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Example Fleet Total annual (3) mileage (km/yr) 195,000 960,000 120,000 0 2,214,000 6,586,000 42,000 17,356 336,000 562,500 14,000 0 327,500 372,765 68,096 14,236 45,000 1,020,000 Total annual fuel (3) consumption (L/yr) 22,000 81,600 8,400 0 298,890 723,736 5,040 1,607 63,840 104,063 2,545 0 144,780 157,951 26,394 4,809 900 23,460 Average annual (4) mileage per vehicle (km/yr) 19,500 15,000 10,000 18,000 18,500 21,000 17,356 12,000 12,500 14,000 23,393 24,851 17,024 14,236 9,000 8,500 Average fuel (4) efficiency (km/L) 8.9 11.8 14.3 7.4 9.1 8.3 10.8 5.3 5.4 5.5 2.3 2.4 2.6 3.0 50.0 43.5
Total:
801
12,894,453
5,000 1.56 1.38
1,670,016
ppm EUR EUR (fill in your local currency)
Your diesel sulphur level (5): (6) Your petrol fuel price per liter : Your diesel fuel price per liter (6):
Notes (1) If you dont know the categories for your vehicles, you can use the guidelines in the 'Vehicle categories' sheet: CLICK HERE (2) The number of vehicles is good to fill in but not necessary if you don't have it. (3) If you don't have the exact fuel and km numbers you can use estimates. If you only have km or fuel consumption you can easily estimate the other by using the 'fuel to kilometers converter': CLICK HERE (4) You can use the average annual mileage and the average fuel economy to check your data for errors. (5) The diesel sulphur level is used to estimate your fleet's emission of sulphur oxides (Sox). Furthermore it determines which emission control technologies can be applied. Actual diesel sulphur levels can be obtained from www.unep.org/pcfv/resources/sulphur.asp (6) Fuel prices are used to estimate the savings from fuel efficiency improvements. (1 US Gallon equals 3.8 liters)
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Air Pollution
CO 10.3 17.3 0.4 0.0 8.0 23.7 0.2 0.1 2.9 4.8 0.1 0.0 4.4 4.4 0.4 0.1 0.7 28.1 VOC 1.7 0.7 0.2 0.0 4.2 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.2 14.7 (in tonnes/yr) NOx 0.5 1.1 0.2 0.0 3.7 10.8 0.1 0.0 5.2 8.4 0.1 0.0 7.8 7.6 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.2 SOx 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 PM10 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4
Climate Change
(in tonnes/yr) CO2 52 192 22 0 777 1,882 13 4 166 271 7 0 376 411 69 13 2 55
105.7
26.4
46.5
3.9
3.7
3,925
Disclaimer - This tool is used to estimate your emissions and only gives indicative numbers (especially with regard to air pollutants).
Local conditions influence emissions, including driving conditions, fuel quality, vehicle standards, maintenance and altitude. However, the emission of CO2 is not influenced by local conditions and can thus be taken as your actual emissions. The calculations are based on vehicle emission factors based on a Nairobi study by University of California, Riverside and UNEP (IVE model 1.1.1a). More information, including the emission factors used in this model, can be found in the 'Emission factors' sheet:lick C
here
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As a guiding estimate, if this amount would be emitted in the Netherlands it is estimated to cause: 1.5 premature deaths/year. In addition, many more people are affected with other diseases such as non-fatal cancers, bronchitis, and cardio-vascular diseases (heart and lung). The effects of your vehicle emissions are strongly dependent on where the emissions occur. Emissions in a city center have more health impacts than similar emissions in rural areas as more people are exposed in cities. As an example, emissions in Paris are estimated to have 10 times more health impacts than emissions occuring in the rural parts of France. Particulate matter (PM) is often used as a proxy for all air pollutants when estimating health impacts. This is because PM is a key pollutant with many different impacts. PM also often includes other pollutants such as SOx, Lead, etc. The World Health Organisation has estimated that 800,000 people die prematurely worldwide each year due to outdoor air pollution.
Read more on Health Effects and Air Pollution in Tool 3 and Tool 4
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Impacts - Climate Change: your carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions can be calculated on the basis of your fuel consumption.
The indicative cost of your CO2 emissions is explained below.
Remember, with every liter of petrol fuel burned 2.35 kg of CO2 is emitted. With every liter of diesel fuel burned 2.60 kg of CO2 is emitted. Your current fleetwide fuel consumption: and your current fleetwide CO2 emissions: 1,670,016 3,925 L/yr of petrol + diesel tonnes/yr of CO2
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Offsetting your CO2 emissions can be done by planting trees. It is estimated that 1 up to 7 trees offset 1 tonne CO2 over the lifetime of the tree(s). The actual number of trees per tonne of CO2 offset varies depending on factors such as climate, rainfall, species and soil type. For example, in the UK you can offset 1 ton CO2 by planting 1 leaf tree and let it grow during 100 years.
1 tree offsets 1 ton CO2 7 trees offset 1 ton CO2
To offset your CO2 emissions you need to plant between This requires between approximately which equals a square area with sides of respectively
3,925 18 0.4
27,472 36 0.6
* When the CO2 emissions of your fleet increase, additional trees have to be planted to offset the difference. or offset your CO2 emissions by buying CO2 Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) certificates Assuming a CER price of: 15 EUR per ton CO2 (you can update this value! **) Offsetting 100% of your CO2 emissions would cost you 58,868 EUR per year.
** The price for CERs varies and depends on the details of the programme used. In January 2008, the price level for Certified Emission Reductions Futures for emissions in 2008, was 15 EUR/ton CO2. In November 2008 the same product was worth 18 EUR/ton. Actual prices can be found on various websites, for example on www.eex.de
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Fuel savings
2 - 4% up to 7% 5 - 10% none none none 0 - 5% none none none compared to diesel, 20% comp. to petrol 25 -35% 10% INCREASE ~ 50%
Fuel
Use ultra low sulfur diesel Biodiesel (max blending) Bioethanol (max blending)
In-use Vehicles
New Vehicles
Euro V Diesel trucks Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) with emission controls CNG with emission controls Fuel Cell with renewable hydrogen
~90% compared with pre-euro >90% compared with pre-euro >90% compared with pre-euro 99% compared with pre-euro
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, and
Eco-driving
low scenario*
high scenario*
L/yr of fuel (diesel+petrol) can save you between 83,501 167,002 translating into Fuel cost reduction EUR/yr 116,383 232,765 or CO2 emission reduction of tonnes/yr of CO2 216 431 * The low estimate for Eco-driving assumes a 5% fuel saving, the high estimate a 10% fuel saving
Better Maintenance
low scenario**
high scenario**
can save you between L/yr of fuel (diesel+petrol) 66,801 116,901 translating into EUR/yr fuel cost reduction 93,106 162,936 or CO2 emission reduction of tonnes/yr of CO2 172 302 ** The low estimate assumes a 4% fuel saving, the high estimate a 7% fuel saving
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Sulphur oxides (SOx) are gaseous emissions formed by the oxidation of fuel sulphur during the combustion process. They have various respiratory impacts and contribute to the formation of acid rain. The Sox emission depends entirely on the level of sulphur in the fuel. Now your diesel sulphur level is 5,000 ppm When the diesel sulphur level changes to: 500 ppm, When the diesel sulphur level changes to: 50 ppm,
and your current fleetwide SOx emissions: 3.9 tonnes of SOx per year
Your fleetwide emissions become: 0.39 tonnes SOx/yr, and so you save: 3.47 tonnes SOx/yr, which is a reduction of 90% of your current fleetwide SOx emissions
Your fleetwide emissions become: 0.04 tonnes SOx/yr, and you save: 3.82 tonnes SOx/yr, which is a reduction of 99% of your current fleetwide SOx emissions
tonnes/yr
Choosing low sulphur diesel also reduces emissions of fine and ultra fine particles (PM10 and PM 2.5) Read more about low-sulphur diesel in Tool 10 and about sulphur oxides in the Pollutants dropdown menu
500 ppm
50 ppm
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If you use high-level blends (e.g. 100% biodiesel or 85% bioethanol) you will emit between:
Low savings scenario* High savings scenario**
3,728 196 5%
0 3,925 100%
You will save: which is a savings of of your current fleetwide CO2 emissions
You will save: which is a savings of of your current fleetwide CO2 emissions
Choosing biodiesel or bioethanol also reduces the emission of SOx and ultra fine particles Every petrol vehicle can drive on up to 20% bioethanol, and every diesel vehicle can drive on up to 20% biodiesel. For higher biofuel blends vehicles may require some minor engine and vehicle component modifications. * The low savings scenario assumes a 50% reduction of CO2 emissions on a life cycle basis. This CO2 reduction is typical for biodiesel produced in Europe from rape seed or bio-ethanol produced from sugar beet. Using bioethanol from sugar cane (Brazilian ethanol) reduces CO2 by 50-90% and using ethanol from grain reduces CO2 by 30-40% on a life cycle basis. ** The high savings scenario assumes a 100% reduction of CO2 emissions on a life cycle basis. The high scenario assumes that all energy used under the production and refining process is renewable. This is a very long-term assumption.
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If you retrofit all your Euro I - V trucks and buses* with Diesel Oxdiation Catalysts ( DOCs)
You will emit between 20% less - 40% less 1.44 1.08 tonnes PM/yr So, you will save: 0.36 0.72
If you retrofit all your Euro III - V trucks and buses ** with Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs)
You will emit between 60% less - 90% less 0.02 0.01 tonnes PM/yr So, you will save: 0.04 0.06
tonnes PM/yr
tonnes PM/yr
which is equal to a reduction of 10% 19% of your current fleetwide PM emissions. Besides, DOCs reduce the emission of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HCs) with 60-90%. For DOCs a diesel sulphur level of 500 ppm or less is required. At this time, is not recommended as your current diesel sulphur level is 5000 ppm, this Price indications for DOCs range from 350 EUR to 1500 EUR, depending on the system. * Pre-Euro trucks and buses can be retrofitted with DOCs, but it is generally considered more cost effective to replace them with newer vehicles
which is equal to a reduction of 1% 1% of your current fleetwide PM emissions. For DPFs a diesel sulphur level of 50 ppm or less is required. At this time, as your current diesel sulphur level is 5000 ppm, this is not recommended Price indications for DPFs range from 2300 EUR to 7000 EUR, depending on the system. ** Pre-Euro III trucks and buses cannot be retrofitted with DPFs because it requires an electronic injection system
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petrol passenger vehicles L/yr of petrol fuel Your savings when switching to diesel vehicles EUR/yr tonnes/yr of CO2 fuel costs CO2 emissions petrol passenger vehicles petrol passediesel passenger vehicles 100% 100% 100% diesel passe 75% 83% 80% 60% L/yr of diesel fuel 40% EUR/yr 20% tonnes/yr of CO2 0% tonnes/yr of CO2 reduction over your current fleetwide CO2 emissions EUR/yr EUR/yr per vehicle
fuel costs CO2 emissions
Note that one liter of diesel emits 11% more CO2 per liter than petrol fuel (2.6 kg/L CO2 for diesel vs. 2.35 kg/L for petrol). However, diesel vehicles generally consume 25% less than similar petrol vehicles. So when switching to diesel, on balance you reduce your CO2 emissions by approximately 17%. Note: Older diesel vehicles emit significantly more particulate matter when compared to petrol vehicles of similar size and age. If you consider changing to diesel vehicles then make sure to use modern, low particle emissions diesel vehicles (Euro IV, Euro V or diesels equipped with a particulate filter). For these models you will need low sulphur diesel fuel (at least <500 ppm). is not recommended at this time. As your current diesel sulphur level is 5000 ppm, this
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km/yr kg/yr of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) kg/yr of particulate matter (PM)
Your current fleetwide VOC and PM emissions are 26,434 kg/yr of VOCs 3,726 kg/yr of PM
If you replace these with 4-stroke motorcycles, you will emit: 5,100 kg/yr of VOCs and 214 kg/yr of PM and thus reduce your emissions by: and 9,588 143 kg/yr of VOCs (which equals kg/yr of PM (which equals 36% 4% of your current fleetwide VOC emissions) of your current fleetwide PM emissions).
Your savings when switching to 4-strokes
2-stroke motorcycles emit more volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter (PM) than 4-strokes, mainly due to high emissions of unburned fuel. That is also one of the reasons why 4-stroke engines will consume 10%-15% less fuel than 2-strokes. The above estimates assume motorcycles that can meet basic emission regulations when new (post 1995 US models) and that are well maintained. However, 2-stroke motorcycles can have much higher emissions than indicated above when the wrong type or amount of lubricating oil is used and maintenance is poor. This is the case in many developing countries.
2-stroke
100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% VOCs
4-stroke
100% 60%
PM
Read more on 2-stroke motorcyles in Tool 2 and about VOCs in the Pollutants dropdown menu
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Your savings when switching to HEVs
Current pass.cars With HEVs
CO2 (kg/yr)
CO2 emission savings tonnes/yr of CO2 112 which is of your current CO2 emissions for passenger vehicles 42% which translates into CO2 savings per vehicle: tonnes/yr per passenger vehicle 1.31 Fuel costs savings per vehicle: EUR/yr per passenger vehicle 834 So, the payback time of the extra investment of the hybrid technology (instead of a conventional vehicle) will be approximately years 1.8 In addition, HEVs emit less PM and other air pollutants than conventional passenger vehicles Hybrid vehicles are a bit more expensive to buy, but the pay back time of the extra investment can be very short, depending on your annual mileage and fuel prices.
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Action - Reducing particulate matter (PM) and CO2 emissions by replacing your existing trucks and buses
The benefits of new technology
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After replacing your pre-Euro-III trucks and buses 120%
in relative pre-Euro-IIIterms (%) CNG
Euro-V HEVs
100%
pre-Euro HEVs CNG Euro-V diesel fu 100% 70% #VALUE! 90% fuel cost 00% 70% 1 #VALUE! 90% 80%CO2 em 100% 70% 95% 90% PM emis00% 1 6% 6% 6%
60%
40%
20%
100% 100% 100% 100% 70% 70% 70% 6% #VALUE! #VALUE! 90% 90%
0%
95% 6%
90% 6%
* for HEV trucks and buses a 30% reduction in fuel consumption and CO2 emissions is assumed. Fuel requirements: In principle hybrid vehicles only need unleaded fuels, although emission control technologies can be installed that require low sulphur fuels. Ask for the requirements to ensure you keep your warrantee. ** for CNG trucks and buses a 5% reduction of CO2 emissions is assumed. Fuel cost savings are not estimated as CNG prices can vary widely. Fuel requirements: Check the availability and the price level of CNG fuel in your country. *** Replacing your fleet with Euro V trucks and buses does in principle not reduce your fuel consumption. However, new trucks are generally more fuel-efficient. Here it is assumed Euro-V trucks are 10% more fuel efficient than pre-Euro-III trucks. Fuel requirements: For Euro V trucks low sulphur diesel must be available . The estimates assume that both HEVs and CNG vehicles meet stringent Euro V standards
Read more about environmental friendly vehicles and alternative fuels in Tool 13 and 14
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Your CO2 emissions can be offset by planting trees. You would need to plant between 3,925 and This involves about 18 and You can also off-set by buying CO2 emission certificates.
27,472 36
Your emissions of Particulate Matter are harmful for both public health and the environment. In the Netherlands, your emission of 3.7 tonnes/yr of Particulate Matter would cause about 1.5 premature deaths/yr, plus many more people being affected with other diseases like non-fatal cancers, bronchitis, etc.
Some of your options for potential savings: > Ecodriving & Maintenance
Ecodriving can reduce your fuel consumption by 5 to 10% (7.5% on average), reducing your fuel cost by approximately 174574 EUR/yr (on average) and your CO2 emissions by 323 tonnes/yr of CO2. Better maintenance can help reduce your fuel consumption by 4 to 7% (5.5% on average), depending on your maintenance level now. It can reduce your fuel cost by appr. 128021 EUR/yr, and your CO2 emissions by 237 tonnes/yr of CO2 (on average).
> Fuels
You can reduce your SOx emissions by switching to cleaner diesel. Currently you are using diesel with a sulphur level of 5000 ppm. If you switch to 500 ppm diesel, your fleetwide SOx emissions will reduce by 90%. If you switch to 50 ppm diesel, your fleetwide SOx emissions will even reduce by 99%. If you would use 10% blended biofuels your fleetwide CO2 emissions would be reduced by 5% to 10%, depending on the type of biofuel you use. You can even decide to use high blended biofuels to reduce your emissions even more.
at this time
If you retrofit all your Euro III - V trucks and buses with Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs), you will save the emission of approximately 47 kg/yr of Particulate Matter, which equals 1.2% of your current fleetwide PM emissions. For DPFs diesel with 50 ppm or less sulphur is required (<15 recommended), therefore it is not recommended at this time.
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consumption, fuel costs and CO2 emissions. The reduction in CO2 emissions will be 41 tonnes/yr of CO2, which is about 1.1% of your current fleetwide CO2 emissions. In addition, fuel cost will be reduced by 40404 EUR/yr. Replacing your 2-stroke motorcycles with 4-strokes, will reduce the emission of VOC's by 9588 kg/yr -which equals 36% of your current fleetwide VOC emissions, and PM by 143 kg/yr, which is 4% of your current fleetwide PM emissions. Replacing your conventional passenger vehicles with hybrid electric passenger vehicles, can reduce your fuel cost by 71728 EUR/yr. This equals an annual fuel cost saving of 834 EUR per passenger vehicle for each year it is driving, resulting in a payback time of the investment for the hybrid technology of approximately 1.8 years. Furthermore it reduces your fleetwide CO2 emissions by 112 tonnes/yr of CO2. By replacing all pre-Euro-III trucks and buses with Hybrid Electric Trucks and Buses, you save 447978 L/yr of diesel, worth 618210 EUR/yr. Besides, it reduces your annual emissions of CO2 by 1165 tonnes/yr of CO2, and 3.1 tonnes/yr of PM. By replacing all pre-Euro-III trucks and buses with Euro-V Trucks and Buses, you save 149326 L/yr of diesel, worth 206070 EUR/yr. Besides, it reduces your annual emissions of CO2 by 388 tonnes/yr of CO2, and 3.1 tonnes/yr of PM. By replacing all pre-Euro-III trucks and buses with CNG Trucks and Buses, you reduce your annual emissions by 194 tonnes/yr of CO2 and 3.1 tonnes/yr of PM. This is not an exhaustive list of options to reduce your fleet's environmental impact. Depending on your fleet's specifications, there can be many other options that you may consider.
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Improving your fleet's environmental impact will be represented by improving indicator-numbers. However, these indicators are not very useful if you are operating trucks of various sizes (transport companies) or buses of various sizes (public transport companies). You should redefine your indicator so that it best represents your situation. For delivery companies possible indicators are: Average fuel consumption per ton-km* or Average CO2 emission per ton-km* 0.072 168 L/ton-km g/ton-km For public transport companies possible indicators are: Fuel use per passenger-km** or CO2 emission per passenger-km** 0.103 243 L/passenger-km g/passenger-km
* The number of ton-kilometers is the weight of transported materials in tons multiplied by the kilometers driven. For an example: CLICK HERE
** Passenger-kilometers is the number of persons transported multiplied by the number of kilometers driven. For an example: CLICK HERE
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VOC
NOx
SOx
PM10
(g/km) (g/km) (g/km) (g/km) (g/km) Vehicle category Petrol - without catalyst 53.00 8.84 2.52 0.05 0.01 Petrol - with 3-way catalyst 18.00 0.78 1.17 0.05 0.01 Passenger Diesel - without Particulate Matter filt 3.61 1.88 1.67 0.22 0.22 cars: Diesel - with PM filter 3.61 0.30 0.89 0.16 0.08 Light duty Light duty - pre Euro 3.61 1.88 1.67 0.29 0.27 Light duty - Euro I+II 3.60 0.19 1.64 0.26 0.13 trucks & buses 3.60 0.19 1.64 0.25 0.13 (2,2 - 4,5 tonnes): Light duty - III+IV Light duty - HEV 3.60 0.13 0.87 0.26 0.06 Medium duty Medium duty - pre Euro 8.59 1.65 15.33 0.69 0.67 Medium duty - Euro I+II 8.59 1.65 15.01 0.69 0.67 trucks & buses 5.35 1.15 9.20 0.69 0.29 (4,5 -15 tonnes): Medium duty - Euro III+IV Medium duty - Euro V 2.45 0.89 4.41 0.69 0.07 Heavy duty Heavy duty - pre-Euro 13.29 2.53 23.80 0.98 2.15 Heavy duty - Euro I+II 11.80 2.53 20.40 0.97 1.34 trucks & buses 5.79 1.59 10.00 0.97 0.66 (15 - 22 tonnes): Heavy duty - Euro III+IV Heavy duty - Euro V 4.05 1.43 7.00 0.97 0.46 Motorcycles with 4-stroke engines 16.00 5.00 0.99 0.02 0.21 Motorcycles: Motorcycles with 2-stroke engines 27.50 14.40 0.16 0.01 0.35 (*) If you dont know the categories for your vehicles, you can use the guidelines in the 'Vehicle categories' sheet: CLICK HERE
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Vehicle Categories
Guidelines on categorization of your vehicles
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Vehicle categories
Categorization of trucks and buses is based on weight as the engines and emissions of buses and trucks are similar Petrol passenger vehicles with a 3 way catalyst require unleaded petrol fuel Diesel passenger vehicles with PM filters are only applicable where diesel with 50 ppm or less sulphur is available. As an example, almost all passenger cars sold in the EU today have PM filters. Light duty trucks & buses = Any van, truck or bus between 2.2 - 4.5 tonnes, typical city delivering truck or small passenger car (<12 persons) Medium duty trucks or buses = Any truck or bus between 4.5 - 15 tonnes, typically mid-sized lorry, very large pickups and vans, mid size passenger bus (12-40pers.) Heavy duty trucks & buses = Any truck or bus between 15 - 27 tonnes, typically large city buses (>40 persons), large truck-tractors and dump trucks Motorcycles typically are 100 to 300 cc
Euro categories
Use the tabel and instructions text below to approximate the Euro category with the age of the vehicle. Emission Standard Year of introduction in the EU (Similar in the US and Japan) Pre Euro <1992 Euro I 1992 - 1995, Euro II 1996 1999, 2005 in China Euro III 2000 2004, 2007 in China Euro IV 2005 2008 Euro V 2009 2013 Euro VI 2014 Corresponding fuel requirements Unleaded petrol 500 ppm diesel & petrol 350 ppm diesel, 150 ppm petrol 50 ppm diesel & petrol
Most developing countries in Africa and parts of Asia rely on a mix of imported vehicles and locally assembled vehicles. Locally assembled are usually pre-Euro or Euro I standard due to lack of national emission standards. Imported vehicles have the standard from the country they were imported. Emission standards in Asia are generally lagging behind EU, US and Japanese standards with 10 years (except China). However, even if imported with a high emission standard, this standard soon deteriorates due to lack of effective inspection & maintenance programmes and high sulphur levels in diesel. Anything beyond Euro I requires <500 ppm of sulphur in diesel which is currently not available in many developing countries. Examples: 1. Any vehicle bought and driven in an EU country year 2000 = Euro III 2. A truck assembled in Kenya the year 2000 = Euro I 3. Any truck made in EU year 2000 and imported to Kenya = Euro I due to high sulphur levels in diesel
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OR
km 11.8 11.8 13.3 16.7 8.3 9.1 9.1 11.1 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 33.3 25.6 km 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Petrol - without catalyst Petrol - with 3-way catalyst Diesel - without Particulate Matter filter Diesel - with PM filter Light duty - pre Euro Light duty - Euro I+II Light duty - III+IV Light duty - HEV Medium duty - pre Euro Medium duty - Euro I+II Medium duty - Euro III+IV Medium duty - Euro V Heavy duty - pre-Euro Heavy duty - Euro I+II Heavy duty - Euro III+IV Heavy duty - Euro V Motorcycles with 4-stroke engines Motorcycles with 2-stroke engines
Fuel Consumption 0.085 0.085 0.075 0.060 0.120 0.110 0.110 0.090 0.260 0.260 0.260 0.260 0.370 0.360 0.360 0.360 0.030 0.039
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Vehicle category Petrol - without catalyst Petrol - with 3-way catalyst Diesel - without Particulate Matter filter Diesel - with PM filter Light duty - pre Euro Light duty - Euro I+II Light duty - III+IV Light duty - HEV Medium duty - pre Euro Medium duty - Euro I+II Medium duty - Euro III+IV Medium duty - Euro V Heavy duty - pre-Euro Heavy duty - Euro I+II Heavy duty - Euro III+IV Heavy duty - Euro V Motorcycles with 4-stroke engines Motorcycles with 2-stroke engines
Total km per year 195,000 960,000 120,000 2,214,000 6,586,000 42,000 17,356 336,000 562,500 14,000 327,500 372,765 68,096 14,236 45,000 1,020,000
Public transport companies Average Total load (passengers) Ton-kms 0.8 156,000 1.1 1,056,000 1.0 120,000 0.9 -
3,763,800 11,854,800 75,600 28,117 2,755,200 4,725,000 121,800 19.1 18.4 20.4 21.2 0.3 0.3 6,255,250 6,858,876 1,389,158 301,803 149 3,672
0.011 0.012
495 12,240
Total km driven:
12,894,453
Ton-kms delivered:
23,337,052
Passenger-km serviced:
16,140,908
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