SPS FACULTY, PART IIB, Pol 7 2006-07

European integration
Course Organiser Pieter van Houten Lecturers and supervisors Fiorella DellOlio Geoffrey Edwards Pieter van Houten Emile Perreau-Saussine Sara Silvestri George Wilkes (only Lent, Easter) Website: www.chu.cam.ac.uk/~pjv24/pol7.htm SPS, fd237@cam.ac.uk CIS, Pembroke, gre1000@cam.ac.uk SPS, Churchill, pjv24@cam.ac.uk SPS, Fitzwilliam/Pembroke, ep207@cam.ac.uk CIS, ss384@cam.ac.uk Homerton/St Edmunds, grw1000@cam.ac.uk pjv24@cam.ac.uk, (7)67260

Paper outline
Aims and objectives To introduce and analyse the sources, consequences and current state of European integration; to provide an overview of the institutions and policies of the European Union; to discuss and analyse the process of Europeanisation, i.e., the impact of European integration on the domestic politics of European states; to allow students to study in some depth and write long essays on two topics in European integration. Summary of the paper content The paper consists of two sections, introduced by a lecture providing an overview of the main themes. The first section focuses on the European Union. Topics covered in the lectures include the history and theories of European integration, EU institutions, European monetary union, foreign policy, enlargement, justice and home affairs, EU policy output democracy and the EU, and the future of the EU. The second section focuses on the impact of European integration on domestic politics (Europeanisation). It presents analytical tools to study this process and discusses several cases: Britain, France, Germany, the newest member states, and Balkan states. The two sections together provide a comprehensive overview of the process of European integration. Mode of teaching The teaching for this paper consists of lectures, supervisions, and two revision classes. Students are expected to write a minimum of six essays (arrangements for students opting for the long essay option are explained at the end of the guide). The course organiser will organise supervisions for Directors of Studies in SPS if desired. A list of potential supervisors is indicated in this paper guide. Mode of assessment One undivided three-hour exam paper, containing questions on both sections of the paper. Students are asked to answer three questions. Students also have the option to submit two 5,000-word essays (on questions given below) instead of sitting the exam.

Introduction to the paper

European integration is undoubtedly one of the most significant political developments in post-war Europe. Starting in the 1950s, and in various fits and starts along the way, European states have increasingly pooled some of their sovereignty and delegated powers to European institutions. As a result, we now have a situation in which among other things many policies are (partially or entirely) decided upon at the European level, European law is supreme over national law, and twelve states share a common currency. At the same time, however, certain policy areas (e.g., foreign and security policy) have only very reluctantly if at all moved towards European decision-making. Moreover, the most recent enlargement of the European Union with ten new members continues to provide challenges and opportunities, further enlargements in the future are contentious, and the attempt to establish a European constitution in 2005 was unsuccessful. Issues such as the functioning of the European Union, the variation in EU powers between policy areas, the resulting role and position of nation-states, the various consequences and the uncertain future of European integration all raise extremely interesting and important questions for students of politics. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the dynamics and consequences of European integration. The introductory lecture explains the organisation of the paper, and introduces some of the main themes and questions. The first section (8 lectures in Michaelmas term, and 8 lectures in Lent term) focuses on the European Union itself. The lectures provide overviews of the history and theories of European integration, the institutions of the EU (Commission, Council, Parliament, and Court of Justice), the history and functioning of European Monetary Union, European foreign policy, enlargement, justice and home affairs and immigration policy, and the policy output of the EU. The section ends with a lecture on the relation between the EU and notions of democracy and representation that SPS students have encountered in previous courses, and a lecture on the future of the EU in light of the most recent developments (especially, the failed constitutional debate, and possible future enlargements). The second section of the paper (7 lectures in Michaelmas term, and 3 lectures in Lent term) focuses on the relation between European integration and domestic politics. While it has long been recognised that domestic politics and interests influence political developments at the European level, it has become increasingly clear that European integration has also consequences for domestic institutions and policies. As a result, a rapidly growing literature on the Europeanisation of domestic politics has developed in recent years. The first lecture of this section will present some proposed frameworks to study the interaction between domestic politics and European integration, The following eight lectures discuss several cases: Britain, France, Germany, some of the new member states, and (currently non-member) states in the former Yugoslavia. These lectures will focus both on the positions and influences of these states at the European level, and on the Europeanisation of these states themselves. The final lecture will attempt to use these case studies to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the frameworks presented in the first lecture. Finally, two revision classes in Easter term will summarise the main aspects of the paper, and provide an opportunity for students to ask questions about the paper in preparation of the exam. The next sections of this paper guide offer reading lists for the lectures, and suggest questions for supervision essays. The books and articles on the reading lists provide a good and detailed coverage of the various themes. The SPS library will have most of these readings; others will be available at the UL. There are no central or core texts for this paper, but the following books are useful as background and overview: Derek W. Urwin, The community of Europe: a history of European integration since 1945, 2nd ed. (London: Longman, 1995). John Pinder, The European Union: a very short introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).

Elizabeth Bomberg and Alexander Stubb, eds., The European Union: how does it work? (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003). Michelle Cini, ed., European Union Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003). Desmond Dinan, Ever closer union: an introduction to European integration, 3rd ed. (London: Palgrave, 2005). Neill Nugent, The government and politics of the European Union, 5th ed. (London: Palgrave, 2003). Simon Hix, The political system of the European Union, 2nd ed. (London: Palgrave, 2005) Simon Bulmer and Christian Lequesne, eds., The member states of the European Union (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). These books provide good introductions to the various aspects of this paper, but students have to supplement these by more specific readings. Experience has shown that students are unlikely to do well on the exam if they rely too heavily on general textbooks. Some articles are directly available online, at JSTOR (www.jstor.ac.uk/jstor; click: Browse Political Science) or Ingenta (www.ingentaconnect.com) from a computer connected to the university network. The paper website has direct links to these online services. It is also possible to get online access to more articles by obtaining a password from the University Library (see www.lib.cam.ac.uk/electronicresources). Due to the constantly evolving nature of the European Union, it is recommended that students follow the news to keep up with recent developments. In addition to daily British newspapers, good sources are The Economist (www.economist.com), Financial Times (www.ft.com) and International Herald Tribune (www.iht.com). The website of the European Union (europa.eu.int) is an excellent source for developments at the European level. The paper website has links to other news and academic sources for the study of the European Union, and it is also advisable to browse the most recent issues of the journals mentioned at the end of this paper guide. A good way to get a better feel of European Union politics is to participate in the Cambridge Model European Council (CMEC), a simulation of a meeting by the governments of EU member states. Participants are students from Cambridge and several other British and European universities. It is organised by the Cambridge University European Union Society (CUEUS) and usually held here in Cambridge in February. See the CUEUS website (www.cueus.org) for further information. Some of the lecture hand-outs will be posted on the paper website (after the lectures!).

Lectures, reading lists and supervision essay titles

0. INTRODUCTION [Pieter van Houten] Michaelmas, week 1 Thursday 5 October, 12-1, Seminar Rm E, 17 Mill Lane Overview of the paper, and introduction to some of the main themes and questions.

I. THE EUROPEAN UNION Michaelmas, weeks 1-8 (Tuesday 11-12, Room 10, Mill Lane Lecture Rooms); Lent, weeks 1-8 (Tuesday 2-3, Seminar Rm A, 17 Mill Lane) [16 lectures, one lecture per week] 1. The origins of European integration [Pieter van Houten] Desmond Dinan, Europe recast: a history of the European Union (London: Palgrave, 2004), Chs 1,

2. Desmond Dinan, ed., Origins and Evolution of the European Union (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), Parts 1, 2. Derek W. Urwin, The community of Europe: a history of European integration since 1945, 2nd ed. (London: Longman, 1995), Chs 1-6. [if this is not available, read: Derek W. Urwin, A political history of Western Europe since 1945, 5th ed. (London: Longman, 1997), Chs 1-9.] Alan Milward, The European rescue of the nation state, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge, 1999), Chs 1, 2. Alan Milward, The reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945-1952 (London: Methuen, 1984), Conclusions. Andrew Moravcsik, The choice for Europe: social purpose and state power from Messina to Maastricht (London: UCL Press, 1998), Ch 2. Peter Stirk and David Weigall, eds., The origins and development of European integration: a reader and commentary (London: Pinter, 1999), Chs 3, 4. Walter Lipgens, Motives for European unity, in The politics of European integration: a reader, edited by Michael ONeill (London: Routledge, 1996). Anne Deighton, ed., Building postwar Europe: national decision-makers and European institutions 1948-1963 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1995). 2. The evolution of European integration [Pieter van Houten] Desmond Dinan, Europe recast: a history of the European Union (London: Palgrave, 2004). Desmond Dinan, ed., Origins and Evolution of the European Union (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), Parts 3, 4. Derek W. Urwin, The community of Europe: a history of European integration since 1945, 2nd ed. (London: Longman, 1995), Chs 7 onwards. Desmond Dinan, Ever closer union: an introduction to European integration, 2nd ed. (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999), Introduction, Chs 2-7 [or similar chapters in 3rd ed., 2005]. Stanley Hoffmann, Obstinate or obsolete?: the fate of the nation-state and the case of Western Europe, Daedalus, 95 (1966): 862-915. Wayne Sandholtz and John Zysman, Recasting the European bargain, World Politics, 42 (1989): 95-128. 3. Theories of European integration [Pieter van Houten] Ben Rosamond, Theories of European integration (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000). Antje Wiener and Thomas Diez, eds., European integration theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004). Mette Eilstrup-Sangiovanni, ed., Debates on European integration: a reader (London: Palgrave, 2006), Intro, Parts II, III, V. Andrew Moravcsik, The choice for Europe: social purpose and state power from Messina to Maastricht (London: UCL Press, 1998), Introduction, Ch 1. Mark A. Pollack, International relations theory and European integration, Journal of Common Market Studies 39 (2001): 221-244. Simon Hix, The study of the European Community: the challenge to comparative politics, West European Politics 17 (1994): 1-30. 4. 5. 6. 7. Institutions of the European Union (I) [Geoffrey Edwards] Institutions of the European Union (II) [Geoffrey Edwards] Institutions of the European Union (III) [Geoffrey Edwards] Institutions of the European Union (IV) [Geoffrey Edwards]

General John Peterson and Michael Shackleton, eds., The institutions of the European Union (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001) [or 2nd ed., 2006].
4

 Mark A. Pollack, The engines of European integration (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003). Desmond Dinan, Governance and institutions: anticipating the impact of enlargement, Journal of Common Market Studies, 41, annual review (2003): 27-43. George Tsebelis and Geoffrey Garrett, The institutional foundations of intergovernmentalism and supranationalism in the European Union, International Organization, 55 (2001): 357-390. Alex Warleigh, ed., Understanding European Union institutions (London: Routledge, 2001). Ben Crum, Legislative-executive relations in the EU, Journal of Common Market Studies, 41 (2003): 375-395. Fabio Franchino, Delegating powers in the European Community, British Journal of Political Science 34 (2004): 19-38. Robert Thomson and Madeleine Hosli, Who has the power in the EU?: the Commission, Council and Parliament in legislative decision-making, Journal of Common Market Studies 44 (2006): 391-417. Relevant chapters in general texts, such as Desmond Dinan, Ever closer union, 2nd ed. (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999) [or 3rd ed., 2005]; Neil Nugent, The government and politics of the European Union, 5th ed. (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2003) [or 6th ed., 2006]; Simon Hix, The political system of the European Union, 2nd ed. (London: Palgrave, 2005) [or 1st ed., 1999]; Laura Cram et al, eds., Developments in the European Union (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999); Maria Green Cowles and Desmond Dinan, eds., Developments in the European Union 2 (London: Palgrave, 2004), Jeremy Richardson, ed., European Union: power and policymaking, 3rd ed. (London: Routlege, 2005). Articles on Institutional developments in the annual reviews of Journal of Common Market Studies. Council of Ministers Fiona Hayes-Renshaw and Helen Wallace, The Council of Ministers, 2nd ed. (London: Palgrave, 2006). Martin Westlake, The Council of the European Union, 3rd ed. (London: Harper, 2002) [or 2nd ed., 1999]. Philippa Sherrington, The Council of Ministers: political authority in the European Union (London: Pinter, 2000). Simon Bulmer and Wolfgang Wessels, The European Council: decision-making in European politics (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1987). Jonas Tallberg, The agenda-setting powers of the EU Council presidency, Journal of European Public Policy 10 (2003): 1-19. Commission Neill Nugent, The European Commission (London: Palgrave, 2000). Dionyssis G. Dimitrakopoulos, The changing European Commission (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004). Liesbet Hooghe, The European Commission and the integration of Europe: images of governance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002). Geoffrey Edwards and David Spence, eds., The European Commission, 2nd ed. (London: Cartermill, 1997). Michelle Cini, The European Commission: leadership, organisation and culture in the EU administration (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996). Neill Nugent, ed., At the heart of the union: studies of the European Commission (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997). Charlotte Burns, Codecision and the European Commission: a study of declining influence?, Journal of European Public Policy 11 (2004): 1-18. A. Smith, Why European Commissioners matter, Journal of Common Market Studies 41 (2003): 137-155.

European Parliament David Judge and David Earnshaw, The European Parliament (London: Palgrave, 2003). The European Parliament at fifty, special issue of Journal of Common Market Studies, 41, 2 (2003). Berthold Rittberger, Building Europes parliament: domestic representation beyond the nation state (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). Amie Kreppel, The European Parliament and supranational party system: a study in institutional development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002). Julie Smith, Europes elected parliament (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press for the University Association for Contemporary European Studies, 1999). Francis Jacobs, Richard Corbett and Michael Shackleton, The European Parliament, 4th ed. (London: Harper, 2000). European Court of Justice Renaud Dehousse, The European Court of Justice: the politics of judicial integration (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998). Anne-Marie Burley and Walter Mattli, Europe before the Court: a political theory of legal integration, International Organization, 47 (1993): 41-76. Karen J. Alter, Who are the Masters of the Treaty?: European governments and the European Court of Justice, International Organization, 52 (1998): 121-147. Joseph H.H. Weiler, The constitution of Europe: do the new clothes have any Emperor? and other essays on European integration (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), Part I. 8. The politics of monetary union [Pieter van Houten] The history of the monetary union project Barry Eichengreen and Jeffrey Frieden, The political economy of European monetary unification, 3rd ed. (Oxford: Westview, 1994), Chs 1, 3, 8, 9. Andrew Moravcsik, The choice for Europe: social purpose and state power from Messina to Maastricht (London: UCL Press, 1998), Ch 6. Wayne Sandholtz, Choosing union: monetary politics and Maastricht, International Organization, 41 (1993): 1-40. Kenneth Dyson and Kevin Featherstone, The road to Maastricht: negotiating economic and monetary union (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999). David J. Howarth, The French road to European Monetary Union (London: Palgrave, 2001). Martin Smith and Wayne Sandholtz, Institutions and leadership: Germany, Maastricht and the ERM crisis, in The state of the European Union, vol. 3: building a European polity?, edited by Carolyn Rhodes and Sonia Mazey (London: Lynne Rienner, 1995). The operation of the EMU Madeleine O. Hosli, The Euro: a concise introduction to European monetary integration (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2005). Colin Crouch, ed., After the euro: shaping institutions for governance in the wake of European monetary union (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000). Kenneth Dyson, ed., European states and the euro (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002). Brian Ardy et al, Adjusting to EMU (London: Palgrave, 2002). Elie Cohen, The euro, economic federalism and national sovereignty, in The idea of Europe: from antiquity to the European Union, edited by Anthony Pagden (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002). Andrew Martin and George Ross, ed., Euros and Europeans: monetary integration and the European model of society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
6

P.M. Crowley, The institutional implications of EMU, Journal of Common Market Studies 39 (2001): 385-404. Martin Heipertz and Amy Verdun, The Stability and Growth Pact: theorizing a case in European integration, Journal of Common Market Studies 43 (2005): 985-1008. Shawn Donnelly, Explaining EMU reform, Journal of Common Market Studies 43 (2005): 947-968. Waltraud Schelkle, The role of fiscal policy co-ordination in EMU: from disciplinarian to insurance arrangement, Journal of Common Market Studies 43 (2005): 371-391. Symposium on Reforming fiscal co-ordination under EMU, Journal of Common Market Studies 42 (2004), n. 5. Special issue on Stability and Growth Pact, Journal of European Public Policy 11 (2004), n. 5. 9. EU foreign policy [Geoffrey Edwards] Christopher Hill and Michael Smith, eds., International relations and the European Union (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). Karen E. Smith, European Union foreign policy in a changing world (Cambridge: Polity, 2003). Christopher Hill, Renationalizing or regrouping?: EU foreign policy since 11 September 2001, Journal of Common Market Studies, 42 (2004): 143-163. Anne Deighton, The European security and defence policy, Journal of Common Market Studies, 40 (2002): 719-741 [also published in Joseph H. Weiler, Iain Begg and John Peterson, eds., Integration in an expanding European Union (Oxford: Blackwell, 2003)]. Articles on External policy developments in the annual reviews of Journal of Common Market Studies. Christopher Hill, The capability-expectations gap, or conceptualising Europes international role, Journal of Common Market Studies, 31 (1993): 305-328. Mathias Koenig-Archibugi, Explaining government preferences for institutional change in EU foreign and security policy, International Organization, 58 (2004): 137-174. Helen Wallace and William Wallace, eds., Policy-making in the European Union, 5th ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), selected chapters [or 4th ed., 2000, Chs 13, 14, 15, 17] Geoffrey Edwards, Common foreign and security policy: incrementalism in action?, in International law aspects of the European Union, edited by Martti Koskenniemi (The Hague: Kluwer, 1998). Brian White, Understanding European foreign policy (London: Palgrave, 2000). Jolyon Howorth, European defence and the changing politics of the European Union: hanging together or hanging separately?, Journal of Common Market Studies, 39 (2001): 765-789. Michael E. Smith, Europes foreign and security policy: the institutionalization of cooperation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). What kind of power?: European foreign policy in perspective, special issue of Journal of European Public Policy 13 (2006), n. 2. 10. Enlargement [Pieter van Houten] Neill Nugent, ed., European Union enlargement (London: Palgrave, 2004). Christopher Preston, Enlargement and integration in the European Union (London: Routledge, 1997). Helene Sjursen, Why expand?: the question of legitimacy and justification of the EUs enlargement policy, Journal of Common Market Studies, 40 (2002): 491-514. Helge Berger and Thomas Moutos, eds., Managing European Union enlargement (Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 2004). Stephen White, Ian McAllister and Margot Light, Enlargement and the new outsiders, Journal of Common Market Studies, 40 (2002): 135-153. Anetta Caplanova, Marta Orviska and John Hudson, Eastern European attitudes to integration with Western Europe, Journal of Common Market Studies, 42 (2004): 271-288. Geoffrey Pridham, EU enlargement and consolidating democracy in post-communist states:
7

formality and reality, Journal of Common Market Studies, 40 (2002): 953-973. Marcin Zaborowski and Kerry Longhurst, Americas protg in the east?: the emergence of Poland as a regional leader, International Affairs, 79, 5 (Oct 2003). Jan Zielonka, How new enlarged borders will reshape the European Union, Journal of Common Market Studies, 39 (2001): 507-536. Jan Zielonka, Challenges of EU enlargement, Journal of Democracy 15, 1 (2004): 22-35. Julie Smith and Charles Jenkins, eds., Through the paper curtain: insiders and outsiders in the new Europe (Oxford: Blackwell/RIIA, 2003). Dieter Fuchs and Hans-Dieter Klingemann, Eastward enlargement of the European Union and the identity of Europe, West European Politics, 25, 2 (2002): 19-54. Fuad Aleskerov et al, European Union enlargement: power distribution implications of the new institutional arrangements, European Journal of Political Research, 41 (2002): 379-394. See also the Commission papers on enlargement of the European Union in the enlargement section of the EU website (europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement) and the annual updates on enlargement in the annual reviews of Journal of Common Market Studies. 11. EU and (post-)conflict management [Pieter van Houten] Christopher Hill, The EUs capacity for conflict prevention, European Foreign Affairs Review 6 (2001): 315-334. Karen E. Smith, European Union Foreign Policy in a Changing World (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2003), Ch 7. Various articles in European Security Review [available at www.isis-europe.org Responding to conflict]. Bastian Giegerich and William Wallace, Not such a soft power: the external deployment of European forces, Survival 46 (2004): 163-182. Thomas Diez, S. Stetten and M. Albert, The EU and border conflicts: the transformative power of integration, International Organization 60 (2006): 563-593. Gergana Noutcheva, et al, Europeanization and secessionist conflicts: concepts and theories, Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe 1/2004 (2004) [available at www.ecmi.de/jemie/download/1-2004Chapter1.pdf] Ana E. Juncos, The EUs post-conflict intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina: (re)integrating the Balkans and/or (re)inventing the EU, Southeast European Politics 6, 2 (2005): 88-108 [available at www.seep.ceu.hu/archives/issue62/juncos.pdf]. Stefan Wolff, The limits of non-military intervention: a case study of the Kosovo conflict, in Understanding the war in Kosovo, edited by Florian Bieber and Zidas Daskalovski (London: Frank Cass, 2003). Stefan Wolff, EU crisis management capabilities: the case of the Western Balkans, unpublished paper [available from lecturer] Peace, security and stability (ec.europa.eu/world/peace/index_en.htm) and Conflict prevention (ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/cfsp/news/ip_01_560_en.htm) sections of the EU website. 12. Justice and Home Affairs [Fiorella DellOlio] Helen Wallace and William Wallace, eds., Policy-making in the European Union, 5th ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), Ch 18 [or 4th ed. (2000), Ch 18]. Articles on Justice and Home Affairs in annual reviews of Journal of Common Market Studies. Michele Cini, ed., European Union politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), Ch 19. Jorg Monar, Justice and Home Affairs in the constitutional treaty: what added value for the area of freedom, security and justice?, European Constitutional Law Review 1 (2005): 226-246. Lora Borissova, The adoption of the Schengen and the JHA acquis, European Foreign Affairs Review, 8, 1 (2003): 105-124. Jorg Monar, Justice and Home Affairs in a wider Europe: the dynamics of inclusion and exclusion,
8

Sussex European Institute working paper (2000). Joanna Apap, ed., Justice and home affairs in the EU: liberty and security issues after enlargement (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2004). European Commission, Living in an area of freedom, security and justice: justice and home affairs in the European Union (Official publication of the EU, Luxembourg, 2001). Stephan Stetter, Regulating migration: authority delegation in justice and home affairs, Journal of European Public Policy, 7 (2000): 80-102. 13. Immigration policy [Fiorella DellOlio] Andrew Geddes, The politics of migration and immigration in Europe (London: Sage, 2003), esp. Chapter 6. Gallya Lahav, Immigration and politics in the new Europe: reinventing borders (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004). Channe Lindstrom, European Union policy on asylum and immigration addressing the root causes of forced migration: a justice and home affairs policy on freedom, security and justice?, Social Policy and Administration 39 (2005): 587-605. Fiorella DellOlio, Immigration and immigrant policy in Italy and the UK: is housing policy a barrier to a common approach towards immigration in the EU?, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 30 (2004): 107-128. Fiorella DellOlio, Immigration after Nice: from zero immigration to market necessity, and Jrg Monar, Decision-making in the area of freedom, security and justice, in Accountability and legitimacy in the European Union, edited by Anthony Arnull and Daniel Wincott (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002). Alan E. Kessler and Gary P. Freeman, Public opinion on immigration from outside the community, Journal of Common Market Studies 43 (2005): 825-850. Gallya Lahav and Anthony M. Messina, The limits of a European immigration policy: elite opinion and agendas within the European parliament, Journal of Common Market Studies 43 (2005): 851-876. Virginie Guiraudon, European integration and migration policy: vertical policy-making as venue shopping, Journal of Common Market Studies, 38 (2000): 251-271. Kay Hailbronner, Immigration and asylum law and policy of the European Union (The Hague: Kluwer, 2000). Jan Niessen and Elspeth Guild, The developing immigration and asylum policies of the EU (The Hague: Kluwer, 1996). Robert Miles and Dietrich Thranhardt, eds., Migration and European integration: the dynamics of inclusion and exclusion (London: Pinter, 1995). Andrew Geddes, Immigration and European integration: towards fortress Europe? (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000). 14. Policy output of the European Union [Pieter van Houten] Maria Green Cowles and Desmond Dinan, eds., Developments in the European Union 2 (London: Palgrave, 2004), selected chapters. Helen Wallace and William Wallace, eds., Policy-making in the European Union, 5th ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), selected chapters [or 4th ed. (2000), Chs 4, 5, 7, 9]. Articles on Internal policy developments in the annual reviews of Journal of Common Market Studies. Simon Hix, The political system of the European Union, 2nd ed. (London: Palgrave, 2005), Chs 8, 9 [or 1st ed., 1999]. Carsten Daugbjerg and Alan Swinbank, The CAP and EU enlargement: prospects for an alternative strategy to avoid the lock-in of CAP support, Journal of Common Market Studies, 42 (2004): 99-119. Mark A. Pollack, The end of creeping competence?: EU policy-making since Maastricht, Journal of Common Market Studies, 38 (2000): 519-538.
9

John Peterson and Elizabeth Bomberg, Decision-making in the European Union (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999), Chs 1, 3, 5, 6. Laura Cram, Desmond Dinan and Neill Nugent, eds., Developments in the European Union (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999), Chs 7-10. Neill Nugent, The government and politics of the European Union, 5th ed. (London: Palgrave, 2003), Chs 14, 16, 17 [or similar chapters in 6th ed., 2006]. Brigid Laffan, The finances of the European Union (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997). Giandomenico Majone, Regulating Europe (London: Routledge, 1996). Kenneth A. Armstrong and Simon J. Bulmer, The governance of the Single European Market (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998). Michelle Cini and Lee McGowan, Competition policy in the European Union (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998). Wyn Grant, The common agricultural policy (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997). Ian Bache, Politics of European Union regional policy (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1998). See the website of the European Union (europa.eu.int) for recent developments and reform proposals in the various policy areas. 15. EU and democracy [Fiorella DellOlio] Alex Warleigh, Democracy in the European Union: theory, practice and reform (London: Sage, 2003). Andrew Moravcsik, In defense of the democratic deficit: reassessing legitimacy in the European Union, Journal of Common Market Studies, 40 (2002): 603-623 [also published in Joseph H. Weiler, Iain Begg and John Peterson, eds., Integration in an expanding European Union (Oxford: Blackwell, 2003)]. Andreas Follesdal and Simon Hix, Why there is a democratic deficit in the EU: a response to Majone and Moravcsik, Journal of Common Market Studies 44 (2006): 533-562. Larry Siedentop, Democracy in Europe (London: Penguin, 2000). Philippe C. Schmitter, How to democratize the EU and why bother? (Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000). Ben Crum, Tailoring representative democracy to the European Union: does the European constitution reduce the democratic deficit? European Law Journal 11 (2005): 452-467. D. Heisenberg, The institution of consensus in the European Union: formal versus informal decision-making in the Council, European Journal of Political Research 44 (2005): 65-90. Paul Magnette, et al, Conclusion diffuse democracy in the European Union: the pathologies of delegation, Journal of European Public Policy 10 (2003): 834-840. Christophe Crombez, The democratic deficit in the European Union: much ado about nothing?, European Union Politics 4 (2003): 101-120. Frank Decker, Governance beyond the nation-state: reflection on the democratic deficit of the European Union, Journal of European Public Policy 9 (2002): 256-272. David Beetham and Christopher Lord, Legitimacy and the EU (London: Longman, 1998). 16. Constitutional project, future of the EU [Pieter van Houten] Paul Taggart, Question of Europe: the domestic politics of the 2005 French and Dutch referendums and their challenge for the study of European integration, Journal of Common Market Studies 44, annual review (2006): 7-25. Paul Magnette and Kalypso Nicoladis, The European Convention: bargaining in the shadow of rhetoric, West European Politics, 27, 3 (2004): 381-404. Ben Crum, Legislative-executive relations in the EU, Journal of Common Market Studies, 41 (2003): 375-395. Karlheinz Neureither, The European Union in Nice: a minimalist approach to a historic challenge, Government and Opposition, 36 (2001): 184-208. David Phinnimore, The Treaty establishing a constitution for Europe: an overview, European
10

Programme Briefing (available at www.riia.org/pdf/research/europe). Federal Trust newsletters and other material on the constitutional project (available at www.fedtrust.co.uk). Thomas Christiansen and Christine Reh, Constitutionalising the European Union (London: Palgrave, 2006). Yves Meny, The achievements of the Convention, Journal of Democracy 14, 4 (2003): 57-70. Laurent Cohen-Tanugi, The end of Europe?, Foreign Affairs (Nov/Dec 2005) Special issue on Europe after the non, Constellations, 13, 2 (2006). Andrew Moravscik, The European constitutional compromise and the neofunctionalist legacy, Journal of European Public Policy 12 (2005): 349-386.

Suggested essay questions for supervisions The numbers below correspond to the lectures. For further questions, see the Pol 7 exams in recent years. 1-2. Why was the European Economic Community formed? What explains the cyclical nature of European integration? The process of integration owes more to pragmatic politicians than federalist idealists. Discuss. Can the development of the European Union be explained by a single theory? Do intergovernmentalist or neofunctionalist theories provide the better account of the development of the European Union? Are relations between European institutions cooperative or antagonistic? Is the Council of Ministers primarily an instrument of national control over EU decisionmaking or a device to promote integration? The European Commission lacks the resources to be an effective administrative executive and lacks the legitimacy to be an effective political executive. Discuss. Has the European Parliament become more important in EU politics in recent years? Why has interest in European elections been so low? How has the European Court of Justice contributed to the process of European integration? What can account for the decision to pursue monetary integration? What are the political implications of the monetary union project for the EU? What contribution can the EU make to stability in the new security order? A genuinely common foreign and security policy and a common defense are inevitable and necessary consequences of European integration. Discuss. Is the EU a civilian power? Does EU enlargement lead to a stronger or weaker Europe? Did the latest EU enlargement necessitate institutional reform? What are the limits of EU expansion? How can the EU prevent and manage conflicts? How successful has the EU been in post-conflict reconstruction? What has prevented further cooperation among EU member states in justice and home affairs? What are the main challenges for the EU in justice and home affairs? Is the securization of European immigration policy inevitable? What are the prospects for a European immigration policy?
11

3.

4-7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

Is the European Union a regulatory state? Will the European Union be able to reform its redistributive policies? Why has CAP played such an important role in the development of the EU? What would constitute a democratic European Union? What does the democratic deficit in the European Union consist of? Why did the European constitutional project fail in 2005? Should European states pursue deeper integration?

15.

16.

II. EUROPEAN INTEGRATION AND DOMESTIC POLITICS [Pieter van Houten] Michaelmas, weeks 1-7 (Friday 9-10, Seminar Rm A, 17 Mill Lane); Lent, weeks 1-3 (Friday 9-10, Seminar Rm E, 17 Mill Lane) [10 lectures, one per week] 1. Introduction frameworks for analysis Simon Bulmer and Christian Lequesne, The member states of the European Union (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), Intro, Part I, IV. Maria Green Cowles, James A. Caporaso and Thomas Risse, eds., Transforming Europe: europeanization and domestic change (Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 2000). Gary Marks and Marco R. Steenbergen, eds., European integration and political conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004). Simon Hix, The political system of the European Union (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999), Ch 5 [or similar chapter in 2nd ed., 2005]. Kevin Featherstone and Claudio M. Radaelli, eds., The politics of Europeanization (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), especially Part I. Tanja A. Brzel, Pace-setting, foot-dragging, and fence-sitting; member state responses to Europeanization, Journal of Common Market Studies, 40 (2002): 193-214. Jeffrey J. Anderson, Europeanization and the transformation of the democratic polity, 1945-2000, Journal of Common Market Studies, 40 (2002): 793-822. Johan P. Olsen, The many faces of Europeanization, Journal of Common Market Studies, 40 (2002): 921-952. Europeanised politics?: European integration and national political systems, special issue of West European Politics 23, 4 (2000). Kenneth Dyson, ed., European states and the euro (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), Introduction, Chs 2, 3. The Europeanization of party politics, special issue of Party Politics, 8, 4 (2002). Paul Taggart, A touchstone of dissent: Euroscepticism in contemporary West European party systems, European Journal of Political Research, 33 (1998): 363-388. If students are interested in countries not explicitly covered in the following lectures, here are some references to get them started on these: Simon Bulmer and Christian Lequesne, The member states of the European Union (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), various country chapters. Carlos Closa and Paul M. Heywood, Spain and the European Union (London: Palgrave, 2004). Spain and Portugal in the European Union: the first fifteen years, special issue of South European Society and Politics, 8, 1-2 (2003). Gerda Falkner, How pervasive are Euro-politics?: effects of EU membership on a new member state, Journal of Common Market Studies, 38 (2000): 223-250 [on Austria]. Kenneth Hanf and Ben Soetendorp, eds., Adapting to European integration: small states and the European Union (London: Longman, 1998).
12

Lee Miles, ed., Sweden and the European Union evaluated (London: Continuum, 2000). 2. Britain and the EU (I) 3. Britain and the EU (II) Stephen George, An awkward partner: Britain in the European Community, 3rd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998). Ian Bache and Andrew Jordan, eds., The europeanization of British politics (London: Palgrave, 2006). Simon Bulmer and Christian Lequesne, eds., The member states of the European Union (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), chapter 6. Jim Buller, National statecraft and European integration 1979-1997 (London: Continuum, 2000). Jim Buller, Contesting europeanisation: agents, institutions and narratives in British monetary policy, West European Politics 29 (2006): 389-409. Alan S. Milward, The European rescue of the nation state, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge, 1999), Ch 7. Rolf Steininger, Great Britains first EEC failure in January 1963, Diplomacy and Statecraft, 7 (1996): 404-435. Hugo Young, This blessed plot: Britain and Europe from Churchill to Blair (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998). Anthony Forster, Euroscepticism in contemporary British politics: opposition to Europe in the Conservative and Labour parties since 1945 (London: Routledge, 2002). Russell Holden, The making of New Labours European policy (London: Palgrave, 2001). Mark Baimbridge, Brian Burkitt, and Philip Whyman, eds., The impact of the euro: debating Britains future (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999). Andy Musten and Brian Burkatt, European integration and the battle for British hearts and minds: New Labour and the euro, Political Quarterly, 74 (2003): 322-336. 4. France and the EU (I) [Emile Perreau-Saussine] 5. France and the EU (II) Helen Drake, ed., French relations with the European Union (London: Routledge, 2005). Simon Bulmer and Christian Lequesne, eds., The member states of the European Union (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), chapter 5.. Alain Guyomarch, Howard Machin and Ella Ritchie, France in the European Union (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998). Stanley Hoffman, French dilemmas and strategies in the new Europe, in After the cold war, edited by Robert Keohane, Joseph Nye and Stanley Hoffman (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1993). Alistair Cole and Helen Drake, The Europeanization of the French polity: continuity, change and adaptation, Journal of European Public Policy, 7 (2000): 26-43. Alain Guyomarch, The europeanisation of policy-making, in Developments in French politics 2, edited by Alain Guyomarch et al (London: Palgrave, 2001). Robert Ladrech, Europeanization of domestic politics and institutions: the case of France, Journal of Common Market Studies, 32 (1994): 69-88. Craig Parsons, Domestic interests, ideas and integration: the French case, Journal of Common Market Studies, 38 (2000): 45-70. Alistair Cole, National and partisan contexts of Europeanisation: the case of the French socialists, Journal of Common Market Studies, 39 (2001): 15-36. Andrea Szukala, France: the European transformation of the French model, in Fifteen into one?: the European Union and its member states, edited by Wolfgang Wessels, Andreas Maurer and Jrgen Mittag (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003). Anand Menon, Co-ordination of EU policy-making in France, in The national co-ordination of EU policy: the domestic level, edited by Hussein Kassim, B. Guy Peters and Vincent Wright (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000). David Howarth, The French state in the euro-zone: modernisation and legitimising dirigisme, in
13

European states and the euro, edited by Kenneth Dyson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002). Vivien A. Schmidt, Loosening ties that bind: the impact of European integration on French government and its relationship to business, Journal of Common Market Studies, 34 (1996): 223-254. 6. Germany and the EU (I) 7. Germany and the EU (II) Kenneth Dyson and Klaus Goetz, eds., Germany, Europe, and the politics of constraint (London: British Academy with Oxford University Press, 2003). Simon Bulmer and Christian Lequesne, eds., The member states of the European Union (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), chapter 4. Simon Bulmer, Charlie Jeffery and William E. Paterson, Germanys European diplomacy: shaping the regional milieu (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000). Kenneth Dyson, The Europeanisation of German governance, and William E. Paterson, Germany and Europe, in Developments in German politics 3, edited by Stephen Padgett, William E. Paterson and Gordon Smith (London: Palgrave, 2003). James Sperling, The foreign policy of the Berlin republic the very model of a post-modern major power?: a review essay, German Politics, 12, 3 (2003): 1-34. Charlie Jeffery and William Paterson, Germany and European integration: a shifting of tectonic plates, West European Politics, 26, 4 (2003): 59-75. Christian Schweiger, British-German relations in the European Union after the war on Iraq, German Politics, 13, 1 (2004): 35-55. Jeffrey Anderson, German unification and the union of Europe: the domestic politics of integration policy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). William Paterson, The German debate on the future of the European Union, in Accountability and legitimacy in the European Union, edited by Anthony Arnull and Daniel Wincott (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002). Karl Kalthenthaler, German interests in European monetary integration, Journal of Common Market Studies, 40 (2002): 69-87. Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., Tamed power: Germany in Europe (Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 1997), Chs 1-3. Andreas Maurer, Germany: fragmented structures in a complex system, in Fifteen into one?: the European Union and its member states, edited by Wolfgang Wessels, Andreas Maurer and Jrgen Mittag (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003). Simon Bulmer, Andreas Maurer and William Paterson, The European policy-making machinery in the Berlin republic: hindrance or hand-maiden?, German Politics, 10, 1 (2001): 217-242. Hans-Ulrich Derlien, German EU policy co-ordination: failing successfully?, in The national coordination of EU policy: the domestic level, edited by Hussein Kassim, B. Guy Peters and Vincent Wright (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000). Adrian Hyde-Price and Charlie Jeffery, Germany in the European Union: constructing normality, Journal of Common Market Studies, 39 (2001): 689-717. Kenneth Dyson, Germany and the euro: redefining EMU, handling paradox, and managing uncertainty and contingency, in European states and the euro, edited by Kenneth Dyson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002). Charles Lees, Dark matter: institutional constraints and the failure of party-based Euroscepticism in Germany, Political Studies, 50 (2002): 244-267. Thomas Banchoff, German identity and European integration, European Journal of International Relations, 5 (1999): 259-289. Rudolf Hrbek, The effects of EU integration on German federalism, in Recasting German federalism, edited by Charlie Jeffery (London: Pinter, 1999). Klaus H. Goetz, National governance and European integration: intergovernmental relations in Germany, Journal of Common Market Studies, 33 (1995): 91-116.

14

8. The newest member states of the EU Milada A. Vachudova, Europe undivided: democracy, leverage and integration after communism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004). Heather Grabbe, The EUs transformative power: europeanization through conditionality in Central and Eastern Europe (London: Palgrave, 2005). Karen Henderson, ed., Back to Europe: central and eastern Europe and the European Union (London: UCL Press, 1999). Heather Grabbe, The implications of EU enlargement, in Developments in central and east European politics 3, edited by Stephen White, Judy Batt and Paul G. Lewis (London: Palgrave, 2003). Karen Henderson, Developments in the applicant states, Journal of Common Market Studies, 41, annual review (2003): 157-172. Paul Taggart and Aleks Szczerbiak, Contemporary Euroscepticism in the party systems of the European Union candidate states of Central and Eastern Europe, European Journal of Political Research, 43 (2004): 1-27. John K. Glenn, From nation-states to member states: accession negotiations as an instrument of Europeanization, Comparative European Politics, 2 (2004): 3-28. Marcin Zabarowski and Kerry Longhurst, Americas protg in the east?: the emergence of Poland as regional leader, International Affairs, 79 (2003): 1009-1028. The enlarged European Union: diversity and adaptation, special issue of West European Politics, 25, 2 (2002). Renata Stawarska, EU enlargement from the Polish perspective, Journal of European Public Policy, 6, 5 (1999): 822-838. Anetta Caplanova, Marta Orviska and John Hudson, Eastern European attitudes to integration with Western Europe, Journal of Common Market Studies, 42 (2004): 271-288. Peter Kopecky and Cas Mudde, The two sides of Euroscepticism: party positions on European integration in East Central Europe, European Union Politics, 3 (2002): 297-326. Michael Baun et al, The europeanization of Czech politics: the political parties and the EU referendum, Journal of Common Market Studies 44 (2006): 249-280. Geoffrey Pridham, EU enlargement and consolidating democracy in post-communist states: formality and reality, Journal of Common Market Studies, 40 (2002): 953-973. Vello Pettai and Jan Zielonka, eds., The Road to the European Union, 2 vols. [vol 1: The Czech and Slovak Republics; vol 2: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania] (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003). James Hughes, Gwendolyn Sasse and Claire Gordon, Conditionality and compliance in the EUs eastward enlargement: regional policy and the reform of subnational government, Journal of Common Market Studies 42 (2004): 523-551. Special issue on accession referendums, West European Politics 27, n. 4 (2004). 9. The Western Balkans and the EU International Commission for the Balkans, The Balkans in Europes future (April 2005) [available at www.balkan-commission.org/activities/report.pdf]. Christian Pippan, The rocky road to Europe: the EUs stabilisation and association process for the Western Balkans and the principle of conditionality, European Foreign Affairs Review 9 (2004): 219-245. Morton Abramowitz and Heather Hurlburt, Can the EU hack the Balkans?: a proving ground for Brussels, Foreign Affairs (Sept/Oct 2002). Vladimir Gligorov, European partnership with the Balkans and Islam Yusufi, Europeanizing the Western Balkans through military and police missions: the cases of Concordia and Proxima in Macedonia, European Balkan Observer 2, 1 (2004) [available at www.wiiw.ac.at/balkan/files/EBO%203.pdf]. David Chandler, From Dayton to Europe, International Peacekeeping 12 (2005): 336-349. Gearoid OTuathail, Embedding Bosnia-Herzegovina in euro-atlantic structures: from Dayton to
15

Brussels, Eurasian Geography and Economics 46 (2005): 51-67. Richard Caplan, The European Communitys recognition of new states in Yugoslavia: the strategic implications, Journal of Strategic Studies 21, 3 (1998): 24-45. Geoffrey Pridham, EU accession dynamics and democratisation in CEE: past and future perspectives, Government and Opposition 41 (2006): 373-400. Leeda Demetropoulou, Europe and the Balkans: membership aspiration, EU involvement and Europeanization capacity in South Eastern Europe, Southeast European Politics 3, 2-3 (2002): 87-106 [available at www.seep.ceu.hu/archives/issue33/demetropoulou.pdf]. Judy Batt, ed., The Western Balkans: Moving On, ISS-EU Chaillot Papers 70 (2004), esp. chapter 8 [available at www.iss-eu.org/chaillot/chai70.pdf]. 10. Conclusions framework revisited See reading list for lecture 1 in this section.

Suggested essay questions for supervisions The numbers below correspond to the lectures. For further questions, see last years Pol 7 exam. 1-13. Answer the following questions with reference to one or more of the states discussed in this section of the paper: Have national political systems been successfully adapted to European integration? Has European integration changed the domestic balance of power between the executive and legislative branches of government? When does European integration become a contested issue in domestic party politics? Is efficient domestic policy co-ordination necessary to be influential in the EU? Discuss some concrete examples of how European integration has given rise to domestic change, and the role of national political actors in this. To what extent has European integration weakened European nation states? Is it possible for the British government to pursue a coherent and effective European policy? What explains the British ambiguous attitude towards the European Union? To what extent has France been able to shape the EU? What factors have constrained or facilitated the Europeanisation of the French policy making process and/or political system? Has Germany gained or lost influence in the EU since its reunification? How has European integration influenced economic policy making and/or federalism in Germany? Are the newest member states be influential actors in the EU? What were the main consequences for the central and east European states of the accession negotiations with the EU? Is the possibility of EU membership sufficient to maintain reforms in Western Balkan states?

2-3.

4-5.

6-7.

8.

9.

III. REVISION CLASSES [Pieter van Houten]

Easter, weeks 2 and 4 Wednesday 9-11, Seminar Rm E, 17 Mill Lane (9 and 23 May) These classes will summarise the main aspects of the paper, and provide an opportunity for students to

16

ask questions about any aspect of the paper.

Long (5,000-word) essays

Students can write two 5,000-word essays for this paper and be examined on them rather than sit an exam at the end of the year. The first essay needs to be submitted in the first week of Lent term; the second essay in the first week of Easter term. Students wishing to do this option need to notify the course organiser as soon as possible. He will arrange appropriate supervisors for the selected questions. Students can expect a maximum of three supervisions for each essay. These essays should answer two of the following questions:

1 2

Why have states in the European Union decided to pool (some of) their sovereignty? To what extent can European Union institutions act against the interests of member states? What has been the role of the European Court of Justice in the process of European integration? How effective is the European Unions foreign and security policy? Why is the European Union pursuing further enlargement? When does European integration lead to domestic change? Discuss with reference to one or more member states. Which interests are served by Britains membership of the European Union? Has the influence of the Franco-German axis in the European Union decreased? If so, how have France and/or Germany reacted to this?

4 5 6

7 8

Further reading
Students are very much encouraged to look at further and especially very recent material on the topics of their interest. There is plenty of literature on the EU and European integration. The indicated readings provide a good introduction to the various themes and issues, but usually only scratch the surface of the available literature. It should not be hard to find further readings for each of the discussed topics (alternatively, ask lecturers and supervisors for references). It is recommended to browse journals to look for further material. The most prominent journal focusing on European integration is Journal of Common Market Studies. Other journals focusing almost exclusively on aspects of European integration are European Foreign Affairs Review, European Union Politics, Journal of European Public Policy, and Journal of European Integration. Further journals that may feature articles on aspects of European integration are West European Politics, International Affairs, German Politics, European Journal of Political Research, Comparative European Politics, International Organization, Comparative Political Studies, World Politics, British Journal of Political Science, Government and Opposition, Party Politics, European Journal of International Relations, Political Studies, Journal of Politics, and American Political Science Review. Finally, the website for this paper provides links to news sources and sites with further information on the politics of European integration (e.g. the EU website, and website of research institutes).

17