RIMS TEST SERIES-2011-12-PHYSICS

MACHINES
A machine is a device for multiplying forces or changing direction of forces or change point of application of forces or provide gain in speed. It can also be said that it transfer the energy from one point to another as per our convenience. Behind every machine the principle is conservation of energy. No machine can multiply work or multiply energy. In the following example
F2 Work Input = Work Output d1 d2 F1d1 = F2d2 (friction neglected)

F1

In the lever above we do work on one end of lever and other end does work on load. If we work on left side we apply smaller force but a larger load is lifted [Multiplying forces] as well as direction is changed. If we apply effort on right side we move a small distance but apply a larger force but load moves faster (its a smaller load) we get gain in speed. The above principle is simply based on conservation of energy. Work input: What we apply that force is called effort and distance is called effort distance our effort multiplied by effort distance is called work input. WI = Effort Effort distance WI = E dE Work Output:The load overcome or lifted [against gravity] multiplied by distance by its lifted or overcome is called work output. WO = Load Load distance which gives WO=L dL For ideal machine WO = WI that gives us L dL =E dE Main terms related to Machine: (i) Load: The resistance force to be overcome. In case of lifting up it is equal to the weight of the object. (ii) Effort: The force applied to overcome the load (Resistance force). Mechanical Advantage The ratio of load to the effort is called mechanical advantage: MA =

It is a unit less quantity as its rated of two similar quantities.

Velocity Ratio The ratio of velocity of effort to the velocity of load is called velocity ratio. Since the time for which load and effort travel is same, thus rated can also be defined as distance travelled by effort to the distance travelled by load. @ Velocity Ratio =

: As its a ratio of two similar quantities it has no units.

Efficiency: It is defined as ratio of work output (useful) to the work input. WO = L dL; WI=E dE For an ideal machine WO=WI @ Efficiency L = = 1 In percentage it is same as 100%.

No real machine can have efficiency of 1 or 100%. The following are the main reasons for this: (i) The moving parts of any real machine always offer same friction so that an extra effort is needed to overcome it. No useful work is obtained. (ii) When a load is being lifted or overcome, we are moving a part of machine also so extra effort is again required to do so. (iii) The string (in case we have), may not be perfectly rigid, so same work may be worked to make it longer (hence increasing its potential energy but we useful work is obtained). The same reason may be applied to different part of the machine.

RIMS TEST SERIES-2011-12-PHYSICS

Relation between MA & VR: MA= % L(efficiency)
W O L v dL L/E MA ! v 100 ! ! v 100 W I E v dE d E / d L VR

VR =

(For an ideal machine MA=VR and for a real machine MA<VR)

Classification of Machine.##Lever: A lever in simplest form is a rigid straight or curved bar which can rotate about a fixed point called fulcrum. Since lever is also a machine: WO=WI (for ideal machine) L dL = E dE Simplifying we get: MA = VR So a lever has three parts. One will have the load, one effort and fulcrum. Operating upon these relative positions, they can be classified as following three type:
dE dL L

E (i) Levers of class I When fulcrum is in between load and effort, the lever is called class I lever W.

As one can see we can shift fulcrum to either have dL = dE or, dL > dE or dL < dE. Hence

@ This ratio can be 1, less than 1 or more than 1. So levers of class I, can act like force multiplied or offer gain in speed, or simply apply effort at convenient point/direction. e.g. See-Saw, Claw hammer, Scissors, etc. (ii) Levers of class II :
dL F L E

dE In class II lever load is in between effort and fulcrum. As effort arm is always more than load arm, mechanical advantage of class II lever is always more than 1. MA = > 1 So class II lever always act like force multipliers. e.g. Lemon crusher, Wheel barrow, Bottle opener etc.
dE F E dL L

(iii) Levers of class III MA =

In class III lever, effort is always in between load and fulcrum. The mechanical advantage of class III lever is always less than 1.

As dL > dE, in these type of lever load always movers faster than effort so we get gain in speed. e.g. Forceps, Tweezers, Ice/Fire tongs etc. (ii) Inclined Plane Thought it does not looks like a machine, it is primarily used to lift heavy object against gravitational force. AB is inclined plane, BC is the height to which load is to be lifted.
B

The effort is applied in the direction of AB and a larger distance is travelled by effort and a height is achieved by load. The distance AB p can be called dE
E

The height
C

BC p can be called dL

U A

RIMS TEST SERIES-2011-12-PHYSICS

As AB > BC =  > 1=cosec Mechanical advantage MA

where Uis the angle which effort arm [distance] makes with horizontal, also called inclination of inclined plane. @ MA of inclined plane = cosec U= as sin U < 1, MA > 1 Pulley: It is flat grooved where which can rotate about it centre called axis of rotation. Single fixed pulley: When a single pulley is fixed so that its axis of rotation does not more [like one above the well], it is called single fixed pulley. String: To manage load and effort, a string (which is in extensible) is used. Tension: When a forces are applied on both sides of string, a tension develops in the string which acts on both the direction for lower force, tension is in the upper direction and for force on the upper side, tension acts in the lower direction. As shown the following diagram if strings is stationary or is moving with uniform speed, net force at any point must be zero, i.e. downward force = upward forces. POINT TO REMEMBER (i) Tension exists in entire string and is same if mass of the string is ignored. (ii) If string is wound several times on pulleys [once in each pulley, in absence of friction, tension still remain same at every point on string]. (iii) For downward force tension acts upward and for upward force tension acts downward. Block and Tackle System When higher MA is desired, we use more than one pulley. Such system is called Block and Tackle. The pulley(s) which remain fixed are called Block and string are lower system of pulleys which handle (tackle) the load is called tackle. y For ideal block and tackle system, the weight of tackle is ignored and friction is taken is zero. y For effort applied downward, the number of pulleys is always equal to mechanical advantage. y If effort is upward, the mechanical advantage is always one more than number of pulleys. [i.e. number of pulleys is 3, MA = 4]. Gears: A set of toothed wheel to transfer power from one wheel to another or to change the speed of rotation. In a system of two gears, the gear we rotate is called driver gear and the gear which is rotated by the driver gear is called driven gear. The speed of rotation is inversely proportional to the number of teeth. The teeth are always of same size so that they can fit into one another. If NA and NB are number of teeth in gear A and B, radius of the gear are rA and rB and the frequency of gears are fA and fB then

N A rA f B ! ! N B rB f A
Gears can give us larger torque with lesser rotational speed or gain in rotational speed with lesser torque. It can also change the direction of rotation keeping torque and rotational speed same.