REPOF~R 8
2 40U
ADA 123 7 6 1
Brealkingic
-_j-
t1
Corps
dRegions
&
nflgeeing LResearch&
ab ra tory
Eo~netgLb
I
Breaking ice with explosives
Malcolm Mellor
.-4
Prepared for
Unclassified
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Date Entered)
'
I. REPORT NUMBER
MSTRUCTIOSFORM
FREDCOMPLETING
BEFORE
3.
S.
6.
7.
AUTHOR(e)
Malcolm Mellor
9.
DA Project 4A762730AT42
Task A, Work Unit 010
It.
REPORT DATE
13.
NUMBER OF PAGES
December 1982
12.
68
IS. SECURITY
Unclassified
IS&.
DECL ASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING
SCHEDULE
16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report)
17.
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entered In Block 20, If different from Report)
II.
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Ice
Explosion bubbles
Explosion effects
Explosions
Underwater explosions
.-
revere
mnmemv
The use of explosives to break floating ice sheets is described, and test data are used to develop design curves that
predict explosives effects as ice thickness, charge size, and charge depth vary. Application of the curves to practical
problems is illustrated by numerical examples. The general features of underwater explosions are reviewed and related
to ice blasting. Quasi-static plate theory is considered, and is judged to be inapplicable to explosive cratering of ice
plates. The specific energy for optimized ice blasting is found to compare quite favorably with the specific energy of
icebreaking ships. All available field data for ice blasting are tabulated in appendices, together with details of the regression analyses from which the design curves are generated.
ASrNACT (ete
20.
D
"'
FO
CSCT
SECURIY CLASSIFICATOI
OT
PE(neUnclassified
OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered)
PREFACE
This report was prepared by Dr. Malcolm Mellor, Research Physical Scientist,
Experimental Engineering Division, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. The work was performed under DA Project 4A762730AT42,
Design, Construction and Operations Technology for Cold Regions, Task A,
Cold Regions Combat Operations Support: Tactics, Doctrine, Logistics, Work
Unit 010, Countermobility in Cold Regions.
ii
CONTENTS
Page
A bstract .........................................................
P re face ......... .......... ...... ....... ..... ...... ..... ..........
Introd uction ......................................................
General behavior of underwater explosions ............................
Regression analysis for ice-blasting data ...............................
General features of the regression curves ..............................
Use of the regression curves as design curves for ice blasting ..............
Row charges and pattern charges .....................................
Response of floating ice sheets to underwater explosions .................
Specific energy and "powder factor" . ...............................
Summary and conclusions ..........................................
L iterature cited ...................................................
Appendix A: Basic data on ice blasting ................................
Appendix B: Scaled input data .......................................
Appendix C: Initial regression analysis using complete polynomial ........
Appendix D: Regression analysis with two coefficients of the original polynom ial deleted ................................................
I
9
13
15
18
21
26
27
28
29
41
45
57
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure
1. Variation of peak pressure with scaled distance for a point charge of
TNT in deep water ........................................
2. Conversion of scaled distance ...................................
3. Spalling of the water surface by an underwater explosion ............
4. Surface eruptions from underwater explosions ....................
5. Surface effects from underwater explosion ........................
6. Effect of charge depth on the maximum diameter at the base of the water column, the "effective" column diameter, and the water jet diam eter ..................................................
7. Depth d. which is equal to the theoretical maximum bubble radius for
..........
the first pulse, Rbm ...........
8. Theoretical maximum bubble radius Rbm scaled with respect to the
cube root of charge weight and plotted against absolute charge
depth ...................................................
9. Initial velocity of the emerging water jet plotted against charge depth
2
3
3
4
4
6
7
. --
AIlallablllt,,
10 W
D- t
______o___
.__
Dltw1 .t a.
I!
iinti/'or
. -jf- .
Dfle
- - -
Nlm
i POr
*A&Z
12. Values of scaled crater radius predicted by the regression relation plot-
.*--~
e O
:.
4
'I"
Codol
Figure
13. Predicted value of scaled crater radius as a function of scaled charge
depth, with scaled ice thickness as parameter ..................
14. Predicted value of scaled crater radius as a function of scaled ice thickness, with scaled charge depth as parameter ...................
15. Geometry of row charges ......................................
16. Geometry of pattern charges ..................................
17. Shock wave paths for an underwater explosion with overlying ice .....
18. Variation of crater radius with charge depth according to a simple
m od el ...................................................
19. Scaled dimensions of waterspouts compared with crater diameter
for zero ice thickness and with maximum bubble diameter .......
20. Waterspout characteristics from ordinary underwater explosions compared with ice crater predictions .............................
21. Variation of crater radius with charge depth for explosions in a semiinfinite ice m ass ..........................................
22. Predicted specific energy for ice blasting when charges are at optimum
depth ...................................................
Page
14
14
19
20
22
23
24
24
25
26
TABLES
Table
1. Analysis of departures from regression plane ......................
!I
-
--
iv
v
7i
4.'
12
INTRODUCTION
*
-1
~~~~~~.
.
.;
. .
I.
(bf/in
100,000
a.
Ia
......
p
. .
(MPo)
lct
p - 1.6Mg/m
,0 ,000 --
Pn'o_
TNT
10
::I
(deep water)
i~~i, I0
1.0
01
RW3
.00
I
II
R/rc
I I
11
100
(m/kg 3)
_l I
100
No. of Charge Radii
I1, l
I I1 1,
10
/W3 ((t/b 3 )
I1
il
,1
1000
1 .I I,. 1 _
100
,
*
.
*
W = charge weight
a = an exponent of order unity.
Since W / is proportional to charge radius R,
(W1/1R) can be treated as a dimensionless quantity for a given explosive type. For TNT, P. = 52.4
and a = 1.13 when P)mx is in MPa, W is in kg,
and R is in metres (see Fig. 1). The range of applicability of eq 1 is 3.4 </ max < 138 MPa. The numbers are not much different for other high-density
solid explosives. Figure 2 gives a conversion of
(RI W ' )to a true dimensionless radius, taking account of variations in charge density.
The detonation produces gas at high temperature and pressure, and this creates a bubble in the
water. The gas bubble expands against hydrostatic
pressure, but because of inertial effects the expansion does not cease until the bubble pressure has
dropped well below the external water pressure.
Eventually it collapses, again with inertial overrun, until the bubble pressure is well in excess of
water pressure. This process gives rise to successive bubble pulsations. While these pulsations are
occurring, a bubble in deep water rises by virtue of
its buoyancy. However, proximity to surfaces
complicates the translational motion; the bubble
. I\a
PmIX = P,()
where Pmax = peak shock pressure
P. = reference "pressure"
R = radial distance from the source
,.
,,
,_r
' y. *
,_
Charge Density
M /m3)
150-
18
1.6
1.4
.2
100O
50
2
I
- I
10
10
20
I21m2kg)
I
30 (ft/Ib3)
Spoiled~oe
_/
'
Water Surface
0Z.1%Bulk Covitoio
;."
~~~~~~~~~Shock
Incidentt/Wove
~ooo
- '
"*o0oReltd0.
,,
Rarefaction Wave
Gas
Bubble
Figure 3. Spalling of the water surface by an underwater explosion. (After Young 1973.)
3.5
(H+ I0
(3)
.3
MOUND
OR
OR
PLUMES
-.
COLUMN WITH
CENTRAL JET
COLUMN WITH
SMOKE CROWN
(M)
Figure 4.
Surface eruptionsfrom underwater explosions.
(f t)
1000
100 -
.40f~l~
'I
0C 100n
CL
r,0%
10 -
10
10
4Figure
1000
100
1000
100
W, Charge Weight
10000
00000 (b
10,000 (kg)
Dma
/d
0.166
3.71
3.71
(;7
(4)
of an oxygen-deficient reaction).
100
eff
10
(m k9131
0I
001
01
d/,,3
0
(m/kg'3)
and
14.
.3
()r
The vertical velocity of the water jet can be obtained from sequential photographs. The velocity
rc _,14
,is
There obviously ought to be limits set on these relations. The original data plots cover the range 2 <
dir c < 11.
Figure 6 displays the various empirical relations
for column and jet diameters.
In considering charge depth, it is of some interest to define a depth d., where charge depth d is
equal to the theoretical maximum bubble radius
for the first pulse, Rbm. From eq 3:
d.
Rbm
3.5 W 1
(7)
14
r-0(m)
(ftn
d.
10
01
10
I'0
01
10
100
10
1000
100
10,000 ib)
000 (kql
(m/kq'3)
(ft/Ib3)
'
'
" - --
,.0
10
20
30 (ft)
10 (M)
d
Figure 8. Theoretical maximum bubble radius Rbm scaled
with respect to the cube root of charge weight and plotted
against absolute charge depth. The arrows indicate the values of
Rbm/W at which d = Rbm for various charge weights.
(mit)
(ft/T
100
50-
100-
0-
d/r
0.
10
0.4
15
060
dW3 (rn/kg",
Figure 9. Initial velocity' of the emerging water jet plotted against charge dept/h for underwater explosions. (Data from McAnall' and Rand 119721 and Outlaw and Strange 119741.)
150-30C
I lb TNT Charges
30.0000
FP 20,000
15,000-
25,000 -
0.
a-5
5010000-
05
1.0
1.5
.
_
"
Plumes"
1.0 Z
2_Column
.
d C/W'/3
.0
0.1
I l1111
10.1.
tlt
i
1.0
1I
LL
1000 (Ib)
100
10
1.0
Crown
lJLJlWJ
100 (kg)
10
W
Figure I. Re-plot of Figure 5 to show variation of waterspout characteristics with scaled charge depth.
9
The
RCWe
=dc/W v'
t/W v .
S
bo
b,
4.8722
0.14566
b,
b,
-0.019293
0.0079326
bz
0.32645
b,
0.0021915
b,
b4
-0.15269
-0.0015176
b,
b,
-0.00052360
0.00026389
(8)
10
.r
.. :-_o
.'.
.C!
o~24
ti"n
3.2
0.0
o 4:9-0,_
o
4.60
C'.
6.40
7.20
:00
.60
.60
10.40
11.20
ACTUAL T
Figure 12. Values of scaled crater radius predicted by the regression relation plotted against the
corresponding observed values.
Scraters
40.
000-
CL
000
f-0o0
m~
aO
>.
>-
00
r-
Sc
N~
CL
4'
rJ
12
"Two
.
"
regression equation to be controlled by more heavily populated parts of the data domain.
Not much can be said about the possibility of
errors in the input data. The most likely sources of
GENERAL FEATURES OF
THE REGRESSION CURVES
The curves shown in Figures 13 and 14, referred
to as the MM82 curves, are broadly similar to the
MM72 curves, but there are some significant differences.
Looking first at the effect of charge depth (Fig.
13), it can be seen that for all ice thicknesses the
crater radius is greatest where charge depth is close
to zero; the crater size decreases as charge depth
increases. The curves are considered unreliable for
(dc/W"1) > 7 ft/lb"/ , since there are very few data
sets for large charge depth. The curve shown for
(t/wl ' ) = 0 is, of course, unsupported by actual
data. The curves for (t/W") = 35 and 40 in./lb'/ '
have only weak support from actual data. The distinctive optimum depth pattern of the MM72
curves has virtually disappeared, and for most
practical purposes, zero charge depth is optimum.
Turning to the effect of ice thickness (Fig. 14),
13
Cb. 00
1.00
2. 00
3. 00
4.00
5. 00
8. 00
7. 00
8.0
9.S
00
10.00
<10
WU
2
C3
CV. 00
4. 00
8. 00
12. 00
18. 00
2b. 00
24. A~
29.00
32. 00
3A.00o
4b.00o
41
W,13
t
10.5
17.5
- 10.5
ibIA
For a charge of optimum weight placed at optimum depth, the MM82 curves predict a maximum
crater radius of almost 6.6 ft/lbl /' . The MM72
curves were a little bit more optimistic, predicting
about
6.9 ft/lb"'.
abou 6.5-lb
-- 5/
If the explosive is packaged in pound quantities, the probable practical choice would be a
charge. If the explosive is packaged in
kilogram quantities, a 2-kg charge would be
close enough.
For prediction of the crater radius, the actual charge weight is used. The best result is
likely to be obtained with the charge in the
water immediately below the ice cover.
Reading from the curves in Figures 13 and 14
for scaled charge depths close to zero and
t/Wl' close to optimum, the highest value of
the predicted crater radius R is about 6.57
"
ft/Ib,
i.e.
R
6.57 ft/lb/.
Taking W - 5 Ib,
R = 6.57 x 5/'x
11.23 ft
(9)
(17.5 '
or,
Wop t = (t/0.347)1 kg
when t is in metres and W is in kg. The procedure
can be illustrated by a numerical example.
.4
A!
example.
1.5)
--
6
r . 1inforcement,
0.19 lb.
6.57W
=6.57x0.57
=3.75
ft.
-(15
R
R
=
=
6.57 x 1.71
6.57x2.71
11.23 ft
17.83 ft.
= 23.5 lb.
For practical reasons we round this value up to
25 Ib, and then check the probable effects of a
25-lb charge.*
The charge will be set approximately 4 m below the water surface, and the ice will extend
almost 0.8 m below the water surface. Thus the
depth of the charge below the base of the ice
(dc) will be about 3.2 m (10.5 ft). The scaled
charge depth (dc/W /')will thus be
dc
10.5
WA
25/,
=
W'/
31.5
25"
- 10.8 in./lb".
*We could equally well round this off to a 10-kg charge and
continue the calculation with that value.
16
TOA)
c-
WA
i.e.
R c =5.3 5W'
= 5.35 x 25/'I/
7
4v
dc
/
= 2.05 ft/lb'A
= 15.64 ft,
t
WA
Rc
A
5.8 ft/lb
and
Rc = 5.8x40""
= 19.84 ft.
t _ 21
WIS/ !5o0
3.95 in./lbV.
d = 3x(150)
= 15.94
-
40
- 5.56 in./ft 1 .
19
16 ft.
17
.1
-..
. .
_-
90.6)'
QN
W
"
-
6411b
291 kg.
The predicted crater radius R for an optimum charge at zero depth is given by (R/WA)
=
6.57 ft/lb'/$:
".':
/
can be
sponding value of scaled range RIW'
the curves.
So far, the discussion has been limited to the effects of single charges, but in dealing with real
problems it may be necessary to use a row of
charges, multiple rows of charges, or some other
kind of pattern. Since there have been few systematic tests with row charges and patterns, it is
necessary to work largely from the data for single
charges in preliminary design.
If a number of charges, each of weight W, are
set in a row with spacing s, the results are predict-
_the
18
Independent Charges-
No Crater Interaction
Interacting Charges
'
S/R
:"
ls
.A
ix\/\
/__
o/XI
v
A/
Interacting Charges
T'
I ntrcin
SRI
h r:e
I.
a?
\_
'
.
* .
--
I Rc t
X
-,.
.>
.I.
..
-N
X
.__..>....
I.------.4
_,
__/
_.> .
19
x/
_..,
.__.
M .
/
/
/
__/
//
/
/
JI
W = (/10.5)'
= (19.7/10.5)'
s = 3Rc,
= 6.6 lb
= 3x3.2
= 3 kg.
= 9.6 m.
Rel
-=
WA
/
6.57 ft/lb
or,
Rci = 6.57 x 6.62'A
=
12.3 ft
= 3.76 m.
In this problem, the charge design has to
cope with any ice thickness up to 0.5 m, and it
can be seen from Figure 14 that the 3-kg charge
will create a smaller radius in thin ice than it
will in ice 0.5 m thick, which is optimum for
this charge size. The thinnest ice which is of
concern is 4 in., since thinner ice will not safely
support men to place the charges, and also 4
in. of ice or less can be broken up by bridge
boats. With a charge weight of 6.62 Ib, the
scaled thickness of 4 in. of ice is 2.13 in./lb'A.
Checking the design curves, Figures 13 and 14,
for a charge depth of zero and a scaled ice
/
thickness of 2.1 in./lb' , the predicted scaled
crater radius is 5.6 ft/Ib . Thus the actual
crater radius Rcl in thin ice should be:
TO UNDERWATER EXPLOSIONS
The mechanical effects of explosives on floating
ice have not been studied in detail, and these notes
are in the nature of exploratory speculations.
Three things are considered: 1) direct damage to
the ice by the shock wave, 2) gross displacement of
the ice by water erupting in response to the gas
bubble, 3) planar flexure of the ice by a concentrated uplift force.
The initial shock wave from a concentrated
charge can be assumed to propagate through the
water spherically, attenuating as discussed earlier.
When this wave reaches the ice it will be reflected
from the lower surface of the ice, and it will be refracted and reflected within the ice layer. Shock
3.2 m.
Air
Ice
Water
Gouge
IW
Figure 17. Shock wave paths for an underwater explosion with overlying ice. (After Barash 1966b.)
" ' /
- -
'-
1 -(dc/.4)
'
/2.
(12)
4
-w',
(11)
is'(Assur
1961)
oo-
Rec
06
-)]
..
02-
1 I
0
02
04
0.6
2.06X+a/3.
(14)
T-_ 0 4
R[,
,(d
I I
0.8
'
22.47 tl
(15)
dce
/4EI /
'
S
-
i~
3k
I.=
4EP0 ))'1
= \12k( I02))
I _E 'A
I-0)
(13)
Dm.
2-.
10=
(Dred,cId
-0X
01
n/kgi'
(rW3
Cr,..
.......
......
X2 . Scaled
1
3)
Ice Thickness (in/b'
a.
-00
16.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4'.00
X,
6.00D
5.00
7. 00
a8.00
9.00
10.00
1100
ft/lb 3)
Figure 20. Waterspout characteristics fromn ordinaryv underwater explosionis (see Figures 5
and 11) compared with ice crater predictions.
24
*.
-Ao
-4
0
oO
o
oe
o.
oi
o
.
0
"
_
Ve0o.
2
26
I
I
a C-4
o AtlaooS
a cooit4 7S
2
4
/ 3)
Scaled Charqe Depth (ft/lb
50 to 1000 1bf/in.'
(17)
-w
Powder factor
kW
=Rlt
E,
Powder factor
(22)
0 9)
1and
(21)
t.
=k/r(
(RC/W',,y(t/W,)
(18)
(20)
ot
W
3
(MJ/m ) (bf/in )
2-300
k-1.l k cal/g
(4.6 kJ/g)
200
,!a,
'-
I
L'"0
i
.
16
0 5
24
32 (in/Ib 3
1.0 (m/kg
/3 )
energy actually consumed. The work of gas expansion is roughly 20% of the heat of explosion,
Taking k as the heat of explosion, values for typical explosives range from about 0.6 kcal/g (2.5
kJ/g) for ANFO with low oil content and for propellant powder, to almost 2 kcal/g (8.3 kJ/g) for
heavily aluminized high explosive formulations.
For cast TNT and nitromethane, the heat of explosion is about 1.1 kcal/g (4.6 kJ/g). For RDX
(Cyclonite) and HMX (Octogen), k - 1.3 kcal/g
(5.4 kJ/g); for PETN, C-3/C-4 (plasticized RDX)
and MS 80-20 slurry, k = 1.4 kcal/g (5.9 kJ/g).
By taking values of (RC/W / ') and (1/W ' ) from
the regression curves, and assuming a value of k,
then E, can be plotted against (,/W / ' ) for optimum charge depth. This plot (Fig. 22) gives the
best possible value of Es according to the regression. It brings out the point that, whereas maximum crater radius is achieved with I/W '11 - II
energy is minimized when t/WA/
in./lb'/ , specific
20 in./lb '/ .
=
-
P2
6-
106.7k,
0.1125
E/(I - v')
1
" -V
12k( - 02)
EP
(f(7
12)
(27)
Gold (1971) summarized field data which indicated that P/t2 was in the range 50 to 1000 lbf/in.2
(0.35 to 6.9 MN/m), with the effective value of
E/(I - vu) equal to 1.11 x 10' lbf/in.2 (7.65
GN/m 2). Substitution of these values puts E s for
slow flexure in the range 2.5 x 10-' to 0.1 lbf/in.
(1.7 J/m' to 0.7 kJ/m'). Such values for E, are
completely outside the range for any practical
methods which have been applied to the cutting
and breaking of ice. It is interesting to note that
these values are orders of magnitude lower than
the specific energy for icebreaking ships, prompting one to question whether conventional plate
flexure analyses are of direct relevance to ship action.
Pwf
p2
8kX 2 7r(2.06 , )
P2
= Tk1(23)
P
Work
(26)
Vb = ir(2.06X)'1.
(25)
Rec = 2.06X.
2
8kX'
(24)
27
-.
Fonstad, GD., R. Gerard and B. Stimpson (1982) The explosive demolition of floating ice sheets. Proceedings of POAC
81, vol. II, p. 1114-1123.
Froehle, H.A. (1966) ANFO in the Arctic. The Military Engi-
neer,
Jan-Feb.
Gold, L.W. (1971)
explosives is surprisingly favorable, being compared to the best attainable values for ice-cutting
N-72-4.
machines, and not much different from good values for ice-breaking ships. Since explosives represent energy which requires little capital equipment
for utilization, they may be of interest for the protection of offshore structures against tce forces.
The basic mechanics of ice blasting is still not
well understood. With typical high explosives the
ice is likely to be damaged over most of the crater
"area by the incident shock wave and its reflections.
Nikolayev, S.Ye. (1970) Blasting fast ice in the Antarctic. Information Bulletin, Soviet Antarctic Expedition, English
translation, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 164-166, Feb 1973. (Translated
from Informatsionyyi Bulleten', no. 81, 1970.)
Outlaw, D.G. and J.N. Strange (1974) Bridge response to
derwater explosions. The mechanics of quasistatic flexure in floating ice sheets does not seem
to have much relevance to the formation of explo-
sive craters. In future studies itmight be worth exploring the use of theoretical maximum bubble
explosion-produced water plumes, Report 2. U.S.A. Waterways Experiment Station, Technical Report N-72-4.
The basic data used in the study have been appended to the report, since some of the original
sCenter,
sources are not easily accessible. Scaled data and
details of the computer analysis are also given.
properties: Part
Naval Surface Weapons
NWSC/WOI TR 76-116.
Van der Kley, J. (1965) The use of explosives for clearing ice.
7.
Wade, M.D. (1966) Operation Peggy, cratering experiments
1966. U.S. Army Engineer District, Alaska.
Willey, R.L. and D.E. Phillips (1968) Surface phenomena
measurements and experimental procedures in 4000-lb HBX-l
shallow underwater explosive tests (Project "HEAT"). U.S.
Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Silver Spring, Md..
NOLTR 68-74.
Young, G.A. (1971) The physical effects of conventional explosions on the ocean environment. U.S. Naval Ordnance
Laboratory, White Oak, Silver Spring, Md., NOLTR 71-120.
Young, G.A. (1973) Plume and ejecta hazards from underwater explosions. U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White
LITERATURE CITED
Assar, A. (1961) Traffic over frozen or crusted surfaces. First
International Conference on Mechanics of Soil-Vehicle Systems, Torino.
Barah, R.M. (1966a) Ice-breaking by explosives. NOLTR
66-229, U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Silver
Spring, Maryland.
Brash, R.M. (1966b) Measurements of underwater explosion
.-
Al.
A2.
A3.
A4.
A5.
A6.
A7.
A8.
A9.
A10.
All.
A12.
A13.
A14.
A15.
Table Al.
No. of
tests
Gunpowder
Dynamite
Guncotton
American TNT
Dutch TNT
ANFO
C-4
ANFO
C-4
TNT and HBX-3
Dynamite
TNT
TNT
DM-12, dynamite, blasting agents
TNT
Table A2.
Charge
Ice
weight thickness
(kg)
(m)
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
7.0
12.0
12.0
15.0
25.0
12.0
25.0
12.0
0.25
0.25
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.45
0.45
0.55
25.0
5
3
3
12.0
25.0
25.0
Charge
depth
(m)
Crater
radius
(m)
Charge
weight
(kq)
Ice
thickness
(m)
4
4
8
12
30
3
16
12
2.50
2.50
5.00
5.00
2.50
5.00
2.50
2.50
0.15
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.35
0.35
0.45
0.55
0.85
0.25
0.25
1.75
0.65
1.65
0.55
0.45
3.75
3.50
3.75
4.25
4.00
4.50
4.00
3.25
No. of
tests
Charge Crater
depth
radius
(m)
(m)
1.25
1.75
1.65
2.15
2.15
1.55
2.05
1.45
2.50
4.00
3.50
3.75
6.00
3.00
7.00
3.50
0.55
1.95
7.00
2.50
0.65
0.35
3.50
0.65
0.65
1.90
1.35
1.85
0.60
3.50
6.00
4.25
2.50
0.85
0.15
2.625
21
29
Table A3.
Charge
depth
(m)
Crater
radius
(m)
No. of
tests
Charge
weight
(kg)
Ice
thickness
(m)
6
1
4
6
3
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.56
0.63
0.52
0.47
0.95
0.63
0.32
0.43
0.48
0.00
0.32
1.20
1.25
1.425
1.105
2.00
2
6
3
1
2
0.56
0.56
0.84
0.84
0.84
0.52
0.47
0.63
0.52
0.47
0.43
0.48
0.47
0.58
0.63
1.90
1.79
2.00
2.50
2.50
Table AS.
Table A4.
TNT.
No. of
tests
Charge
weight
(kg)
Ice
thickness
(m)
Charge
depth
(m)
Crater
radius
(m)
1
1
1
I
0.454
0.454
0.908
0.908
0.09
0.11
0.10
0.14
0.00
0.50
0.00
0.50
1.525
1.70
2.11
2.10
0.908
0.13
2.00
1.25
Table A6.
Charge
depth
(m)
Crater
radius
(m)
No. of
tests
Charge
weight
(kg)
0.25
0.40
1.00
0.575
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.25
0.50
1.00
2.00
0.25
0.50
1.00
0.35
0.00
1.25
0.36
0.39
0.35
0.30
0.30
0.30
1.725
2.30
3.075
1.20
Charge
depth
(ft)
1
1
8.500.50
1.95
2.65
4.75
0.40
0.50
3.00
3.50
5.25
2.10
3.15
50/100
17
31
31
30/100
20
20
14
60/80
17
18
6
30/100
16
18
9
30/100
16
18
9
30/100
16
18
9
A 160-lb charge of ANFO was fired on top of the
Ice, producing a crater 30 ft In diam.
1.00
0.40
0.40
0.40
2.00
1
3.00
1
1.8.50
0.50
1
1.00
1
0.40
0.40
0.30
0.40
0.40
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.70
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.50
1.00
1.00
1
1
1
1
2.00
3.00
0.50
1.00
0.40
0.40
0.30
0.30
1.00
1.00
0.50
0.50
3.50
4.625
1.95
2.45
2.00
0.30
0.50
3.00
* M-26 mine.
30
Water depth
below Ice
(ft)
Approx. Ice
thickness
(in.)
Crater diam/
cracked diam
(ft)
Table A7.
Explosives:
(1966).
Ice thickness is the average around the shot point as reported by CRREL.
Shot
no.
Charge
weight
(Ib)
Ice
thickness
(in.)
DOB
(ft)
DOW
(ft)
b
a
(ft)
b
eb
(ft)
c
me
(ft)
33.9
60.0
580
136-
34.4
38
135
33.5
43-
33.6
69.3
208
130
35.8
10
334
36.4
60.5
350
1412
29.8
15
36
35.3
54.8
189
130
31.6
20
46-
19.0
54.8
269
142
30.9
25
48-
24.2
60.0
260
42-
35.7
59.0
263
2
3
1
7
138
33.0
71
12
1272
31.9
35
513
3
22.8
55.8
257
1302
140
31.6
10
10
30.2
40.3
150
32.8
10
21
35.0
60.0
150
21
1342
31.0
15
20
26.3
47.8
205
22
130-
32.2
20
19-
15.4
31.5
195
23
135
31.4
10
30
35.4
40.0
257
24
142-
31.3
20
29
18.8
39.8
215
25
1402
36.1
30
30
8.5
30.2
75
31
940
34.5
19
46-
83.6
139.5
336
23.7
55.9
163
27.0
67.5
242
20
FFI
160 (ANFO)
27.9
35
51i
FF2
150 (TNT)
29d
20
51-
b
Average
CMaximum
- Crater radius
dApproximate
Re
31
Charge
weight
-(Ib)
ANFO
Charge
depth
(ft)
Water depth
below top of Ice
(___ft)
14
13
11
50
50
33,3
11
10.5
1.0
Ice
thickness
(in.)
Crater
diam
19.5
19.5
18.0
42.4
40.1
32.0
Ice thickness:
Size of Ice
fragments
(ft)
Charge
depth
(ft)
Crater
diam.
(ft)
10
5
2
0
10
16
22
30
2
1.5
1
1
-______
24
1.5
32
14
(ft)
Table AIO.
Charge depth
below top
.
of Ice
(ft)
Water
depth
Expl.
Average
diam of
Average
dlam of
Ice
thickness
from top
of Ice
open water
area
broken ice
area
(in.)
(ft)
(ft)
(ft)
lake Ice.
More or less
than half of
Average
diameter of
original Ice
returned
buckling or
severe crack
(ft)
42-lb CHARGES
d+2.5*
TNT
24.5
48
40
49
less
--
d+3.75
d+5
d+5
d+6
d+8
d+10
d+17.22
8-lb CHARGES
-2
TNT
TNT
TNT
TNT
TNT
TNT
TNT
28
24
29.5
30
29.5
25
25
50.4
36.5
30.9
25.8
46
50.5
57.9
27.5
49
0
0
0
0
0
51.5
49
61
53
53.5
52
42
less
less
less
less
more
more
more
--
TNT
23
24.7
....
-1
TNT
23
24.7
....
-1
0
TNT
TNT
27
27
d*
d+0.27
d+1.45
d+1.45
d+2.9
TNT
TNT
TNT
TNT
TNT
25
26
25
26
22.5
16.7
18.3
33.9
15.4
33.9
17.2
40
0
0
0
0
3
0
12
0
4.5
25
23.5
32.5
32.5
34
....
less
less
more
more
more
less
HBX-3
TNT
TNT
TNT
TNT
TNT
29
24.5
23
25.5
29
20
27.8
27.3
32.2
24.8
27.8
33
0
0
0
0
0
0
41
31.5
28
27.5
15.25
15.25
less
more
more
more
less
more
18
18
17.75
10.5
23.75
more
less
less
less
less
0
3
3
13
16
7
3.5
....
less
less
more
more
less
less
less
less
less
more
more
less
less
more
....
d+2.9
d+4
d+5
d+5
d+7.5
d+10
d-I0
d+13
d+16
TNT
TNT
TNT
20
29
28
33
35.2
32.5
0
0
0
d+20
d+20
TNT
HBX-3
27
29
60
66.3
4.5
0
TNT
TNT
TNT
TNT
TNT
HIBX-3
TNT
HBX-3
TNT
TNT
HBX-3
TNT
TNT
TNT
TNT
TNT
24
24
27
22.5
25
30
22
29
30
23
23
26
30
30
29
27
23.8
26
16
26.8
24.2
18
43.3
19.2
67.3
35
31
20.3
67.3
64.7
30.8
32.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.5
0
0
0
0
0
1.75
0
0
0
-------
----------
-27.25
--25
----
I-lb CHARGES
0
d/2*
d/2
d
d+1.45
d+1.45
d+2.5
d+2.5
d+4
d+5
d
d+5
d+5
d+5
d+6
d+7,5
41+10
dll
*d
TNT
29
65.3
0
Ice thickness given In col. 3, and converted to feot
33
,.75
7
8
3
1.75
4.5
1.5
0
0
....
----
-20
15
19.5
11
20
25
14
14
---
Table All.
Shot
Charge
depth*
Ice
thickness
Mean diam
of hole or
cracked zone
no.
(ft)
(In.)
(ft)
16
Remarks
10.5/12.9
1.5
19
14.5
17
17.0
4.5
19
4.1/33
Shot
no.
1
Charge
weight
(ft)
2
Charge
depth
(ft)
2
Effect of shot
Circumferential cracks to 21 ft diam, slight
depression Inside this area. 10-ft-diam central
area domed and fragmented.
2.5
3.5
34
"I
Table A12.
Ice thickness:
Charge depth:
Explosive:
60 cm
TNT
Crater
diam
1/3
wegh dam1/3
(Ib)
0.5
1.0
2.5
5.0
d/W
(m)
3.0
3.5
6.0
7.0
3.5
4.0
7.0
8.0
(ft/lb
tfW
1/3
-1/3
RIW
1/3
)
2.48
1.97
1.45
1.15
(In./lb
17.35
13.78
10.16
8.06
35
35
1/3
)
(ft/lb
6.71
6.15
7.86
7.20
.0
Cu
L
c0-
LC
z
4-
4-C4
I-
V-
Cl
00
nU
!2
tW
4-
N0
%I
4In
N0
N04NN
Lf
CLC
1
II
*
o0
.
Sn;
>
--
0N4VWSnI0ON
vnV!
NN
vI v
00
0
C:
in
7Z
C;
In
*
0
U.) L
V
i
4-
CNC C
*- >N
%0
NNNN
C
N0
-0
IL.- (A
C
eN
C5-
L6
N 0
It
004s..
I..%C
o
C
nn
4--
4-
L -
C N
%n
9-
0=
A
iC
iO
%CIl
000
It
c
%
I"
Table A14. Data from tests at Drummond Lake, B.C. (Fonstad et al., 1981;
data given on p. 1618-1620 of vol. III, Proceedings of POAC 81).
'
Placement
Charge
Ice
Placement
Water
Crater
Shot
no.
1
2
hole diam
(mm)
152.4
152.4
weight
(kq)
1.00
2.00
thickness
(m)
0.439
0.439
depth
(m)
0.19
0.15
depth
(m)
radius
(m)
3.12
4.06
3
4
152.4
152.4
1.25
1.25
0.340
0.355
0.12
0.13
2.28
3.45
(1)
0.50
0.368
-0.29
0.55
(1)
1.00
0.387
-0.31
0.74
7
8
(1)
(1)
2.25
4.50
0.343
0.381
-0.27
-0.30
1.26
2.14
2.79
2.95
152.4
0.50
0.318
0.00
4.33
2.20
10
152.4
1.00
0.305
0.00
4.34
2.31
11
12
152.4
152.4
2.25
4.50
0.343
0.356
0.00
0.00
4.41
4,50
3.26
4.19
13
304.8
0.50
0.330
0.00
4.98
2.36
14
15
16
304.8
304.8
304.8
1.00
2.25
4.50
0.381
0.305
0.305
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.55
4.50
4.50
2.61
2.99
4.22
17
457.2
0.50
0.324
0.00
4.83
1.58
18
19
457.2
457.2
1.00
2.25
0.381
0.362
20
457.2
4.50
0.375
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.67
4.72
4.83
2.20
3.19
4.52
21
22
Refrozen
(152.4)
0.50
1.00
0.381
0.381
0.00
0.00
5.05
4,88
2.10
2.60
23
24
(152.4)
(152.4)
2.25
4.50
0.356
0.381
0.00
0.00
4.83
4.93
3.77
4.53
25
152.4
0.50
0.381
152.4
152.4
1.00
2.25
0.318
0.343
0.14
0.11
0.12
4.85
26
27
4.74
4.23
1.78
2.31
3.44
28
152.4
4.50
0.330
0.12
4.17
3.84
29
30
31
32
304.8
304.8
304.8
304.8
0.50
1.00
2.25
4.50
0.318
0.305
0.406
0.381
0.11
0.11
C .
0.14
4.10
4.24
4.52
5.11
1.92
2.58
3.37
4.27
33
34
35
36
457.2
457.2
457.2
457.2
0.50
1.00
2.25
4.50
0.368
0.381
0.381
0.387
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.14
4.99
4.60
4.27
4.29
1.91
2.40
3.26
3.96
37
38
Refrozen
(152.4)
0.50
1.00
0.381
0.381
0.14
0.14
4.14
4.19
1.80
2.98
37
------------------
Shot
Placement
Charge
Ice
Placement
Water
Crater
hole diam
weight
thickness
depth
depth
radius
(kq)
(mn)
(m)
(m)
(m)
2.25
4.50
0.381
0.356
0.14
0.13
4.37
4.70
3.51
4.65
1.83
2.63
3.32
4.24
no.
(mm)
39
40
Refrozen
(152.4)
41
42
43
44
152.4
152.4
152.4
152.4
0.50
1.00
2.25
4.50
0.337
0.330
0.394
0.368
0.70
0.69
0.82
0.77
4.79
5.11
-
45
46
47
48
152.4
152.4
152.4
152.4
0.50
1.00
2.25
4.50
0.394
0.394
0.387
0.394
0.78
0.78
0.77
0.78
4.71
4.64
4.74
4.59
49
50
152.4
152.4
2.25
2.25
o.406
0.394
1.50
1.54
51
304.8
20.00
0.334
1.83
8.81
6.26
52
304.8
25.00
0.367
1.83
8.78
7.40
53
152.4
0.25
0.368
0.61
8.17
1.90
54
55
56
152.4
152.4
152.4
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.368
0.356
0.356
0.91
1.22
1.83
8.17
8.18
8.18
1.11
0.56
0.79 (2)
57
152.4
1.00
0.356
0.91
8.18
2.57
58
59
60
152.4
152.4
152.4
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.356
0.356
0.356
1.22
1.52
1.83
8.18
8.18
8.18
2.26
1.28
1.01
61
62
63
64
65
66
152.4
152.4
152.4
152.4
152.4
152.4
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
0.356
0.356
0.356
0.356
0.356
0.356
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
4.22
4.22
3.99
3.91
3.61
3.45
3.23
2.70
3.24
3.27
2.89
2.97
67
152.4
0.60 (3)
0.356
0.47
4.25
1.82
68
69
152.4
152.4
1.20
2.25
0.349
0.356
0.73
0.74
4.32
4.32
2.70
3.50
70
152.4
4.51
0.330
0.70
4.34
4.02
71
152.4
0.60 (3)
0.356
0.69
4.27
2.11
72
73
152.4
152.4
1.20
2.25
0.349
0.356
0.73
0.70
4.48
3.99
2.42
2.88
74
152.4
4.51
0.375
0.74
3.84
4.42
75
76
77
152.4
152.4
152.4
0.57 (4,
1.13
2.27
0.381
0.387
0.394
0.79
0.82
0.82
4.45
4.39
4.38
1.03
2.72
3.60
38
1.75
2.42
3.45
4.16
3.53
3.33
Shot
Placement
Charge
Ice
Placement
Water
Crater
hole diam
weight
(kg)
thickness
(m)
depth
(m)
depth
(m)
radius
(m)
no.
(M)
78
152.4
4.54
0.394
0.82
4.38
3.75
79
152.4
2.27 (4)
0.387
0.53
4.34
3.35
80
81
82
83
152.4
152.4
152.4
152.4
0.57 (5)
1.13
2.27
4.45
0.356
0.387
0.356
0.387
0.74
0.73
0.74
0.81
4.27
4.19
4.75
4.74
1.09
1.71
1.12 (6)
1.11 (6)
84
152.4
4.45 (5)
0.343
0.77
4.25
1.15 (6)
85
86
At Ice
Surface
0.395
0.395
-0.39
-0.39
9.00
18.00
1.86
2.99
Unless otherwise specified, the explosive used was EM-12, a German PETN
3.
4.
5.
6.
Data from tests 5-8 and 82-86 not used for 1482 regression analysis.
39
UN M~ %
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6.58 C
29.100
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1.6800
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1.6300
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1.580C
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0.4640C
0.36600
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0.36600
2.5600
2.5600
2.5600
1.206C
1.206C
1.2060
1.2060
1.206C
2.420L
2.4200
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1.C200
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5.710C
8.7100
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6,730C
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19.70C
19.7 C
3.3500
3.35 C
5.5800
5.5800
4.40C
4.400
4.4000
4.4000
4.400C
4.400
7.8200
7.82CC
7.8200
7.8200
7.8200
6.1600
6.1600
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6.1300
6.4800
6.680C
7.52C0
7.1CC0
8.1100
6.203C
6.170C
6.0000
4.6200
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4.8100
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23.2CC
23.203
19.150
17.300
17.3L0
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16.66C
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4.3300
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3.9550
3.9550
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6.130C
6.1300
5.8200
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5.3330
6.6600
6.6CO0
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5.5800
5.4900
5.4709
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3.3000
3.3200
4.4600
1.020G
1.0200
0.83600
0.836C
0.83603
0.65200
0.65200
0.65200
0.27800
0.27800
7.2C00
3.2503
1.390U
2.0900
2.0900
2.0900
10.0G0
10.000
12.230
12.230
12.23J
14.500
14.500
14.500
18.900
18.900
3.9500
4.6400
3.95CC
3.7100
3.710C
3.7100
7.43C0
7.4300
6.0400
6.0400
6.04CC
6.5200
6.520C
6.5200
4.8800
4.880C
5.8000
3.400
6.9600
3.4800
3.4800
3.4800
0.9S100
0698100
1*'200
1.4700
1.470C
1.2500
1.545 C
1.675C
0.0 0 0
1.6400
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5.2100
1.6500
1.6500
1.9500
41
1.62 0
7.3k'I2 C.:I00
3.9100
5.1900
5.1900
3.660C
3.60
6.9700
6.977CCC
6.52C0
6.52?G
5.4 600
5.490C
5.4900
6.21C C
6.2100
6.2100
7.43CC
7.4300
7.43100
7.4300
7.4300
6.5800
6.5800
7o4300
7.4300
xii
X
lX
4.690C
1.b400
1.8400 2.230'..104.690<
'&.3100
2.2000
6.58C0C':
6.5600
6731 C
7.2r00
0.00000
0.97300
1.9900
3.9500
4.799t
a.30000
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29,000
3.7600
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58500
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3.6300
4.6 0
4 3
6.4000
5.1100
0
5.1.1C92%
19700
6200
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1.5000
19.000
72500
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3.90C
6.320r0
6.0500
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6.7500
5.1400
3.0000
405000
1.5900
17.000
1990
254*0
8.5000
2.0500
9700
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1.9500
3.8300
6.1300
6000C
1.580 0
6.9100
3.6300 0.000
20.
1a0
10
2.8400
.290
2.4100
1.9700
1.4500
1.1500
8.COCO
4.0000
17.350
1C.7
10.160
8.0600
5.5000
50000
6.7100
6.1500r
7.8600
7.2000
4.0000
6.6500
2.0000
5.1000
5.5500
23
4.07CC
5.7700
1.9400
6.4600
1 3.770C
2.0
238500
3.1000
6.9
352 C
5.1500
5.600
53000
5.3(00
5.5900
6.92CC
5,04
1.630
6.5400
4.3700
50900
5.7600
5.4500
4.9700
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550t0
5.7500
5.8500
29200
2.9200
1 2.9200
2.92C0
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6.0800
6800
1.1700
0.00000
0.71900
1.0700
1.470
29200
29200
7.0500
8.0600
6.9100
6.4400
8700
7.0500
7.4000
7.00
0.0000
1.8600
3.7100
5.07800
2.0000
2.2160
20900
2.200
2.1200
2.2100
7.9100
5.3700
5410
4.1700
5.5000
1.4370
1.7250
8,4900
8.6300
8.7600
7.6100
2.2100
22100
5.3200
5.5800
8.900
7.2000
7.2000
8000
1
13.000
12.500
oO
13.00
1.4700
0.00000
9.4900
7.690
*090
4.7800
7,4700
2.3700
6.0500
0.00000
6.2500
6.0000
5.8800
7.5600
8.1300
,00000
60
9.5200
8.100 0
6.520C
6.5200
65200
7.1100
2.5000
3.7800
6.5200
4.7600
000000
1.3700
6.1200
407700
2.5600
0.0000
6o12500
0.00000
1.4500
11.250
8.5000
10.250
0.0000
6o5200
5.7500
0.00000
2.0000
032.5000
072.500C
3".7500
5.0000
5.0000
6.5000
8.0000
10.000
10000
0.00000
1.4500
1.500
0
2.5000
2.5000
12.250
11.500
7.8700
7.0000
6.8800
803100
3.8100
4.5000
45000
7.4400
2.6200
5.9.00
6.5000
8.0000
3.5000
1.7500
5.0000
0.21000
0.00000
1.7500
0.3900
0.48000
0.30000
0.28000
0.0000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
31500
3.900
4.6500
5.1600
1.6800
7.4600
6.2200
13270
10.540
9.5500
9.9700
12.120
9.2200
7.9200
6.5240
12.580
11.520
7.0400
5.0400
7.8600
81200
6.5500
6.9000
6.9900
5.8200
6.2700
6.4000
7.5000
2e3000
208750
40.9600
90.000
70.13500
0.72500
490
0.72500
1.4500
r-
&.68U0
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7.~L.0
7.080<
3.9100
3.9100
3.4C
3.e4oo
1.8 00
18600
6.9600
K1.450C
2Y.
1X
14.500
12.750
1.5000
10.000
10.000
14.500
11.00
1.050
14.500
22.500
25.000
0.000
22.000
29.000
12.000
42
0030000
0.00000
1.230
6.5800
5.7500
x?
4.0000
30.025
1.8750
0.00000
5.590C
F.4400
5.00303
5.0000
23.000
23.000
3.5000
4'.0000
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o.ooooc
12.35.
11.520
5.02C
5.5400
5.0000
26.CO0
1.5000
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8.3500
6.1400
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6,00,
,
7.5000
3C.00
30.OCC
290000
0.87500
2.2590
0.75000
00co00
0" 0000
0.00000
6.870'
14.52C
11.520
6.9000
6"67CO
6"5b00
10.000
0.00000
0,44000
0.28000
0,23000
0,18000
0.35000
0.28000
&029000
0e21000
0.41000
0,35000
0.27000
0.21000
0,44000
0.35000
0&27000
27,CCO
6.9800
14.520
9.6200
7.92C0
6,0500
12,120
9.2200
9.3700
6.9800
14,030
11.520
8.7900
7.0900
14o520
11,520
8.7900
6.5200
12.840
909800
9.0900
6,740C
15,020
11.910
8.9300
7o2200
5.3700
9,0900
37200
3.8000
17.670
17o670
17.090
17.090
10760
10.760
10.760
C.OUOC
6.9200
5.6500
5.8200
6.6200
5,8600
6.1000
6.5000
6*48C0
6.5200
6.0700
6,0500
6.2700
6,0500
5,7200
7o5100
6o7500
7,1000
508100
606300
6.3900
6,4700
5.5600
6,1000
6.6400
6.3500
6,7900
6.4000
5.8100
6.3800
7,6000
4o4400
2o2400
3.1600
694800
5.7000
3o2300
0.00000
4.6100
0031006
0.31000
0.31000
0.31000
0.31000
0.31000
1.4000
1.7300
1.4200
1*0700
2.0600
17300
1.3500
191300
2,4000
1.9800
15700
1.2500
1.0200
2.2500
1,77CC
2,0600
2e4100
2.7500
300100
3.4400
3.8700
292700
2.6000
298400
392400
3.6500
2,4600
2o4300
8,22CC
10,760
9.4100
9.4100
9.4100
9.4100
9.4100
9.4100
12.41G
9,940C
8.22tC
6.0400
12.760
9.9400
6,2200
6.8700
13,900
11.240
9.0700
7.2000
8,9000
12.990
11.240
11,040
11040
11040
11.040
11040
11,040
10,710
10,710
10.710
10.710
10*710
11.380
10,710
7.2500
2.5500
7.11CC
5.9500
7,1330
7,2000
6.3600
6.5400
5.4400
6.4100
6.7300
6.1300
6o3100
5o7400
5ob400
6.7500
3o1300
605800
6.9000
57100
6o4200
3.3100
4.1400
5*4200
5.5000
5,8000
5.6700
5.5500
4o5200
503100
5,6400
5v4000
590300
4.5800
691200
691200
Xl
020000
"
*
.
2e2200
1,7400
1.5800
101800
2,4800
1,9700
1,4800
1.1900
2.d800
2o9600
17000
1.4700
2,4400
536400
4.8800
7e3200
2o2900
3.0700
3-E300
X1
44
x2
THE MATRIX OF
VAR
VAR
*
*
CORRECTED SUMS
1
VAR
2
7
VAR
6
VAR
VAR
VAR
VAR
VAR
1
2
3
4
5
1356o984
316.4450
11122.82
17423.44
12729.39
VAR
96397.8h
0.1031309E
146475.1
691416536F
336311*C
O.2841263E
313493.7
0.430722RE
-b77o0793
-bG474o70
5
13
13506.07
3Hi479509
31928.35
44C24b*8
1075%.~e
151712.9
150691.2
469046.1
1193606.
31844.24
1022243.
1362633.
1454390.
233512.9
08 G*3122043E 08
11C9t4.38C9
08 0*8400481E 08
0*1375857E 08
Ch 0.2':C2168E 09
-621.6b02
-81,460.37
1462337.
3336613.
7753955.
C.1626475[ 08
06
VAR
VAR
VAR
VAR
16
THE
THE
VAR
VAR
VAR
VAR
VAR
0*1018639C 08 0.3667886E 08
0*2795254E. 09
093238C93E 08 Co562?751E 09
434P306.
OoI04244CE 10 Oo2109822E 11
-583G.070
-10561.18
-35335.82
9C2.6241
-1176479.
-243978.2
-CIJ
V AR
VAR
1 Go3164392E-01
2 Oo4200333E-02 Oo6523490E-02
3-0o5l90748E-02-0*1691900E-03
4-Co1791126E-02-0o6130154F-03
5-0.129172bE-03-0.3769453E-03
3
8
VAR
VAR
Do1396311E-02
C*7529107E-04
Co3231437E-0b
4
9
VAR
VAR
5
10
Oo2436C45E-."3
0.2262274E-04 C.2406608E-04
= 291
=
1C
= (10G13*5)
44
1
6
1
10000000
2 0.2923469
3-0.7808969
4-Co6451166
5-0.1480206
VAR
VAR
2
7
VAR
VAR
1.0ccocO
-0*56C5878E-01
-0*4862826
-0.9513397
3
8
VAR
VAR
4
9
VAR
VAR
5
10
1.0OcooO
0.12c5C951
1.000000
091762796E-01 0.2954609
10000000
VAR
6 0,5853466
C.5502427E-01 -0.9213155
Co2942723E-C1-C.7250709E-O1
1. 000000
VAR 70.428814
-0.1163507
-0.23031874
-0.4154253
2452
-099729284E-01
1.c00000
VAR
8 0.3626664
0.6393440
0*1664875E-01-0*7447158
-0.5940766
VAR
o3335286E-01-0 .2583374
1.000000
VR90.8791379E-01 0.8882467
-0.811b5557E-02-091948425
-0.9826984
0*8049443E-01-0 .3471573
0.5314280
10000000
* VAR 10-0*3851756E-C1-0.1901264
0.1922106
0*4573651E-02 C*1849912
-0*149604e
-0*9511947E-01 0.55n2519E-01-0*1588479
10000000
-: VAR
1
2
3
4
5
0.0000000
0*5704881E-01
0.3726409E-01
0*4558143E-01
0.5899786E-01
Sli
)**05
VAR
VAR
000000000
0*5956119E-01 0.0000000
0*5212663E-01 0.5915582E-01
0.1838234E-01 095964573E-01
6 Oo4836727E-01 0.5956462E-01
000000000
VAR
7 0.5403059E-O1 0*5924983E-01
*09593719BE-01
0.0000000
9
VR
80.55963-01 094586997E-01
*
05962181E-01 0*5763000E-01
* VAR' 9 Dc5942402E-01 0*2740352E-01
0*5946142E-01 0*5b94487E-01
VAR 10 095961073E-01 0*5856687E-01
0*5898363E-01 0.5938451E-01
0.2319481E-01
4
9
VAR
5
VAR 10
0.0000000
0*5699169E-01 C.oCOOOOO
0*5962916E-01
0*5949798E-01
Co5805022E-01 0.5426409E-01
r.5700897E-01
0.5964673E-01
0.0000000
0.5965303E-01
0*5053396E-01
0*5854265E-01
C*5956462E-01
0499E-01
46
09826-01
0*5851168E-01 0.1104887E-01
0.0000000
0*5965437E-01 0*5862536E-01
0*5889756E-01 0.0000000
4.
ACTUAL
2300C00
5.000000
5.480000
5.799999
6.160000
4.809999
6.200000
6.200000
6*690000
5.879999
1.270000
1*2t000C
6.000000
6*129999
6.490000
6*679999
7.919999
7.009999
8,109999
6.20000
6o169999
6,000000
4.620000
4.620000
4o809999
5o480000
5o480000
4.250000
4o250000
6.129999
6.129999
5o820000
5.490000
5.490000
5.330000
6.660000
6o660000
5.000000
5.580000
5.490000
5.469999
3.260000
3.300000
3.300000
4.459999
4.459999
3.910000
3.910000
3e840000
3.840000
5.179999
5.179999
3.350000
3.350000
6.059999
6.059999
PRECICTED
4*322t12
6.156770
6,399461
6.471604
6*41010F
6.427693
6.478167
6.476167
6.403580
5.322294
3.518832
4*524147
5.194230
5.440581
5o699246
5.349003
5.917610
6.164141
6.208746
6.297116
6.328126
6.242813
3.997135
3.997135
4.676984
5.015120
5.015120
4.348463
4.348463
5.098335
5,098335
5.627734
5.834403
5.834403
5.499974
5.889662
6.025513
5.797777
5.807294
5.712016
5.895696
3o799948
5o738327
5.738327
5.645411
5.645411
5.807120
5.807120
5.617790
5.617790
5.613799
5.613799
6,022786
6.022786
5.824012
5.824012
RESIDUAL
ST* RESIDUAL
-2.022512
-1.594794
-1,156770
-0.9121377
-0.9194613
-0.7250149
-0.6716051
-0.5295751
-0.2501C78
-0.1972153
-1*617694
-1,275586
-0.2781668
-0.21934C5
-0.278166f8
-0.2193405
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0.2359877
0.1860813
47
A
6
3.910000
3.9100CC
60059999
6,Ct9999
3.910000
3.910000
5.1900CO
5015000C
3.660000
3,660C00
6.969999
6.969999
6.520000
6.520000
5.4900C
5.4900CC
5.490003
6.209999
6.209999
6.209999
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7"429999
7*429999
6.580C00
6.580000
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6040000
6.040000
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4879999
4.879999
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6.959999
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3.480000
3o480000
7309999
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6o559999
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0.7269707
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0.5732318
0.7269707
0.5732318
1119C20
0.8823707
1.119020
0.8823707
1.119020
0.8823707
1"119020
C8823707
1.119020
0.823707
0.7881813
0.6214978
0.7881813
0.6214978
1.006600
0.7937258
1.006600
0.7937258
1.006600
0,7937258
1.006600
0.7937258
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-0.3792820
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0,2063828
0.1627372
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0*1627372
0.2063828
0.1627372
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348285
2.745698
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1.151250
0.9125166
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-1.632117
-2*069845
-1.632117
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2.223988
1.753662
023093081
012438960
0.3175640
0.2504060
1,150957
0.9075543
1.132227
0.8927851
-1,240769
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0.2236328
0.1763392
0.7808809
0.6157413
1.555016
1.226163
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0.7564716
0.5964940
-04057989
-0,3199812
6.183818
6.183818
5.999811
5.9599811
6.291606
6.291606
b.133583
6.133582
5.759581
5.759581
5.640507
5.640507
6.165604
6.165604
5.985950
5.98595C
5.985950
5483028
5.483028
5.483028
6.310980
6.310980
6e310980
6.310580
6.310980
5.791819
5.791819
6.423399
6e423399
6,423399
6.423399
6.419282
6,419282
6.419282
6.313617
6.313617
6.313617
5.904298
5.904298
2317914
5.178669
5.802749
5.549845
5.549845
5.549845
5.086012
6270692
6.242435
6s049043
5.647773
5o000769
4416369
6.139118
2.984984
5.970359
5*993528
5.545798
48
4.
4A
3.C40003
6.910000
3.600000
1.630000
80539999
t.370000
5,GP9995
5759999
5o450000
4.969999
2o920000
4,679999
6o440000
8.779999
7.049999
7.400000
7.049999
8.759998
7.61000
7.690000
7.469999
6.040000
6,25000
5.879999
8.129999
8.1299S9
8.00ooco
10.25000
7o870000
7.000000
6.679999
3.810000
3.810000
4.50000
4s50000
494400L0
2.6200CC
5.940000
6.500000
8.000000
3.500000
1.750000
3.000000
19875000
3,50000C
4.000000
1.500000
0.8750000
2.250000
0.7500060
OODCOOCO
0.0000000
5.849999
7.250000
8,500000
2.050000
3o970000
-1.978438
5.01H.38
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0,7443515
0.9439840
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2.345289
2.974287
0.98A7375
1.253r13
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0.6308353
0.8000231
2o454258
3.1124R2
C,5775100
0.73235C1
0.8281378
1.050241
0.6767888
0.8583C12
1.941431
2.462115
1.091C76
1.383698
1.316468
1,669540
1.405764
1.782785
1.250334
1.585669
-0.1606880
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1.345624
1.706516
19363922
1.729721
1.715672
2.175810
3.237578
4.106392
1,381194
1.751626
0.8272715
1,049143
0.7786822
0.9875221
-1.035145
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0.7789320
0.9878i87
1.283280
1.6274t1
0.2269796
3.2878547
2845786
369815
0.8228934
1.043591
2o681877
3e401147
-0,1818205
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0.4030902
0.5111976
0.7973509
1,011148
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1.155903
1.465912
0.3211817
0.4073215
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1309916
1.661231
2.583438
3.276307
-1.592305
-2.019355
-0.3301349
-0,4186759
5.966016
5o04214E
3o877679
5.565712
3ll68i
5.006434
b,41888
5.487806
5.401546
3.049366
5.017040
5o639977
5o667517
6o317602
6.349758
6.191698
6.297883
6o226301
6.020459
5.687214
4o454331
6.453784
6o438199
b.423483
6.400278
6.32419C
6.143608
6.118374
5.950857
5.892477
5.122766
4o584194
4o584194
3.512161
2o812549
2.332145
2.332984
5.456409
4*598853
3o730584
4o644468
3o270216
2@059444
2o988802
2e988802
2*316247
1.389722
0,7840884
0.3426785
0.6266217
0.9972332
6.237408
5.588769
5.22369Z
4.069355
4o388676
49
S5*549999
*
.
2,84C0C0
3*2900U0
6.709999
5e325740
5.6C9191
5.427681
-2o485740
-2o319191
1.282318
-1960059
-19828732
1.011135
6,15000C
6,032910
0.1170893
0.9232739F-Cl
7.860000
7.200000
40 C
,00 0
6,65090
6.334b90
6.336077
,16 0 8 2
4.795046
5,816327
1.525410
0.8639231
1 839 4 18
1o854954
-0.2663279
5.750060
4.070000
4o910000
5.370000
5.410000
4,169999
5.500000
5o320000
5a379999
0.0000000
1.330000
6.120000
4,770000
2o560000
0.0000000
0.0000000
O.003C00
5.250000
4.650000
5.160000
7.459999
5.040000
7.860000
8.119999
6.530000
6.900000
6.990000
5.820000
6.270000
6.400000
7.500000
6.580000
5.750000
6.440000
5.020000
5.540000
6.139999
6.900000
6o669999
6.549999
7.250000
6.919999
5.650000
5.820000
6.620000
5o860000
6o099999
6.500000
6.127997
2.738162
5.502283
5.272C45
4.390880
2.875768
4.831560
5o413430
5.502283
19646255
4.526943
5.850915
6.312851
2e817309
2,020229
1.173855
1.131501
5.571877
5.739481
5.880660
5.201477
6.244391
6.412027
6.488779
6.473336
6.482731
6.464739
f.448898
6.378656
6.253687
6.451098
6.476042
6.306323
6.140313
6.458466
6.476042
6.406593
6.289943
6.352664
6.476042
6o398646
6.300648
6.335758
6.475176
6.394775
6.216175
6.467246
6.463087
1202P18
C.6812217
1 4 0 2
1*462671
-092100052
-0.3779974
-0.2980590
1.331838
1,050183
-0.5922832
-0.4670280
0.9795475E-C1 C.7723941E-01
1*019120
0.8035980
1.294231
1.020529
0,6684399
0.5270791
-0.9343052E-C1-07367197E-01
-0,1222839
-0.9642351E-01
-1646255
-1,29P107
-3.196943
-2.520858
0.2690849
0.2121792
-1.542851
-1.216572
-0.2573090
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-2,020229
-1,592994
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-0.9256097
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-0.8925278
-0.3218775
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-1.089481
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-0.72066C2
-0.5682560
2.258522
1.780893
-1204391
-0.9496886
1.447972
1.141757
1.631220
1.286252
0,5666351E-01 0,4468039E-01
0.4172688
0.3290253
0.5252609
0o4141794
-0.6288986
-0.4959000
-0.1086569
-0.8567828E-01
0.1463127
0.1153707
1.048902
0.8270812
0o1039581
0.8197320E-01
-0.5563231
-0.4386727
0.2996864
0.2363091
-1.438466
-1.134261
-0.9360418
-0.7380891
-0o2665939
-092102150
0.6100569
0.4810429
0.3173351
0.2502255
097395744E-01 0.5831702E-01
0.8513536
0.6713105
0.6193514
0.4883718
-0.6857586
-095407354
-0.6551762
-0.5166205
0.2252245
0.1775943
-0.3561754
-0.2808520
-0o3672466
-0o2895818
0.3691292E-01 0.2910662E-01
50
6.460000
6.520000
6.0700C0
6.C49999
6.270000
6.049999
5.719999
6.468183
6.317667
6.372327
6.481307
6.445b46
6.327826
6.335758
7.509999
6.481507
6.750000
7.099999
5.8C9999
6.629999
6.3&9999
6.469999
5.559999
6.099999
6.639999
6.349999
6.790000
6.400000
b.809999
6.379999
7.599999
4.440000
2.240000
3.16000C
6.480000
5.7C0000
3.230000
2.550000
7.110000
5.950000
7.129999
7*200000
6.360000
6.5400C0
5.440000
6.410000
6.730000
6.129999
6.445546
6.270913
6.003121
6.253039
6.283586
6.229603
5.713383
6.143804
6.3047CS
6.270191
5.793820
5.748468
5.680187
5.756392
5.400577
4.782805
4.149226
2.827332
6.055430
5.703501
5,294b16
4.829988
6.469578
b.469578
6.469578
6.469578
6.46957b
6,469578
6.297028
6.255799
6.288687
6.173958
C.II1698E-Cl 0.9317940E-02
0.2023325
0.1595435
-0.3C23272
-0.2383915
-0.4313C7A
-0.3400955
-0.1755466
-0.1384223
-0.2778263
-0.2190720
-0.6157589
-0.4855391
1.286S2
0.8111458
0.3044538
0.24006F3
0.8290863
0.6537522
-0.1931219
-C.1522hCF
0.3769598
C.29724C9
0.1064138
0.b390959F-01
0.2403965
Co1895'7F
-0.1533833
-0.1209460
-0.4380417E-C1-0.3454053F-C1
0.3352900
0.2643833
097980824E-01 0.6293049E-01
0.9961796
0.7855089
0.6515312
0.5137463
0.1298122
0.1023597
0.6236076
0.4917279
2.199423
1.734292
-0.3428059
-C.2703098
-1.939226
-1.505466
0.3326674
0.2623153
0.4245691
0.3347818
-0.350093SE-02-0.2760565E-02
-2.064816
-1.628152
-2.279969
-1.797820
0.6404219
0.5049863
-0.5195780
-0.4096984
0.6604214
0.5207564
0.7304220
0.5759534
-0.1095781
-0.8640471E-01
0.7042217E-C1 0.5552939E-01
-0*8570280
-0.6757849
0.1542006
0.1215904
0.4413128
0.3479846
-0.4395866E-01-0.3466235E-01
6.309999
5.740000
5.540000
6.750000
3.130000
6.580000
6.900000
5.709999
6.419999
3.310000
4.139999
5.419999
5.500000
5.799999
5.669999
5.549999
49520000
6.069370
6.255799
6.304756
6.250532
59852845
6.162016
6o285694
6.257086
6.397835
5.981867
6.232156
6.138083
6.001534
5.852165
5.728003
5.506139
5.267131
0.2406292
0.1897413
-0.5157995
-0.4067190
-0o6030266
-0.7647562
0.3938410
0.4994678
-2.147025
-2.722849
0.3295893
0.4179840
0.4843930
0.6143055
-0.4313896
-0o5470867
0.2216053E-01 0.1747405E-01
-2.106824
-2.671867
-1.649710
-2.092156
-0.5662242
-0.7180834
-0.3954707
-0.5015345
-0.5216599E-01-0.4113400E-01
-0.5800343E-01-0.4573695E-C1
0.4386044E-01 0.3458489E-01
-0.5891291
-0.7471313
51
5.309999
5o639999
5,400000
5.030000
4.580000
6.120000
6.120000
6.064188
5.926043
5o816261
5.617781
5,397246
5.971783
5.999149
-0.7541885
-0.2860432
-0,4162617
-0.5877P10
-0.8172464
0.1482172
0.1208506
-0.5946939
-0.2255512
-0.3282313
-0.4634779
-0.6444163
0.1168724
0.9529325F-01
ERROR
T
0,4965340
9.812422
0.2254287
0.6461514
0.10C5615
3*246313
0.4650537E-01 -3.283257
0.1979359E-01-0.7666917E-C1
06114035E-02 -3.155480
0.3127522E-02
2o536379
0.1368176E-02
1.601756
0.5667998E-03-0.9237900
0.9784370E-04
2.697021
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF VARIATION SUM OF SQUARES DOF MEAN SQUARE
TOTAL
902.6241
290
REGRESSION
450.6854
9
50.07616
RESIDUAL
451.9385
281
1.608322
R = 0.7066157
R SQUARED = 0.4993058
THE STANDARD ERROR OF Y ABOUT THE REGRESSION PLANE IS
1.268196
ERROR
T
0.3933001
0.1718838
0*8725522E-01
0*4602540E-01
O.5822528E-02
03120557E-02
0.1241429E-02
0.3767252E-03
09576465E-04
12.44691
0.7825398
3.697682
-3.307375
-3.289325
2o544381
1.730067
-1.475948
2.740172
ANALYSIS OF
SOURCE
TOTAL
OF
VARIANCE
REGRESSION
RESIDUAL
R SQUARED = 0.4992953
THE STANDARD ERROR OF
DOF
20
b
282
MEAN
SQUARE
56.33450
1.602653
R = 0,7G66083
Y ABOUT THE REGRESSION
PLANE
IS
1,26F959
0.1933137E-02
-O.4886172E-03
02668135E-03
ANALYSIS
OF
ERROR
T
C.3749345
13.302F1
0.87]1457E-C1
3.737401
Z.16P774lE-G1 -7.C34195
0.5804815E-02 -3.353240
3.166067
0.1895322E-02
0,9146887E-06 C912C9926E-02
1.597732
0.6395169E-07 C.3665530E-03 -1.333551
2.792871
05702560E-08 0.9553379E-C4
VARIANCE
R = 0.7058385
Y ABOUT THE REGRESSION
PLANE
IS
1.265092
ANALYSIS
OF
ERROR
T
0.35C7329
13.71207
0.7492778E-01
5.139253
o.1669895E-01 -7.316917
04563425F-02 -5.316135
Co1674648E-02
4*293498
04415379E-03 0.9752233
0,7516661E-04
4.598035
VARIANCE
SOURCE OF VARIATION
TOTAL
REGRESSION
RESIDUAL
SUM OF SQUARES
902.6241
446.8484
455.7758
53
R
0.7036013
0.4950548
R SQUARED
THE STANDARD ERROR OF Y ABOUT THE REGRESSION PLANE
IS
1*26C824
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF VARIATION SUM OF SQUARES DOF MEAN SQUARE
TOTAL
902.6241
290
REGRESSION
445.3221
5
89,06441
RESIDUAL
457.3019
285
1.604568
R SQUARED = 0.4933639
R = 0.7023986
THE STANDARD ERROR OF Y ABOUT THE REGRESSION PLANE
IS
1.266716
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF VARIATION SUP OF SQUARES DOF PEAN SQUARE
TOTAL
902.6241
290
413.2301
4
103.3075
REGRESSION
1o711168
286
489o3940
RESIDUAL
R SQUARED = 0.4578097
R = 0.6766163
THE STANDARD ERROR OF Y ABOUT THE REGRESSION PLANE
*
IS
54
1.308116
I.+
COEF
0
2
3
5
-.
- + - +
ANALYSIS OF
"
.-
ERROR
T
0.2366758
24.26206
0.3412083E-01
2.264172
C.4176386E-02 -12.37663
0.9846312E-03 -3.843828
VARIANCE
1.36C227
ERROR
T
0.1015861
61.29792
0.4205532E-02 -12o33090
03419128E-03 -4.948870
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF VARIATION SUM OF SQUARES DOF FEAN SQUARE
TOTAL
902.6241
290
REGRESSION
362.1267
2
181e0634
RESIDUAL
540.4973
288
1.876727
R SQUARED = 0.4011933
R = 0.6333982
THE STANDARD ERROR OF Y ABOUT THE REGRESSION PLANE IS
1.369937
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF VARIATION SUM OF SQUARES DOF MEAN SQUARE
TOTAL
902.6241
290
REGRESSION
316.1632
1 316.1632
RESIDUAL
586.4608
289
2.029276
R SQUARED = 0.3502712
R = 0.5918372
THE STANDARD ERROR OF Y ABOUT THE REGRESSION PLANE IS
THE F RATIO TESTING THE NULL HYPOTHESIS THAT ALL THE
COEFFICENTS ARE ZERO, I.E. BI=B2=...=BK=O, IS
155.8010
BASED ON THE DEGREES OF FREEDOM
1/ 289
55
1.424!27
I OF ueSEkVATIONS
I OF VARIABLES
* CATA FCRF'ATC
-2c1
8
(.5
VAR
VAR
VAR
1109542.
3080069.
0.3667886E 08 0.2841263E 08 Co8'*00481E 08
0.279 254E O0i
1 D.137E857E CP
434C306.
C.5622751E C9 0*430722EE IF C.22C2168E 09
0.1042440E 10 0*2109822E 11
8 -821.6802
-5830.070
-353!5o82
-50474.70
-P5460.37
-24397P.2
-1176479.
902.6241
VAR
VAR
VAR
VAR
* VAR
VAR
VAR
*
VAR4
VAR
1
VAR
2
VAR 3
VAR
4
VAR
VAR
6
VAR
7
VAR
a
1 1.000000
2-Co5565010E-01
1.000000
3-0.9677791
0.8229331E-01
1.OCC0OO
4 0.1713118
-0.8582521
-0.2145214
1.ococcD
5-0e4038488
0*2773685E-01 C*48CO948
-0.4548341
6 0.4812029
-0.1111393
-0.5901099
1.000000
7 0.5258808
-0*7415084E-C1-C.9872782
0.5953661
10000000
8-0.2168176
0.3857729
0*19!4837
097902349E-01-0*1637773
16000000
-0.9316313
0.4463931
092093379
-0.1849560
1.tc0000
-Co4F13772
-Ce94549SIE-01
VAR
VAR
7 0*2245882E-01 Oo5928018E-01
0*4776041E-01
0 .CCOOOUC
0.9451695E-02 0J581267EE-C1
I ACTUAL
2.300000
50000000
5.48000C
t.79c999
6.160000
*4*P09999
6.200000
*6021,000c
6.690000
*5.879999
1.270003
126000%
lo
6.129999
6.480000
*6o679999
7.919999
7.009999
80109999
6920000C
6.169999
6000000C
---4620000l
4o620C00
4.809999
50480090
*50480000
4.25CC00
4o250000
60129999
6:129999
5o620000
5.490000
5o490000
5o330000
6o660000
6.660000
5.000000
505P0000
* c 5.490c00
59469999
jo260COC
3o3O0C00
3.300000
4o459999
*40459999
39910000
3.910000
3.840000
3o840000
5*179999
r'799
*3o350000
S3.350000
6009999
6.059999
.43.910000
3.910000
69059999
6.059999
3o910000
3.910000
59190000
5.190000
3.660000
.. 3o660000
*6o969999
*6o969999
PRECICILO
4e304292
6.222622
6.4719C0!
6.55762)
6.5C781C
6.5C846E
6.569P000
605691-0c
6.501E35
5*264520
3.5PI354
4:52972!
5o388437
5.6E577
5*259205
5o859E24
6.112702
6,16521f
6.258952
6.30A202
6.242105
3.961347
3.561!47
4o632504
4.96720E
4.967206
4.341399,
4*341395
5.072552
5,072552
5*55257Z
5.795198
5.795798
5.466P82
5.848972
5o981642
5e908144
5.168P06
5.823181
5o875707
39805L150
59699334
5*699334
5.59462C
5.594620
50760390
5*76C39C
5o560365
5956C365
5.566005
r.660
5.980424
5*980424
'5.71996!
5.17996?
6.145840
6s145840
5.959550
F.959550
6.258501
6.258507
6.097091
6.057091
5o767186
5*767786
5o604172
5efi04712
RFSIDUAL
ST*
-2.004292
-1.222E2?
-0.9980030
-0.7576215
-0.3478165~
-1.(6984E8
-0.3690004
-09369C[04
0.1883650
('.6154795
-2.311354
-!o269723
C.5e41823E-C1 t!5c17753E-01
RESIDUAL
-1.5P4306
-Oo9664294
-0.7P88778
-0.558P716
-0.2149!38
-1.342565
-0.2916788
-0.2916188
0.1488943
0.4865C96
-1.827024
-2e584574
0.7415(19
0.5861722
0.82802.!0
0.E5451C0
1.3807S1
1.091455
2.060475
1.628716
007092741
0 .8 97 2 5 6 9
1*944782
19537265
-0*5895233E-01-C*4655925F-01
-C*1382027
-0*1092432
-0.2421C0gb
-0.1913738
0.6F86 !3
C.5206366
0.6586E33
C.5206366
0,1774960
0*1403028
0.5121535
0.4053409
0.51279350.40534r9
-0*9139919E-El-097224709F-01
-Oo9139519E-G1-0*72247C9F-O1
1.057447
C.8358660
1.057447
0.8358660
0.227025
091794549
-093057985
-0.2417204
-003057985
-0.2417204
-001!68818
-0.10819g1
0.8110215
C.6410818
0*6783561
0.5362124
-0.9081440
-0.7178483
-0.1p88065
-0.1492434
-0.2633654
-093331P14
-0.4057074
-0.3206940
-0.4314709
-0*5458593
-2.399334
-1.896569
-P.3992Z4
-1*896! 69
-10134621
-0.8968682
-1.134621
-0*8968682
-1.850300
-1.462653
-1.850350
-1.462653
-1.720365
-1.359874
-1.120365
-1.359874
-003051205
-0.3860054
-0*3860054
-0*3C51205
-2.630424
-2.079236
-2o630424
-2.079236
0.2800360
0.2213562
0.2213562
0928003(C
-29235P40
-1.767334
-2o235840
-1.167334
0.1C04496
0*794C099E-01
01004456
0*7946099E-01
-2.348501
-1.856392
-1.856392
-2*348507
-0.9070912
-0.7110160
-0.9C70911
-0.7110160
-2*107786
-1.666113
-1*666113
-2o107786
1.3E5228
1,079153
1.36522e
1.079153
58
Ct210332E-01
6.520000
6.520000
5.490000
5.490000
50490000
6e209999
6*209999
6,209999
7*429999
7.429999
7.429999
7.429999
7o4e29959
6.580000
60580000
7.429999
71429959
7.429999
7.429999
6*040000
6o40 CC0
6.040000
6.520009
6.520000
6.520000
4.879999
4e879999
5.799999
3.480000
6o959999
3*480000
3*4800C0
3.480000
Q 7309999
6*580000
69559999
7*200000
69780000
3*76000C
4.639999
6.919999
4.540000
5.959999
6.750000
5.139999
3e040000
6*910000
3.600000
1.630000
8,539999
4.370000
.089999
5.759999
5.450000
4o969999
2-920000
4e679999
6,440000
89779999
7.049999
7*400000
7o049999
8.759998
79610000
7*690000
7o469999
6*040000
6.250000
5,879999
8.129999
8*129999
8o500000
10o25000
7o870000
7.000000
0.3C49765
0,3049765
-0.5581.42
-0.5 81542
-0.5581942
097F97167
07897167
0.7897167
1*135115
1.135199
1*135199
1,135159
1135155
09848361
0.84836m1
1*013C7!
10013C75
1013075
1.013C75
-0.3821SE4
-0.3821964
-0,!21964
0.1943712
0.1943712
0.1943712
-1.354E85
-1.C54685
3*387209
-1.638457
1182629
-29014771
-29014771
-2*014771
2*279!63
0.2064629
0.3161726
1.20114
1.193842
-1.198005
0.2355766
0.8102684
1.473438
0.4041672E-C1
0.8060064
-0.3438125
-1.935507
0,994168!
-1.396451
-2.2799!1
3,024941
1.190310
0.1322412
0,4041548
0,2507973E-01
-0.3704243
-0.1663957
-0.2721701
0.8109970
3.000541
0*7104874
1905762
0,8872309
2*491969
1.426!59
1*727110
19844094
1*589396
-0.2871733
-0.6240187
1*695616
1*719934
2.208412
4,141876
lo803221
l107474
6.21502!
6.21502!
6.048194
6.048194
6.048194
5o420282
5.420282
5,42C282
6.294601
6.294801
6.294801
6.254801
6*294801
5.731640
5731640
6.416q24
6.416524
6.416924
6.416924
6.42219(
6*422196
6.422196
6.325628
6.3256?8
6*.2562F
E.934684
5.934684
2.412790
5.118457
5.777370
5.494771
5.494771
5*494771
5.030637
6*373537
6.243527
5o998C86
5.586158
4.95800t
4o40442!
6.109731
3.066562
5.919582
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5o483812
4*975507
5.915832
4s996451
3.909931
5,515058
3*179690
4.957758
5*355804
5o424920
5*340424
3o086395
4,95216c
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5.779C58
69339512
6.342347
6,162768
6.268029
6.18364C
5.96289C
5e62590!
4e450604
6,53717!
6.50401f
6.434383
6e41006!
6.291588
6,108124
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54892526
59
0.2410706
0.2410706
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0.6242366
0.6242366
096242366
0.8973249
0.8973249
0.8973249
0.8973249
0.8973249
0.6705916
0.6705916
0.8007914
C.eC07914
0.8007914
0.8007914
-0.3021097
-0.3021097
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01536420
0,1536420
C.1536420
-0*8336823
-0.8336823
2*677441
-1.295129
0.9348162
-1.592589
-10592589
-1.552589
1.801737
0.1631999
092499206
0.9500604
0.9436799
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0.1862130
0*6404817
10164689
0*3194765E-01
0.6371129
-0*2717692
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0*7858466
-1.103834
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2.391084
0.9408877
0*1045309
0*3194984
0,1982443E-01
-0.2928042
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0*6410577
2*372113
0*5616091
098360281
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19127475
1*365205
19457676
1o256348
-0,2269979
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1.340310
1.359533
1,745653
3o273972
1.425367
0.8754101
"
6:879999
3,1000
3e810000
4*500000
4o500000
49440000
20620003
5.940000
6,500000
8.000000
3.50000
1.750000
3.000000
1.875000
3.500 0
4.000000
1.500000
0.8750000
2*250000
0.7500000
0.0000000
_ .O000000
5.849999
7e250000
8.500000
2.050000
L
3.970000
2*840000
9,290000
6.709599
6.150000
7.860000
7*200000
49.000000
6.650006
59549999
5.75000C
49070000
4gC1000
59370000
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4*169999
5.50000
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t-4 5.379999
0.0000000
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0.0000000
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6.669999
1:045151
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1007992
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0.9220977
0.7288779
1o5371PE
1.215078
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1001t74
0.7917001
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39442CP5
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0.9738169
0.7f91797
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1033B851
1.058335
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19701548
1.345316
3*326423
2.629392
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-2.442257
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1.336 97
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0*1681576
0.1329212
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0.8767Z57
0*6930213
1*729521
1*367111
1.897371
1.499789
-0*2143955
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1.283085
1.014222
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0.158362
1*072649
0.8478822
1.2602!5
09961606
0.7339!73
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2*302900
1.820342
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1o418C!5
1.120894
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3.577902
2.902e13
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4,557915
3.693375
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2*09327(
3.02618Z
3.02618!
2.370481
1*472952
0.5111086
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0.4501428
6.30683S
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5.981842
6.302876
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5.764395
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5.223456
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2.909764
4o766(6!
5.383271
5.615028
1.731690
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5.791569
6*414475
2.862C70
2.127031
1.271621
0.9473299
5,684149
5.822532
5*990149
5.157095
6*30069E
6*44196!
6o544386
6.533924
6.539952
6.545561
6e543996
6o477884
6.356975
6,534182
6.563098
6.408152
6.246051
6.54242!
6.563C98
6*504490
6.392256
6.428136
60
69549999
79250000
6.919999
5.650000
5,V20000
6.620000
5.8600C0
6*0n9999
6.560003
6.480000
6e520030
69070000
6.649999
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6.049999
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50P09999
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6.389999
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6.099999
6.639999
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69790000
6*4C0000
59809999
6.379999
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4*443000
2.240000
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6.480000
5.700000
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5*950003
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7o200000
6*360000
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5.440000
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6e309999
5.740000
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3,130000
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6419999
3.310000
4*139999
5.419999
5.500000
5o799999
5,669999
5e549999
4.520000
5.309999
5*639999
5o400000
5*030000
4o580000
6o120000
6.120000
COEF I BEST
6.563-9
6.49F949
6.402647
6.365745
6.535571
6.465433
6 .2 9 74 25
6*513C1F
6.524581
6.528156
6.39V 55
6,40654C
60528E3!
6.509317
6.402545
6*36574S
6.528E3!
6.509317
6.348620
5.947769
6.209272
6.246623
6.216C37
5.657181
6.092915
6.272431
6.255570
5*73420C
5.68913!
5.638890
5.726476
5.346547
4.748E41
4.158751
2.916C095
5*998654
5.64669C
5*253700
4.815727
69527246
6.527246
6.527246
6*527246
69527246
6o527246
6.265694
6.212502
6.259886
6*168585
6o016543
6.212502
6e279718
6o240205
5.796247
6.110955
6e249181
6.238689
6.392898
5*926182
6*187001
6.085236
5.943583
5*793288
59670807
5.455698
59227554
6.007665
5.866920
5e757475
5*563276
5.35120!
5.913620
5*940900
-013C9872E-Cl-0.10Z5397F-C1
0.753050P
0,5952537
0.5173521
0,4089442
-0,56576qC
-0,7157457
-0.7155714
-0.5656281
0.1545668
0.1221783
-0.3457689
-O.4374254
-0.3264729
-0*41301?2
-02458Cc6E-C 1-01943C18F-01
-0.4815674E-01-0.3806581E-01
0.12694C7
0.1003411
-0.3365402
-0.2660204
-0.4788342
-0.3784975
-0.1891704
-0.2393179
-0.2789917
-0*3529%C1
-0.6457500
-0.5104373
0.9811659
097755687
0*2406826
0.1902491
0.7513790
0.5939323
-0*1377657
-0.1089009
0.4206276
0.3324877
0.1433764
0.1133327
0.2539625
0.2007463
-0,9718132E-01-0*7f81760E-01
0*7084E46E-C2 0*5600262E-C2
0.3675680
0.2905465
0*9442502E-01 0.7464200E-01
1*0=57s9
0.8!45634
0.5619C92
0.7108669
0.1711092
0.1352544
0.6535234
0.5165817
2.253452
1.781256
-0o3086414
-0.2439676
-1.918751
-1*516689
0.2439051
0.1927963
0*4813452
0.3804823
0.5330944E-C1 094213879F-01
-2*023701
-1.599647
-2.265728
-1.790959
0.5827541
0.4606417
-0*5772457
-0.4562876
0.6027536
0.4764504
0.6727543
0.5317829
-0.1322006
-091672459
01275444E-E1 0*1008183E-01
-0.8256941
-0.6526752
0.1974974
0.1561130
0.4701138
0*3716044
-0*3858566E-C1-0*3050029E-01
0.2934561
0*2319642
-0.C4725C27
-0o3734928
-0.7397184
-0.5847152
0,5097914
0.4029678
-2o666247
-2,107552
0.4690447
0.3707593
0.6508188
0,5144439
-0.5286503
-0.4179067
0.2710152E-01 092142256E-01
-2.616182
-2.067978
-2.047002
-19E18066
-0.6652365
-0.5258405
-0.4435835
-0.3506334
0.6711006E-02 0.5304758E-02
-0*8077621E-03-0*6385008E-03
0.9430122E-C1 0.7454100E-01
-0*7075548
-0*5592912
-0,6976652
-0.5514740
-0.2269211
-0*1793712
-0.3574791
-0.2825717
-0.5332766
-0.4215319
-07712030
-0.6096025
0.2063799
0.1631343
0*1415707
081791000
0
1
2
3
4
7
4.987683
0.3255821
-0.11R7190
-0.1946494E-01
0o6000717E-02
O.1933137E-02
0
-0.4888172E-03
U.2668135E-0!
0.8783478E-01
0.4741736E-02
0.1779785E-03
0.2105390E-04
0.2244512E-05
0.$I46887E-C6
0.895'169E-07
0.5702560E-08
0.3749345
13.30281
0.8711457E-01
3.737401
0.1687741E-01 -7.034195
C.58C4815E-C2 -3.35324C
0.1855322E-02
3.166C67
0.1209926F-02
1.597732
0.36f5E3OE-O3 -1.*33551
C.955-379E-04
2.792871
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF VARIATION SUP CF SQUARES CCF PEAN SGUARE
TCTAL
9C2.6241
290
REGRESSION
449.6945
7
64.24207
RESIDUAL
452.9295
283
1.600458
R SQUARED = 0.49e208C
R = 0.70!P385
THE STANDARC ERRCR OF Y APGUT THE REGRESSION PLANE
IS
1.2fiCS2
ERROR
T
C.35C7329
13.71207
0.74S2778E-C1
5.139253
C.1669895E-01 -7.316917
0.4563425E-02 -5.316135
0.1674648E-02
4.293498
0.4415379F-03 0.975223!
0.7516661E-04
4.598035
VARIANCE
1.266824
ERROR
T
0.35C6948
13.70699
C.7430031E-01
5.056291
0.1634610E-01 -7.271542
0.44!5439E-02 -5.232871
0.1658345E-02
4.472186
4.496490
0.72873C5E-04
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
0.4933639
0.702!986
62
THE STANDARD
1.2ff11l
ERROR
T
0.3511621
12.59661
0.7615663F-01
5.464848
0.4087923F-C2 -11.72r89
C.4548255E-02 -5.655154
0.74E6934E-04
4.931684
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SCURCE OF VARIATICK
TOTAL
REGRESSION
RESIDUAL
R SGUAREC = C.4578C97
R = 0.6766163
THE STANDARD ERROR OF Y ABOUT THE REGRESSION PLANE IS
1.30F~ll
ERROR
T
C.2366758
24.26206
C3412083E-01
2.264172
0.4176386E-02 -12.37663
0.9846312E-03 -3.843828
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF VARIATION SUM OF SQUARES DOF MEAN SQUARE
TOTAL
9C2.6241
290
REGRESSION
311.6119
3
123.8706
RESIDUAL
5!1.0122
287
1.850217
R SQUARED = 0.4117017
R = 0.6416398
THE STANDARD ERROR OF Y ABOUT THE REGRESSION PLANE IS
1.36(221
1.365531
64.73369
63
++
i.
-0.5422976E-01
0o9301735E-C5
C.43'i626E-62 -12.48203
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SCURCE OF VARIATION SUP CF SQUARES CCF PEAN SCUARE
250
9C2.6241
ICTAL
REGRESSION
316.1632
1
316.1632
RESIDUAL
586.46C8
289
2.029276
R SGUARED = 0.39C2712
R = 0.591872
THE STANDARC ERRCR OF I AECUT THE RECRESSION
PLANE
IS
'4
4d
"64
1.424E2!
Mellor, Malcolm
Breaking ice with explosives / by Malcolm Mellor.
Hanover, N.H.: Cold Regions Research and Engineering
Laboratory; Springfield, Va.: available from National
Technical Information Service, 1982.
iv, 68 p., illus.; 28 cm. ( CRREL Report 82-40. )
Prepared for Office of the Chief of Engineers by
Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research
and Engineering Laboratory under DA Project 4A762730
AT42.
Bibliography: p. 28.
1. Ice. 2. Explosion bubbles. 3. Explosion effects. 4. Explosions. 5. Underwater explosions.
I. United States. Army. Corps of Engineers. II. Cold
Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover,
N.H. III. Series: CRREL Report 82-40.
U.S.
600-537 1305