What is the smallest unit of life? A. cell B. atom C. virus D. a & b E.

a & c Question Number 2 Which of the following statements about living things is false? A. All living things use energy to function. B. All living things are composed of cells. C. All living things have a nervous system. D. All living things are capable of reproduction. E. None of the above. All statements are true. Question Number 3 A group of cells that work together to perform a function is called a what? A. cell system B. organ system C. organ D. organism E. tissue Question Number 4 During mitosis, the cell duplicates its _____, the strands of DNA found in its nucleus. A. centromeres B. chromosomes C. chloroplasts D. centrosomes E. nucleotides Question Number 5 Which of the following terms is NOT a category for biological classification? A. Kingdom B. Order C. Class D. Phylum E. Genus F. Composition Question Number 6

Plants create their own food by absorbing and processing sunlight. The ability to produce your own food source is a metabolic process known as what? A. heterotrophy B. autotrophy C. homotrophy D. ditrophy E. self-metabolization Question Number 7 Fungi absorb the nutrients from dead organisms. In the animal kingdom, fungi are know as what? A. producers B. absorbers C. consumers D. decomposers E. scavengers Question Number 8 Which of the following cell organells does NOT participate in cellular division? A. ribosomes B. chromosomes C. mitotic spindle D. cytoplasm E. nucleus Question Number 9 An animal that consumes only meat or other animals, is called a what? A. omnivore B. herbavore C. carnivore D. consumavore Question Number 10 Which of the following is an example of a symbiotic relationship? A. Wolves working together to hunt in a pack. B. Plants growing in the same rolling meadow. C. Humans and their pets living in the same home. D. Weeds clinging to the roots of trees in your backyard. Question Number 11 The study of the biology and systems of the Plant kingdom is known as what? A. Herbology B. Herbobiology

C. Botany D. Chlorobiology Question Number 12 In the animal kingdom, meosis results in the production of what kinds of cells? A. spores B. skin cells C. sperm cells D. egg cells E. c & d F. a, c & d Question Number 13 Which of the following is NOT a phase of mitosis? A. Interphase B. Prophase C. Metaphase D. Anaphase E. Cytophase F. Telophase Question Number 14 Which of the following statements is NOT true about the Plant Kingdom? A. All plants are capable of photosynthesis. B. All plants "breathe" CO2. C. All plants are capable of bearing flowers. D. All plants are incapable of sexual reproduction. E. a, c & d F. c & d Question Number 15 Genetics is the study of what? A. The purposes and functions of DNA. B. The properties and functions of sexual and asexual reproduction. C. The study of inherited traits. D. The study of genes and their functions. E. a, c, & d F. All of the above. Question Number 16 Which of the following is NOT an example of a naturally-occuring sugar?

A. sucrose B. mitose C. glucose D. galactose E. fructose Question Number 17 Which of the following statements is TRUE about parasites and their relationships with their hosts? A. The parasite and the host enjoy a mutual relationship, where both organisms benefit. B. The parasite enjoys the benefits of a relationship in which the host is harmed or killed. C. The host enjoys the benefits of a relationship in which the parasite is harmed or killed. D. Neither the parasite nor host is really harmed in their symbiotic relationship. Question Number 18 Which of the following is a proper example of natural selection? A. Human beings continue to get taller because of thousands of years of proper nutrition. B. A community of lady bugs begin having offspring with darker shells, in order to hide from their predators. C. Albino rodents die off quickly in a community, being more vulnerable to certain pancreatic diseases. D. Seagulls begin to eat so many fish, that only those with a dark blue scale color survive. Question Number 19 What is the main difference between the prokaryot and the eukaryot? A. The eukaryot has a nucleus, and the prokaryot does not. B. The prokaryot has a nucleus, and the eukaryot does not. C. The eukaryot is always larger than the prokaryot. D. The eukaryot is the only type of cell than is capable of photosynthesis. E. a, c & d F. None of the above. Question Number 20 Which of the following scientific classifications of the domestic dog is correct? In other words, which of the following is the proper way to name the domestic dog? A. canis lupus Familiaris B. Canis Lupus familiaris C. Canis Lupus familiaris D. Canis lupus familiaris E. Familiaris canis lupus F. Familiaris Canis Lupus

1. Water is the key to life, without it we simply wouldn't exist. It has

certain properties that make the molecule so essential to biology such as its polarity and composition. What is responsible for water molecules having a higher boiling point than other molecules of a similar molecular weight? Oxygen bonding Ionic bonding Nitrogen bonding Hydrogen bonding
The correct answer was Hydrogen

bonding

Hydrogen bonding is a strong intermolecular force that is formed between an atom of hydrogen of one molecule and an atom of either nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine. In water, the hydrogen bond is found between the partially positively charged hydrogen of one molecule and the partially negatively charged oxygen of another molecule. This gives water its well known boiling point of one hundred degrees centigrade.

2. For marine life water is not just the medium of transport but it is
the source of oxygen for the organisms' respiratory needs. Water enters a fish through the buccal cavity and the increased pressure causes the water to pass through the gills. What is the name given to the mechanism whereby water flows across the gills in the opposite direction to the blood flow within the gills? Counterflow Countercurrent Parallel flow Parallel current
The correct answer was Countercurrent

This is a very important mechanism in most fish (not all fish utilise this mechanism) as the dissolved concentration of oxygen in water is very low. Thus, to maximise the absorption of the oxygen from water into the bloodstream of fish, the countercurrent mechanism is used. Essentially, the countercurrent mechanism maintains a good concentration gradient of oxygen between the blood and the water. The larger the concentration gradient of oxygen, the more oxygen will be absorbed into the blood from the water by diffusion. This oxygen can then be used in respiration which supplies the necessary energy for the lifestyle of many fish.

3. Oxygen is transported around the body in the red blood cells.

The oxygen combines with the haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin, which dissociates back to its constituent parts when oxygen is needed for respiration. Carbon dioxide also needs to be transported out of the body safely. Carbon dioxide does this by first reacting with water to form which of the following acids? Ethanoic acid Nitric acid Hydrochloric acid Carbonic acid
The correct answer was Carbonic

acid

The equation for this reaction is: CO2(g) + H2O(l) ---> H2CO3(aq) Carbon dioxide (gas) + water (liquid) ---> carbonic acid (aqueous) This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Eventually the carbonic acid will dissociate into hydrogen ions (H+) and hydrogencarbonate ions (HCO3-). The HCO3- leaves the red blood cell and is transported by the plasma, whilst the acidic hydrogen ions need to be neutralised. Therefore, oxyhaemoglobin (HbO2) in the red blood cell dissociates into haemoglobin (Hb) and oxygen (O2). The oxygen can then diffuse out of the red blood cell to be used in respiring cells whilst the haemoglobin can act as a buffer, neutralising the acidic hydrogen ions. The reaction is as follows:

Hb + H+ ---> HHb Haemoglobin + hydrogen ions ---> haemoglobinic acid This, for me, is an incredible biological process that demonstrates a magnificent dual process of supplying oxygen for respiration whilst maintaining a relatively constant pH inside red blood cells.

4. Water is important for all biological organisms including

members of the taxonomic Kingdom, Plantae. Water is absorbed from soil by the roots of a plant and this water contains many nutrients. The water travels up the xylem vessels into the leaves. What is the name of the process where water is removed from a plant through pores called stomata? Transpiration Condensation Perspiration Exocytosis
The correct answer was Transpiration

In both mesophytes (plants which exist in neither really wet or really dry areas) and xerophytes (plants which exist in arid conditions) the control of transpiration is important. Transpiration provides a lot of the power needed to "pull" water from the roots to the leaves, but if too much water is lost by the process, the plant will wilt. Therefore, when the plant has a healthy and plentiful supply of water, the guard cells which surround the stomata are turgid and the pore is opened and transpiration occurs at a relatively high rate. However, when the plant does not have a great supply of water (particularly in xerophytes) the guard cells surrounding the stomata become flaccid and the pore is closed.

5. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use carbon

dioxide, water and photon energy (light energy) to form sugars such as glucose. One of the first photosynthetic reactions to take place is the splitting of water by light. What is this called? Photolysis Phonics Aquatics Photography
The correct answer was Photolysis

The reaction that illustrates the process of photolysis is: H2O + photons (light) ---> (2)H+ + (2)e- + (1/2)O2. As can be seen, the photons split the water into two hydrogen ions, two electrons and half a molecule of oxygen gas. The hydrogen ions are useful because they travel to the hydrogen acceptor known as NADP. The hydrogen ions reduce the NADP to form NADPH2 which is later useful in the formation of sugars and amino acids. Furthermore, the electrons travel to a photosystem which contains many chlorophyll molecules and redresses the balance of charge that has been created from excited electrons leaving the photosystem due to incoming light. The light promotes the electrons to a higher energy level. It is when these electrons lose energy along the electron transport chain that energy in the form of ATP becomes available. This ATP is later used in the formation of sugars and amino acids in the Calvin cycle or light independent phase of photosynthesis.

6. Water is an important molecule in the process of digestion as it

is used to break down large polymers, such as proteins and carbohydrates, into small monomers, such as amino acids and monosaccharides. What is the name given to the breakdown of polymers into monomers by water? Hydrolysis Ultrafiltration

Endocytosis Hyperhidrosis
The correct answer was Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis begins with the dissociation of water into hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-). In protein digestion the water helps to cleave the polymer along with a specific protease enzyme. Thus, due to the addition of a water molecule, the peptide bonds break and smaller polypeptides and dipeptides form. These are further hydrolysed into amino acids which can be absorbed through the walls of the small intestine. The same sort of process occurs with carbohydrate digestion in for example starch. This time the glycosidic bond is hydrolysed (by water along with the amylase enzyme) and the polymer is broken down into maltose. The maltose is further broken down by water and the enzyme maltase into glucose.

7. The nephrons of the kidney are fantastic structures. The

nephron is the site of many different processes and are responsible for the filtration of the blood. A part of the nephron known as the collecting duct has a wall that has a variable permeability. What is the name of the hormone that alters the permeability of this structure? Gastrin Antidiuretic hormone Cholecystokinin Secretin
The correct answer was Antidiuretic

hormone

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is secreted from the posterior pituitary gland and regulates the amount of water present in the urine. If the body hasn't reabsorbed enough water from the nephrons' loops of Henle, then ADH is released in greater quantities. This makes the walls of the collecting duct and the second (distal) convoluted tubule more permeable to water. The needed water is then reabsorbed

into the blood by osmosis. The resulting urine will have a high urea concentration. If the body has sufficient water, then ADH will not be produced in great quantities and less water will be reabsorbed. As a result there will be a greater volume of water in the urine.

8. Humans maintain their body temperature using a number of

homeostatic mechanisms. Sweating is one example whereby a mixture of water and some dissolved substances is released from the sweat glands onto the surface of the skin. What process is responsible for "drying" the sweat and thus cooling the skin? Evaporation Condensation Dissolution Sublimation
The correct answer was Evaporation

The cooling of the skin comes when the sweat is evaporated. The human species is one of the sweatiest that we know of. Many other animals have no (or limited) sweat glands as they are usually of no effect due to the copious amounts of fur that coat them.

9. Many theories have been put forward over the years that aim to
explain how water travels up the xylem of a plant. However, one theory has proven to be the most plausible for water transport and it involves which of the following aquatic features? Push-pull Cohesion-tension Bonding-releasing

Parallel-normal
The correct answer was Cohesion-tension

The cohesion-tension theory is what underlies the concept of transpirational pull. When two water molecules within a xylem vessel form a hydrogen bond between them, a column of water is formed from the leaves right down to the roots. Thus, when some of the water molecules leave the leaf by transpiration, the whole column is pulled upwards, against the force of gravity. There are other mechanisms used to transport water from the roots to the leaves of plants such as capillary action and root pressure. These contribute only a small part to the essential process, but in biological investigations it has been found that capillary action and root pressure alone aren't sufficiently powerful enough to transport water from the roots to the leaves of very tall trees. For water to successfully reach the top of tall trees, transpirational pull which uses the cohesiontension nature of water is required.

10. The blood of an organism consists of many cells and useful

products. What is the name given to the part of blood that is mainly water and thus carries dissolved nutrients around the body? Plasma Lymph Platelet Erythrocyte
The correct answer was Plasma

The fact that blood plasma consists of a lot of water makes it ideal for transporting useful nutrients such as glucose and amino acids. This is because the soluble nutrients can dissolve in the water for easy transportation through the circulatory system. The plasma also transports waste products from the cells to various parts of the body (carbon dioxide to the lungs, urea to the kidneys) so that they can be excreted.