi m as the author and editor of
nearl y 200 books.
ALEXANDER C. MARTI N, Ph. D., was formerl y
senior bi ol ogi st of the U. S. Fi sh and Wi l dl ife
Serice at the Patuxent Research Refuge i n
Laurel , Maryl and. An authority on pl ants used
by wi l dl ife, and on the i denti fcati on of pl ants
by seeds and fruits, he i s the author al so of
the Gol den Nature Gui de Flowers.
DOROTHEA and SY BARLOWE have contri b
uted i l l ustrati ons Ol nature subj ects to many
magazi nes, as wel l as to LOOr> LncycOpO-
dO, the LncycO
j
OdO PmOrCOnO, and the
Gol den Nature Gui des rOO> and bOO>OrO>.
T H 6 G O | D N N A I U k F G U I D F 5
1C an introduction to the world of nature, U
to the most common, most easily seen, and most in
teresting aspects of the world around us. Each gide
combines the authority of an eminent scientist and
of an expert in science edncation-Dr. Herbert
eee J00 page books overfow with accurate
full color illustrations and concise, double-checked
information which makes identifcation and under
standing the subject easy and enjoyable ..

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43 TREE5 W fML COLOR

T M1O IW PN1I1TX TNbX11PW 1Xbb

and lines means overlapping of ranges. Each

HOW TO LOOK look at trees in two diferent ways:

pol e Pi ne gave the tree its common name. But hi gh in the

Height: 1 5 to 80 ft. Pine family

Height: 1 5 to 50 ft. Pi ne family

oratories, is known as Canada Bal sam. White, Cal iforni a

HEMLOCK, wi th its coarse wood, was i gnored when the

eastern coastal species

ie farms. Indians prized the

with a milky juice. It grows from a

ball of small green fowers.

UMBRELLA MAGNOLI A is so called because large ( 1 2

by bei ng set of by l arge, dark

smal l , hai ry seeds. The soft, fne

unl i ke others, fowers in late summer. :

Hei ght: 50 to 70 ft. ! both) . Elm fomily

HACKBERRY, a rel ative of El m, i s readi l y recogni zed by

WI LD CHERRI ES About 14 s peci es of Wi l d Cherry,

bKLHc (text OM pp. 72-7 4)

RIVER BI RCH, or RED BI RCH, i s the onl y Bi rch common

BUCKTHORNS are wi del y di stri buted. Onl y a few of the

BI GTOOTH ASPEN or Large-tooth Aspen is named for

excel l ent honey, perfume the ai r on

CHI NKAPI N OAK

SWAMP WHI TE OAK

er. The wood is used for rough con

keted as White Oak.

CHESTNUT OAK i s mai nl y a mountai n tree of the Ap

Height: 60 to 80 ft. Beech family

Oak. These and most other trees i n

the White Oak group do not devel op

bri l l iant autumn col ors. lumber from

Oak, wi th l arge rounded acorns,

the most i mportant ti mber tree of the

SOUTHERN RED OAK is often cal l ed Spanish Oak.

young, l ater becomi ng broken i nto

Height: 40 to 50 ft. Beech family

furrowed. Sassafras grows al ong

woods. I t and other Hawthorns

used for furniture, cabi network, and

Height: 80 to 1 20 ft. Witch Hazel family

from its i nner bark.

Height : 30 to 50 ft. Mulberry family

when the sap fows. About 30 gal -

I ons of the watery, sl i ghtl y sweet sap

Height: 60 to 1 00 ft. Maple family

sl opes. The soft, cl ose-grai ned, l i ght-

el ties, and woodenware.

shade. I t i s al so used as an orna-

open woods. In spri ng the openi ng

hard to crack, but the sweet, edi bl e,

Height: 80 to 1 00 ft. Walnut family

of the M1ddl e East) grown H

commerci al Wal nuts.

The l eaves are general l y l i ke those

wi ng. They form in

*" shorter and wi der t han Bl ack Ash

l ar to White Ash, is used for tool han

bothered by borers and fungus pests, `

makes excel l ent fenceposts ( Pl ate on

Honey Locust is used for fenceposts,

Pi nyon Pi ne, * 1 8, 27 Soft Mapl e, 1 22

Pi tch Pi ne, * 1 8, 22 Sourgum, 41

Pl ums, Wi l d, 67, 69 Southern Magnol i a,

24 Southern Red Oak, 96,

Post Oak, 84, 85, 87 Speckl ed Al der, 75

Pussy Wi l l ow, 56 Spruces, 28- *29