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Diesel power plant
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Introduction
The oil engines and gas engines are called Internal
Combustion Engines. In IC engines fuels burn
i id th i d th p d t f b ti inside the engine and the products of combustion
form the working fluid that generates mechanical
power.
Whereas, in Gas Turbines the combustion occurs
in another chamber and hot working fluid
containing thermal energy is admitted in turbine.
Diesel engine is an internal combustion engine
which uses diesel as fuel
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Diesel power plant
Diesel electric plants in the range of 2 to 50 MW capacity are
used as central stations for small supply authorities and works
and they are universally adapted to supplement hydroelectric and they are universally adapted to supplement hydroelectric
or thermal power stations where standby generating plants
are essential for starting from cold or under emergency
conditions
Diesel engine: is a heat engine which transforms the chemical
energy of a fuel into thermal energy and utilizes this
thermal energy to perform useful work.
3 Mussie T.
Thermal
energy of
diesel fuel
Mechanical
shaft work
Diesel Engine
Electricity Generator
Engine Classification
IC engines can be classified on the basis of different design
setups and operating conditions:
Basic engine design: Reciprocating, rotary (wankel)
Working cycle: Otto cycle (SI engine ), and diesel
cycle (CI engine)
Number of strokes: four stroke and two stroke
(both SI and CI engines)
Fuel supply and mixture preparation: carbureted
types, fuel supplied through carburetors and injection
types (fuel injected to inlet pots or inlet manifold and
f l i j d i h li d j b f i i i ) fuel injected into the cylinder just before ignition)
Method of Ignition: In SI engines battery or
magneto ignition
Method of cooling: Water cooled or air cooled
Cylinder arrangement: Inline, V, radial, opposed
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Operating Principles
In diesel engines, air is compressed separately and
mixed with the fuel at the time of combustion in
the engine cylinder.
In such an arrangement fuel can be injected into the
cylinder which contains compressed air at a higher
temperature than the self-ignition temperature of
the fuel.
5
Such engines work on heavy liquid fuels. These
engines are called compression-ignition engines and
they work on a ideal cycle known as Diesel cycle
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How diesel engine works
Diesel engine operates on a four stroke cycle:
A stroke is a single traverse of the cylinder by the piston
(from TDC to BDC) ( )
1 revolution of crankshaft = 2 strokes of piston
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How diesel contd
1. Intake/suction stroke: The air is sucked in the
cylinder by the piston sliding downward.
2. Compression stroke: The piston compresses the
air using work of the crankshaft.
3. Power stroke: In the upper dead-center, diesel fuel
is injected and the mixture ignites due to the high
temperature developed by high pressure. The
pressure of the burning mixture pushes the piston pressure of the burning mixture pushes the piston
back into the cylinder: Work is performed.
4. Ejection/exhaust stroke: The burned exhaust is
ejected by the rising piston through a second valve.
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How diesel contd
In the case of diesel engines, fuel is injected into the
combustion chamber towards the end of the compression
stroke stroke
Diesel engines dont need
spark plug since the
temperature reached due
to compression exceeds
self-ignition temperature
of diesel of diesel
The compression ratio
for diesel engines is high
ranging from 6 to 20.
Fig. Diesel cycle
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Characteristics of Diesel engine
Has higher compression ratio; hence it has
the potential to achieve higher thermal the potential to achieve higher thermal
efficiency.
Since the components need to withstand
the high pressure, diesel engines are
heavier than spark ignition engines. p g g
As the fuel burns heterogeneously, diesel
engine produce lower speeds.
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B=bore
S=stroke
Piston-Cylinder geometry of a
reciprocating engine
R=connecting rod length
a=crank offset
S=piston position
= crank angle
V
c
= clearance volume
10
V
d
=displacement volume
TDC= top dead centre
BDC=bottom dead centre
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Thermodynamic analysis of IC engines
The three steps of Thermodynamic Analysis of IC
Engines are
Ideal Gas Cycle (Air Standard Cycle) Ideal Gas Cycle (Air Standard Cycle)
Idealized processes
Idealize working Fluid
Fuel-Air Cycle
Idealized Processes
A W k Fl d M d l Accurate Working Fluid Model
Actual Engine Cycle
Accurate Models of Processes
Accurate Working Fluid Model
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Air-Standard Cycle Assumptions
Simplifications to the real cycle include:
Fixed amount of air (ideal gas) for working fluid
Combustion process not considered
Intake and exhaust processes not considered (There is Heat
addition and heat rejection source and Sink)
There is no heat losses from the system to the surrounding
Engine friction and heat losses not considered
All the processes that constitute the cycle are reversal
Specific heats independent of temperature
For Air Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K C
v
= 0.717kJ/kgK , = 1.4 M
= 29kg/kmol
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DIESEL CYCLE
In Diesel cycles, heat is
added at constant pressure
Ideal diesel cycle
Processes in diesel cycle:
1-2 Isentropic Compression
2-3 Con Pre. Heat Addition
3 4 Isentropic Expansion
Fuel injection starts
Actual diesel cycle
13
3-4 Isentropic Expansion
4-1 ConVol. Heat Rejection
Actual diesel cycle
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Thermal efficiency of the Diesel cycle
q
th Diesel
net
in
out
in
W
Q
Q
Q
,
= = 1
Apply the first law closed system to process 2-3 P = constant Apply the first law closed system to process 2 3, P constant,
the heat input is:
Q U P V V
Q Q mC T T mR T T
Q mC T T
net
net in v
in p
,
,
( )
( ) ( )
( )
23 23 2 3 2
23 3 2 3 2
3 2
= +
= = +
=
A
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Thermal contd
Apply the first law closed system to process 4-1, V = constant
Thus, for constant specific heats
Q U
Q Q mC T T
Q mC T T mC T T
net
net out v
out v v
,
,
( )
( ) ( )
41 41
41 1 4
1 4 4 1
=
= =
= =
A
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Thermal contd
q
th Diesel
v
p
C T T
C T T
,
( )
( )
=

1
4 1
3 2
What is T
3
/T
2
?
PV
T
PV
T
P P
3 3 2 2
3 2
= = where
p
k
T T T
T T T
( )
( / )
( / )
=

1
1 1
1
3 2
1 4 1
2 3 2
T T
T
T
V
V
r
c
3 2
3
2
3
2
= =
Where r
c
is called the cutoff ratio, defined as V
3
/V
2
, and
is a measure of the duration of the heat addition at
constant pressure.
Since the fuel is injected directly into the cylinder, the
cutoff ratio can be related to the number of degrees that
the crank rotated during the fuel injection into the
cylinder.
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Thermal contd
PV
T
PV
T
V V
4 4
4
1 1
1
4 1
= = where
What is T /T ?
T
T
P
P
4
1
4
1
=
PV PV PV PV
k k k k
1 1 2 2 4 4 3 3
= = and
What is T
4
/T
1
?
Recall processes 1-2 and 3-4 are isentropic, so
Since V
4
= V
1
and P
3
= P
2
, we divide the second equation
by the first equation and obtain
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DIESEL CYCLE Efficiency
q
th Diesel
k
T T T
T T T
,
( / )
( / )
=

1
1 1
1
1 4 1
2 3 2
( )
c
k
c
k
c
k
c
k
T
T
r
r
r
r
k r
( )
( )
( )
=

1
1 1
1
1
1 1
1
2 3 2
1
2
1
( )
( )
(

=

1
1 1 1
1
1
c
k
c
k
Diesel
r
r
k r
q
18
Note the term in the square bracket is always larger than unity
so for the same compression ratio, r, the Diesel cycle has a
lower thermal efficiency than the Otto cycle
Also note: diesel needs higher r compared to ignite
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Engine Performance Parameters
In the evaluation of engine performance, certain
basic parameters (called engine performance
parameters) are chosen and the effect of various parameters) are chosen and the effect of various
operating conditions, design concepts and
modifications on these parameters are studied.
Engine performance is also characterized by
convenient graphical presentation called engine
characteristic curves
Engine characteristic curves are constructed from Engine characteristic curves are constructed from
the data obtained during actual test runs of the
engine and are particularly useful in comparing the
performance of one engine with that of another
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Engine contd
The basic performance parameters are:
Power and Mechanical efficiencyy
Volumetric efficiency and Fuel-air ratio
Mean effective pressure and torque
Specific output
Specific fuel consumption
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Thermal efficiency and heat balance
Exhaust smoke and other emissions
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Power and Mechanical Efficiency
The main purpose of running an engine is mechanical
power
Defined as the rate of doing work and is equal to the
product of force and linear velocity
The power developed by an engine by the output
shaft is called the Brake power (bp) and is give by:
2 b N T
Where, N= Engine speed, RPM
T= Torque, N-m
2 b p N T t =
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Torque and power against engine speed
The speed at which peak
torque occurs is called
maximum brake torque (MBT)
or maximum best torque or maximum best torque.
Indicated power increases with
speed while brake power
increases to a maximum and
then decreases. This is because
friction power increases with
engine speed to a higher power
and becomes dominant at
higher speed
22
Many modern IC engines have
maximum torque in the 200 to
300 N-m range at engine
speeds usually around 4000 to
6000 RPM
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Mechanical Efficiency
The total power developed by combustion of fuel in
the combustion chamber is, however, more than the bp
and is called indicated power (ip) and is called indicated power (ip)
The difference between the ip and bp is the indication
of the power lost in the mechanical components of the
engine and forms the basis of Mechanical efficiency
( )
m
bp
Mechanical efficiency
ip
q =
The difference between ip and bp is called friction
power (fp)
ip = fp + bp
ip
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Volumetric Efficiency
Ideally, a mass of air equal to the density of atmospheric air
times the displacement volume of the cylinder should be
ingested for each cycle. However, because of the short cycle
time available and the flow restrictions presented by the air time available and the flow restrictions presented by the air
cleaner, carburetor (if any), intake manifold, and intake valve(s),
less than this ideal amount of air enters the cylinder.
Volumetric efficiency of an engine is an indication of the
measure of the degree to which the engine fills its swept
volume
It is defined as the ratio of the mass of air inducted into the
engine cylinder during the suction stroke to the mass of the air engine cylinder during the suction stroke to the mass of the air
corresponding to the swept volume of the engine at
atmospheric pressure and temperature.
It also shows the degree of completeness with which the
cylinder is re-charged with fresh combustible mixture
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Volumetric. Contd
Volumetric efficiency,
Standard values of surrounding air pressure and temperature can be used
to determine density of air
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Air fuel ratio
Energy input to an engine comes from combustion of a
hydrocarbon fuel.
Air is used to supply the oxygen needed for this chemical reaction pp y yg
For combustion reaction to occur, the proper relative amounts of
air (oxygen) and fuel must be present
Air-fuel ratio (AF) and fuel-air ratio (FA) are parameters used to
describe the mixture ratio
26
AF input of gasoline: 12-18, AF input of CI engine18-70
Equivalence ratio,
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Mean effective pressure
It is known that pressure in the cylinder of an engine is
continuously changing during the cycle.
Mean Effective pressure(mep) is defined as a Mean Effective pressure(mep) is defined as a
hypothetical pressure which is thought to be acting
on the piston throughout the power stroke
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Mean contd
mep is a good parameter to compare engines for
design or outputs because it is independent of
i i d/ d engine size and/or speed
If torque is used for comparison, a larger engine
looks better
If power is used for comparison, the engine with
higher speed looks better
Classified in to two:
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Classified in to two:
o Indicated mean effective pressure (imep)
o Brake mean effective pressure (bmep)
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15
Mean contd
Indicated Mean Effective pressure (imep)
The net area on the p-V trace or indicator diagram from an p g
engine is the indicated work done by the gas on the piston.
The imep is a measure of the indicated work output per
unit swept volume, in a form independent of the size and
number of cylinders in the engine and engine speed.
The pressure in the cylinder initially increases during the
expansion stroke due to the heat addition from the fuel, and
then decreases due to the volume increase
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Mean contd
Brake Mean Effective Pressure (bmep)
The external shaft work per unit displacement
l d b h volume done by the engine
It is the average pressure that results in the same
amount of indicated or brake work produced by
the engine
*
N
Pb b LA
where, N= number of working strokes per revolution
*
60
N
Pb bmep LA =
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bmep contd
In a more general way
60
( )
pb
b k
Where: n shows number of working strokes per revolution
or minute
Thus, n=N/2 for 4-stroke and N for 2-stroke
K=number of cylinder
( )
p
bmep kpa
LAnK
=
For two-stroke, there are N working strokes for N
revolutions
For four-stroke, there are N/2 working strokes for N
revolutions of the engine
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Mean contd
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Specific fuel consumption
( / )
f
m
b f k k h

33
( / )
f
bsfc kg kw hr
pb
=
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sfc contd
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Brake specific fuel consumption
bsfc decreases as engine speed increases, reaches a minimum, and then
increases at high speeds.
Fuel consumption increases at high speed because of greater friction
losses. At low engine speed, the longer time per cycle allows more heat
loss and fuel consumption goes up
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Bsfc contd
bsfc is minimum at a slightly lean condition, increasing
with both rich and leaner mixture
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Generally, average fuel
consumption is less
h l
Bsfc contd
with larger engines.
One reason for this is
less heat loss due to
the higher volume to
surface area ratio of
the combustion
chamber in a large
37
engine. Also larger
engines operate at
lower speeds which
reduces friction losses.
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Specific Energy Consumption
Brake Specific Energy Consumption (bsec)
Is the energy used by the engine to produce unit
power
It can be calculated as:
Bsec (KJ/kw-h)=bsfc * calorific value (KJ/Kg)
38
sec * b bsfc LCV =
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Combustion Efficiency
The time available for the combustion process of an
engine cycle is very brief, and not all fuel molecules
may find an oxygen molecule with which to combine,
or the local temperature may not favor a reaction.
Consequently, a small fraction of fuel does not react
and exits with the exhaust flow. A combustion
efficiency is defined to account for the fraction of
f l hi h b
39
fuel which burns.
Combustion efficiency typically has values in the range
0.95 to 0.98 when an engine is operating properly.
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Thermal Efficiency
Thermal efficiency of an engine is defined
as the ratio of the output to that of the as the ratio of the output to that of the
chemical energy input released by
combustion of the fuel.
It may be based on brake or indicated
output
It is the true indication of the efficiency
with which the thermodynamic input is
converted into mechanical work
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Brake thermal Efficiency,
The ratio of the energy in the brake power
h f l i
b
q
to the fuel consumption
* 1 0 0 %
*
b
f
p b
m L V C
q =

This assumes 100% combustion efficiency

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Indicated thermal Efficiency,
The ratio of the energy in the brake
i
q
power to the fuel consumption
* 1 0 0 %
*
i
f
p i
m L V C
q =

This assumes 100% combustion efficiency

42
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Engine efficiency Characteristic curves
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Emissions and Exhaust Smoke
The four main engine exhaust emissions which must be
controlled are oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon
monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and solid monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and solid
particulates (part).
Two common methods of measuring the amounts of
these pollutants are specific emissions (SE) and the
emissions index (EI). Specific emissions typically has units
of gm/kW-hr, while the emissions index has units of
emissions flow per fuel flow emissions flow per fuel flow.
With increasing emphasis on air pollution control, all
efforts are being made to keep them minimum
Smoke is an indication of incomplete combustion
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Emissions contd
Specific emission:
Emission index:
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Fuel System of Diesel Power Plant
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Essential functions of a fuel
injection system
1. To deliver oil from the storage to the fuel
injector.
2. To raise the fuel pressure to the level required
for atomization.
3. To measure and control the amount of fuel
admitted in each cycle.
4 T l i f i j i
47
4. To control time of injection.
5.To spray fuel into the cylinder in atomized
form for thorough mixing and burning.
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Fuel injection system
The fuel-injection system is the most vital
component in the working of CI engine p g g
The engine performance is greatly dependent on
the effectiveness of the fuel injection system
The purpose of carburetion and injection is the
same
In carburetor air speed is greater than fuel speed In carburetor, air speed is greater than fuel speed
while in injection the fuel is speed is greater than
the air speed
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Fuel contd
The injection is CI engine is by a nozzle with large
pressure differential across the nozzle orifice
Th li d i j i i i ll i h The cylinder pressure at injection is typically in the
range of 50 to 100 atm
Fuel injection pressure in the range of 200 to 1700atm
are used depending on the engine size and type of
combustion system employed
These large pressure differences across the injector
l i d h h i j d li id f l j nozzle are required so that the injected liquid fuel jet
will enter the chamber at sufficiently high velocity to:
Atomize into small sized droplets
Traverse the combustion chamber in the limited time
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Diesel Injector system need to make
Accurate metering
Timing the injection
The rate of the injection should be such that it results in The rate of the injection should be such that it results in
the desired heat release pattern
Proper atomization of the fuel
Proper spray pattern
Uniform distribution of fuel throughout the CC
Proper distribution in multi-cylinder engines
Injection timing should change to suite the engine speed
and load requirements
Weight and size of the injector should be minimum
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Components of Fuel Injection
Injection Pump
Objective is to deliver accurately metered quantity
of fuel under high pressure
G ll t t f i j ti Generally two types of injection pumps:
Jerk Type
Works with a reciprocating plunger inside a
barrel
The plunger is driven by a cam shaft
Distributor Type
Contains single pumping element and the fuel is
discharged to each cylinder by means of a rotor
Small size and high weight
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Components contd
Distributor system
The fuel is metered at a central point i.e., the pump that
pressurizes, meters and times the injection.
From here, the fuel
is distributed to
cylinders in correct
firing order by cam
operated poppet
valves, which open
d i f l
52
to admit fuel to
nozzles.
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Components contd
Injection Nozzle
Nozzle is that part of an injector which the
li id f l i d i h b i liquid fuel is sprayed into the combustion
chamber
Should fulfill the following:
Atomization
Distribution Distribution
Injection pressure
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General layout of diesel power plant
Generally the units are placed in parallel lines
In any plant some space is always provided for In any plant some space is always provided for
further expansion.
Also sufficient space should provide for
maintenance of diesel engine.
Proper ventilation is also provided in power
54
plant.
Storage of fuel for power plant is always
provided outside the main building.
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General contd
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Heat balance sheet
Heat balance sheet is a useful method to watch the
performance of the diesel power plant.
Th di t ib ti f th h t i t d t i i The distribution of the heat imparted to an engine is
called its heat balance.
The heat balance of an engine depends on a number of
factors among which load is primary importance.
The heat balance of an internal combustion engine shows
that the cooling water and exhaust gases carry away
56
that the cooling water and exhaust gases carry away
about 60-70% of heat produced during combustion of
fuel.
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Heat contd
In order to draw the heat balance sheet of Diesel
i h i i l d d engine, the engine is run at constant load and
constant speed and the indicator diagram is drawn
with the help of indicator
Preparation of heat balance sheet gives us an idea
about the amount of energy wasted in various parts
and allows us to think of methods to reduce the
Mussie T. 57
and allows us to think of methods to reduce the
losses so incurred
Heat contd
The energy supplied to Diesel engine in the form of fuel
input is usually broken into:
A Indicated power A. Indicated power
B. Heat Rejected to Cooling Water
C. Heat Carried Away by Exhaust Gases
) ( 2 1 T T cw m
58
D. Heat Unaccounted for (Heat Lost Due to Friction,
Radiation etc.)
) ( 3 4 T T eg m
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Item Head units
kcal or kJ
Percent Typical
values
Heat in fuel supplied 100% 100%
Heat contd
Heat in fuel supplied 100% 100%
(a) Heat absorbed by I.H.P. 30%
(b) Heat rejected to cooling
water
30%
(c) Heat carried away by
exhaust gases
26%
59
g
(d) Heat unaccounted for
(by difference)
10%
Total 100% 100%
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Diesel plant operation
To ensure most economical operation of diesel engines of
different sizes when working together and sharing load, it is
necessary that they should carry the same percentage of
their full load capacity at all times as the fuel consumption
would be lowest in this condition.
In order to get good performance of a diesel power plant the
following points should be taken care of:
1. It is necessary to maintain the cooling temperature
within the prescribed range and use of very cold water
should be avoided The cooling water should be free from
60
should be avoided. The cooling water should be free from
suspended impurities and suitably treated to be scale and
corrosion free. If the ambient temperature approaches freezing
point, the cooling water should be drained out of the engine when it
is kept idle.
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31
Diesel contd
2. During operation the lubrication system should work
effectively and requisite pressure and temperature maintained.
The engine oil should be of the correct specifications and should
be in a fit. Condition to lubricate the different parts. A watch may
be kept on the consumption of lubricating oil as this gives an
indication of the true internal condition of the engine.
3. The engine should he periodically run even when not required to
be used and should not be allowed to stand idle for more
than 7 days.
4. Air litter, oil filters and fuel filters should be periodically
i d l d d d b h f
61
serviced or replaced as recommended by the manufacturers
or if found in an unsatisfactory condition upon inspection.
5. Periodical checking of engine compression and firing pressures
and also exhaust temperatures should be made.
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Advantages of diesel power plants
1. Very simple design also simple installation.
2. Limited cooling water requirement.
3 Standby losses are less as compared to other Power plants 3. Standby losses are less as compared to other Power plants.
4. Low fuel cost.
5. Quickly started and put on load.
6. Smaller storage is needed for the fuel.
7. Layout of power plant is quite simple.
8. There is no problem of ash handling.
62
9. Less supervision required.
10. For small capacity, diesel power plant is more efficient as
compared to steam power plant.
11. They can respond to varying loads without any difficulty
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Disadvantages of diesel power plants
1. High Maintenance and operating cost.
2. Fuel cost is more costly, especially non-oil y, p y
producing countries like Ethiopia.
3. The plant cost per kW is comparatively more.
4. The life of diesel power plant is small due to
high maintenance.
5. Noise is a serious problem in diesel power
l
63
plant.
6. Diesel power plant cannot be constructed for
large scale.
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Application of diesel engines in power field
Peak load plant: they can be easily started or stopped at a
short notice to meet the peak demand
M bil pl t b il t t d t il Mobile plant: can be easily transported on trailers
Standby unit: can supply when short fall in power occurs
Emergency plant: can generate power for vital units like
hospitals or key industrial plants during power interruption
Nursery station: in the absence of main grid, a diesel plant
can be installed to supply power in a small town can be installed to supply power in a small town.
Starting stations: can be used to run aouxiliaries (like FD and
ID fans, etc) for starting a large steam power plant
Central stations: as central stations where demand is small
64 Mussie T.