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Biology Notes 12/10/11 PFA1.

Maintaining a balance.

Identify the role of enzymes in metabolism, describe their chemical composition and use a simple model to describe their specificity. Enzymes biological catalyst (increases metabolic rate) by providing alternate reaction pathway. Enzymes not consumed in the reactioncome out the same after reactioncannot be used again. Only catalyse one metabolic reaction at a time

Chemical Reactions Enzymes are proteins made up of poly (many) peptide (amino acids) chains enzymes are 3 dimensional Extensive hydrogen bonding and folding gives the enzyme a specific shape and active site.

Model Lock and Key

This model was modified to the induced fit model. Enzyme activity depends on its shape/structure (active site).

PFA 1.2 Identify the pH as a way of describing the acidity of a substance. The pH scale determines between the substance being alkaline, neutral or acidic. It logarithmically scales the acidity of a substance.

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PFA 1.3 Explain why the maintenance of a constant internal environment is important for optimal metabolic efficiency. Depends on the enzyme maintaining their activity efficiently (shape).

MAINTENANCE OF INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

OPTIMUM METABOLLIC EFFICIENCY ENZYMES FUNCTION OPTIMALLY

Three conditions environmentally that change shape. Condition #1: Temperature

When temperature increases increased kinetic energy increases reaction rate. If temperature passes optimal temperature then enzyme enters denaturation which can end up becoming irreversible and completely distorted.

Hydrogen bonding folding specificity 3D structure able to bind to substrate able to catalyse reaction.

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Condition #2: pH tolerant Generally enzymes in the cell will show optimal activity around 7, but an enzyme called Pepsin ( stomach reactions) pH is 1 peaks around 2-3.

Lower or higher than optimal pH peak changes the charge orientation of the enzyme which affects the hydrogen bonding and folding which distorts the enzyme making it unusable.

Condition #3: Substrate Concentration. Substrate concentration how much of the substrate. *only active as how much substrate there is. For these reason a constant internal environment must be maintained so enzymes function optimally and optimal metabolic efficiency is achieved to prevent denaturation

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ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS MANTAINEDENZYMES FUNCTION OPTIMALLYEFFECTIVE METABOLISMSURVIVAL

PFA 1.4 Describe homeostasis as the process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable environment. Processes, usually involving positive and negative feedback (usually negative), which maintain a stable internal environment in an organism, despite fluctuations in the external environment. PFA 1.5 Explain that homeostasis consists of two stages: 1. Detecting changes from the stable state 2. Counteracting changes from the stable state

STIMUL STIMULUS US

RECEPTOR

CONTRO L

RESPONS E

EFFECTORS

The Green boxes indicate that it is detecting a change from the stable state. The Purple boxes indicate that it is counteracting the change from the stable state.

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For Example: Temperature of a human body is at 36.1 degrees Celsius 37.8 degrees Celsius. Control Base The Conductor NERVES: Sends messages to the hypothalamus HYPOTHALLAMUS (HUMAN BRAIN) INCREASED TEMPERATURE Effector SWEAT GLANDS/CAPILLARIEScauses temperature to

A
The Receptor THERMORECEPTO R: Detects the increased Stimulant: Too Hot. Response Glands begin to secrete sweat to absorb heat and capillaries begin to vasodilation.

STABLE TEMPERATURE OF: HUMAN BODY= 36.1 - 37.8

Receptor THERMORECEPT OR: Detects decreased

Response Shivering occurs to produce heat and capillaries constrict.

Stimulant: Too cold.

Conductor CNS (Central Nerve System): Sends the message to By Kruno Pelegrin

Effectors. MUSCLES/CAPILLARIEScauses temperature to increase

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HYPOTHALLAMUS (HUMAN BRAIN) INCREASED TEMPERATURE

The Green boxes indicate that it is detecting a change from the stable state. The Purple boxes indicate that it is counteracting the change from the stable state. The Red boxes refer to the control centre which in this case is the Brains hypothalamus.

A. Too Hot This means the bodys temperature has increased. The thermo receptor first receives this information. It then messages the hypothalamus that the temperature has increased via the nervous system. The hypothalamus then messages the effectors to cool down. In response, the sweat glands begin to secrete sweat, which absorbs heat and quickly evaporates. Also, the capillaries enter vasodilation where the blood vessels begin to expand and make it easier for heat to escape the body from the veins. B. Too cold

This means the bodys temperature has decreased. The thermo receptor first receives this information. It then messages the hypothalamus (via central nervous system, CNS) that the temperature has increased. The hypothalamus then messages the effectors (via CNS) to cool down. In response, the muscles begin to shake and jitter which creates metabolic heat. Also, the blood vessels enter vasoconstriction to stay close to the core of the body. PFA 1.6

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Outline the role of the nervous system in detecting and responding to environmental changes. The nervous system acts as a communication medium within the body and a central nervous system (CNS) which controls the brain and spinal cord. Therefore without communication (nervous system) detection and counteracting are unable to be performed to maintain the body. PFA 1.7 Identify the broad range of temperatures over which life is found compared with the narrow limits for individual species. Broad limit temperature. Pompeii worms have been recorded to be living in submarine hydrothermal vents, where temperature reaches 350. They have been recorded to have having their tail end at 80 and the head end at 22. Pompeii suggests that they can withstand these extreme temperatures through insulation from the fleece like covering on their back. This is called mutualism because the worm feeds the bacteria through secreting mucus onto its back. In turn, the bacteria provides shelter.

The temperature tolerance range for the Water-holding frog is 3 39 . Making it narrow limited of temperature.

PFA 1.8 Compare responses of named Australian ectothermic and endothermic organisms to changes in the ambient temperature and explain how these responses assist temperature regulation.

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Fair Penguins: EndothermicTemperature remains stable despite the ambient temperature Response to increased ambient temperature The penguins feathers lie flat against the skin, trapping a smaller amount of air.

Central Netted Dragon: Ectothermic have little control over their body temperature.

Response to decreased ambient temperature

Feathers provide insulin; trapping a layer of air close to the skin reduces the amount of heat lost. This layer of air can be altered depending on the ambient temperature.

If the ambient temperature rises above its heat tolerance level, the central netted dragon will retreat into the shade of rocks and vegetation or into a burrow and reduce its activity to avoid overheating. The dragon will take advantage and lie in the sunlight and alter its body position to expose to the suns rays, increasing its core body temperature.

PFA 1.9 Identify some responses of plants to temperature change. Temperatures over 40 may cause damage to proteins and those above 75 to chlorophyll pigment within the plant. Evaporative By Kruno Pelegrin Plant responses to high temperatures. Plant responses to low temperatures.

Stomata of plant

Organic anti-

Producing an 11181189909090988

cooling (transpiration):

opens, leading to a loss of water by transpiration. This decreases the internal temperature of the plant.

freeze:

Turgor response (wilting):

Leaf orientation:

Leaf fall:

Reseeding and re-sprouting:

The leaves reduce the turgor pressure in palisade cells to reduce the surface area of the leaf, which will decrease the amount of heat absorbed. Some plants hang their leaves vertically downwards in hot weather to reduce the SA:V ratio of dun absorption. Some plants purposely drop their leaves during summer when the sun is most abundant to reduce the SA:V ratio of absorbed heat. After fires, plants have two general responses; they either resprout or release seeds. Resprouters are usually hidden underneath the bark that are protected and spout new growth. Reseeders release their seeds after a fire (some seeds need a fire to

Dormancy:

organic compound that acts as an anti freeze substance, reducing the temperature at which the cytoplasm or cell sap in the vacuole freezes. Decidous trees lose their leaves in winter and undergo a period of dormancy, which allows them to survive extremely low temperatures and allow for water shortages and lower availability of sunlight.

Vernelisation:

Some flowers begin to flower during long periods of intense cold. Approximately 6weeks -3months.

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Thermogenic plants:

open its pod) Plants that alter their metabolic rate to heat up when ambient temperatures decrease

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