ARC 2413 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE The University of Texas at San Antonio Dr.

Roff

STUDY GUIDE As students of the history of architecture, you must learn how to think like an architect/designer. When doing your weekly reading, keep the following questions in mind. This will prevent you from getting lost in the sea of information, and you will learn how to discern the important points regarding a work of art or architecture. Not all the questions will apply to every work you study, but many will. Questions of context: How old is it? Who designed it? Who paid for it? Where was it located? What was it used for? (What was its function?) Questions of formal analysis What is its material? (What is it constructed of?) How was it constructed? What is its form? What is its style? Does it have a symbolic meaning for this culture? Does its form reflect some aspect of its cultural/religious/political/economic context?

Keys to success in class: Always come to lecture and take detailed notes. Do the reading for each week before the class meets. You will understand the lecture better, and the material will be reinforced in your memory. The Mini-quizzes also reinforce the process of learning. Look up additional views of buildings not included in your textbook or library reserve photocopies. These can be found in books on library reserve and on www.greatbuildings.com Dont hesitate to come and talk with me during my office hours. How to prepare for an exam 1) Know the definitions for the key terms given at the beginning of class each lecture. They will show up as part of the multiple choice, true/false, and you must be able to use them intelligently in an essay. 2) Make flash cards or note-pages on each important building/work of art that include: An image: a diagram, doodle, sketch, photocopied image or just simply write the page number of where to find the image in your reading. Know the design of the work---its form and details---so that you can recognize any slide of that particular building/work of art.

All the information from lecture on that work Additional important information from your reading on that work The key terms from lecture that apply to that particular work

3) For each work of art/architecture be able to: Identify the title of the work and the culture from which it comes, ie. Egyptian, Roman, Islamic, Romanesque, Gothic, etc. Explain how you know the work comes from that particular culture. What characteristics make it distinctive from others? For example, Romanesque art/architecture tends to look like..whereas, the art/architecture of the Gothic period is more. Be able to discuss the function/purpose of the work of art or architecture Be able to discuss the works materials and method of construction, if covered in lecture or in your weekly reading

QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT WHILE YOU ARE READING, ACCORDING TO CULTURAL REGION / PERIOD Prehistory What were the earliest dwellings of prehistoric nomadic people constructed of? How were Neolithic dwellings different? What are the component parts of a passage grave? Which features of the houses at atal Hyk are strikingly different from houses today? Define the terms megalithic and post and lintel. How were these megaliths transported and erected in place? Define menhir and cromlech. If a cromlech is not composed of menhirs, what is it composed of (in other words, what is its structural system)? Where were most cromlechs constructed (at least that we know of)? Describe the arrangement of the architectural elements of Stonehenge (Where is each element located and why is it there). What was interesting about the bluestones? What is the structural system of Stonehenge? Why was the Heel Stone important? List three functions that Stonehenge may have served.

The Ancient Near East What was King Hammurabi renowned for? What was the fundamental construction material of the Sumerians living in Mesopotamia and how did this material affect the design of their buildings? What were cone mosaics? Describe the architectural characteristics and function of the ziggurat. What was the symbolic purpose of the ziggurat? How would you describe the character or style of Mesopotamian architecture? What kind of sculptural figures guarded the main entrance gate into the Assyrian city of Khorsabad? How is the style of Neobabylonian architecture described? In architectural terms, how was the city of Neobabylonia defended? Describe the Ishtar Gate (construction material, decoration and defensive features) and why this entrance into the city was important. What was King Nebuchadnezzars palace most famous for? Try to envision what this special feature must have looked like. Of what materials was the city of Persepolis constructed? Who was responsible for its construction? What were the three principle parts of the site? What was the cookie-cutter style and why was it employed? What were the architectural characteristics of the Hall of Hundred Columns and what was its function? Describe the components of the columns.

Ancient Egypt Why was the physical setting of Egypt important to the design of its architecture? List at least two reasons. Mummification was invented to preserve the body as a permanent container for the soul in its afterlife. What form of architecture was created to serve this same purpose? Describe the characteristics of the mastaba and define its function (purpose). Describe how the form of the stepped pyramid at Saqarra emerged from an earlier mastaba. Who was the patron (who paid for it) and the architect (who designed it) of this stepped pyramid? Define the term half-column and find them in figure 1-18. This half-column is also called an engaged column because it is carved out from, or engaged to, a wall. The author describes Egyptian architecture as imitating natural forms. Where do you see evidence of this in the pictures provided of Egyptian architecture? How do archeologists believe the great stones of Khufus pyramid at Giza were raised into position? Where was the pharoah buried within this pyramid? What was the symbolic or metaphorical purpose of the pyramid? Where was the mortuary temple for the pyramid at Giza located and what was guarding the pharoahs tomb? (Skip forward momentarily to the section called Mortuary Temples to answer this). Describe the design of a rock-cut tomb. (Sepulchral means burial). To whom was the Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut dedicated? Where was Queen Hatshepsut buried? What are its basic architectural characteristics? What architectural features did Old Kingdom funerary complexes (ie. pyramid at Giza) have in common with New Kingdom ones (ie. Temple of Amun at Karnak)? What do they NOT share in common? Draw a diagram of a pylon from the front and from the side. What was the function of the pylon? Define the hypostyle hall and find it within the plan of Karnak in figure 1-32. Describe the physical characteristics and the function of an obelisk. What are the two types of columns seen at Karnak? Define the term clerestory.

Precolumbian Where were the ballgames held and how were they played? Where is Mesoamerica? What were the key architectural features of the Olmec site at La Venta and what was the major material used in construction (and sculpture)? What material made the city of Teotihuacan wealthy? How is the city organized (where are the buildings located in space and why)? How is the Temple of the Feathered Serpent similar to and different from the Mesopotamian Ziggurat and the Egyptian Stepped Pyramid? How was the design of the city of Tikal similar and different from that of Teotihuacan? Describe the architectural components of Temple 1 at Tikal and how it was constructed. Why does this temple have nine levels? What is a Mayan stela? Where is the roof comb and what was its purpose? What are the two major structures at Palenque? In which was Lord Pacal buried? Who were the mound-builders and where did they live?

Ancient Greece Describe the terms megaron, cella and peripteral. What were the three classical orders? Describe the features of the Doric column (including its capital). (Figures 2-6 and 2-7 can serve as a visual reference). Define the term entablature. Study the tryglyphs and metopes in colorplate 7. Where was relief sculpture located on the Greek temple? Find the cella and peripteral columns in the plan of figure 2-9. What was the primary function of the Acropolis? Who designed the Parthenon? Where was the enormous statue of Athena housed? What was the ideal rule for laying out the columns of the Parthenon in plan? Identify this feature in the plan of the building shown in figure 2-13. Study the optical refinements made to the Parthenon as presented on pp. 98-99 and in figures 2-17, 2-18a and 218b. Make a list of these refinements and define the term entasis. Describe the basic features of the ionic column and note where one can find this type of column on the Acropolis. Where can one find caryatid columns? Describe the design of the Propylaea: Where is it located on the Acropolis? Which architectural orders are used? What is its function? What was the Pinakotheke? In terms of planning a sacred site, what differences can be seen between Egyptian and Greek attitudes? Describe the basic features of the corinthian column.

The Roman Empire Compare the plan of the Etruscan temple in figure 3-3 to a plan of a Greek temple in the previous chapter. Note the similarities and differences of their design. Define the Tuscan order. How did the materials and decoration of the Etruscan temple differ from Greek temples? Name and describe the two types of Etruscan tombs. How were Roman building materials different from those used in other regions? What new material did they develop? What was the most important design feature in Roman architecture? Why were the Greek orders important to the Romans? What was facadism? Define the true arch. What are the fundamental elements which make up an arch (one term)? What is centering? Why is the keystone important? What was the advantage of the relieving arch? Define in your own words what a barrel vault is. What was the groin vault (also called the cross vault) and why was it created? What is the recipe for Roman concrete? What was the advantage of using concrete over natural stone? Define opus reticulatum in your own words by looking at figure 3-17. What were concrete walls covered with and why? What were the architectural components of the aqueduct and how did it move water through the landscape? How did bridges differ from aqueducts? What was the function of the Porticus Aemilia? What was the structural form of this building? Study the following building types in terms of the question of context and analysis presented on the first page of the study guide: the theater, amphitheater, bath, temple, and triumphal arch. Also describe the design of the plans and the structural system of the Temple of Fortuna Virilis, the Colosseum, the Pantheon, the Forum of Trajan, and the Basilica at Trier. Define the Roman castrum and describe its component parts. Compare the design of a Roman insula to a typical Roman house as might be seen in Pompeii. Describe the design of the Palace of Diocletian as seen on p.155 and in figures 3-86 and 3-87. Which features were borrowed from the Roman castrum? What was the architectural form and the function of the Mausoleum of Hadrian?

Early Christian What was function of the Roman titulus and the catacomb? Why did Constantine make Christianity the state religion of the Roman empire in the 4th century? To where did he move his capital? Describe the design of the Early Christian church and why it was different from the ancient temple (how did their function differ?). Using the text and figures 4-3 and 4-4 describe the architectural features of Old Saint Peters in Rome. Be able to match the terms used for the building in the text with the plan in figure 4-4. Study the photograph of Santa Maria Maggiore, an Early Christian church in Rome, seen in figure 4-9. Note the basic features of the basilica plan in this photo. Looking at figure 4-4 again, which architectural components of its design imitate earlier Roman forms? Who built Saint Peters and what was the buildings function? What other forms of Roman architecture were adapted for the new Christian buildings? What was the function of the Mausoleum of Constantina (Santa Constanza)? Draw a plan for this building based on what you can see in figure 4-10. Label each architectural feature of the buildings plan according to a few terms given in the text on p. 165. What is the structural system of the building?

Byzantine Architecture Which Byzantine emperor had the greatest impact on the design of architecture of this culture? Where did he live and what modern day region does that city now belong to? Comparing pictures of Roman and Byzantine architecture: They are very similar in structural form. In what ways do they differ? What basic geometric forms are used and how? How does a centralized church differ from a basilica? What are the two types of church plans in Byzantine architecture and how do they differ from each other? In Hagia Sophia, how did the architects create a centralized church with a longitudinal axis? (Hint: study the plan as well as the reading.) In the Hagia Sophia, how did the architects create the illusion of a floating dome? How do squinches and pendentives make it possible for a circular dome to rest on a square space? What function does an ambulatory serve in a centralized church? How do blind arches and windows contribute to the exterior surfaces of the Church of the Holy Apostles in Salonika, Greece or Hosios Lukos in Phocis, Greece. (Hint: Study the picture, the book doesnt give you the answer.) What wall surface treatment is commonly seen in Byzantine interiors? In Byzantine architecture mosaics, windows and domes are used to create an ethereal effect on the interior of centralized churches. How does the placement of these features reflect the philosophical writings of PseudoDyonisius?

Islamic Architecture What are some building types unique to Islamic architecture? Are there any that have been adapted from previous architectural precedents? How is space used differently in an Islamic mosque than a Christian church? What function does a mosque serve? How is a mosque oriented? Is a mosque organized in a specific way, if so how? What role does a mihrab serve in a mosque? What Christian building element does it resemble? How does it differ? What is the main planning advantage to a hypostyle congregational mosque? How could regional materials affect the look of a traditional Islamic building? What is the appeal of a quibla iwan in a climate such as Irans? How do Islamic domes differ from Roman domes? Do Islamic architects try to express or reveal the structure of their buildings? Why or why not?

Architecture in India What were the fundamental characteristics of the design of an Indian stupa? Compare these features to the Buddhist rock-cut halls. What rituals and religious symbols are expressed in the design of the stupa? How is this similar or different from Buddhist rock-cut halls? What is the function/purpose of the architectural sculpture of the stupa? How does the Hindu temple differ in function from the Buddhist stupa? What are the similar and different architectural components of the northern and southern-style Hindu temples? Be able to distinguish between the two in photographs. What structural system is most commonly used in Indian architecture?

Architecture in China and Japan Where were early examples of monumental seated Buddhas most often found in China? During what period was Buddhism first developed in China? Which building was the first important religious structure for Buddhism in China? Draw a plan of the Nanchan Temple using the bay system. How did the Chinese pagoda evolve architecturally from the Indian stupa? What was the function of the Ise Shrine? What is the function of the Horyu-ji Temple and each of its buildings? What is a reliquary? Describe the composition of the Shaka Triad. Who is in the center and what figures do you think are to the side? (Make an educated guess). Which architectural features of the Byodo-in Temple resemble a phoenix and why? Do you think Boddhisattvas necessary in Pure Land Buddhism? Why or why not? How do you think the joined-wood method of sculpture might be applied to Japanese architectural design? Looking at each of the examples provided in your reading, what are the best descriptive characteristics of Japanese architecture?

Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture Who is the Carolingian Empire named for and where did he rule? What advances did he make architecturally? What functions socially and economically did a monastery serve? How is a Romanesque church oriented and why? What kind of facilities did a monastery have and why? (Remember this was before grocery stores.) Why would the monastery at Cluny be considered the perfect monastery? (Compare its plan with that of the plan of St. Gall.) What are the basic differences in design between a Carolingian/Ottonian church and a Romanesque one? Why might a basilica-plan church require multiple apses and altars? What function did sculpture serve in Romanesque churches? How might a holy relic benefit a monastery or church? What changes were made to the plan of Saint Foy in Conques, France? Why? Did these changes contribute to future Romanesque churches? Why might a vaulted stone roof be better than a wooden roof in a Romanesque church? Compare the interior of Durham Cathedral in England with pictures of other Romanesque churches in your book. What is different? What is the same? How would you define this regional style? How does San Miniato al Monte reflect Classical ideas? (Compare with Roman forms.)

Gothic Architecture What role does the rib serve in Gothic vaulting? What was Abbot Sugers main objective in re-designing the church of Saint-Denis? Which architectural features did he change to accomplish this objective? How are Gothic architectural features different from Romanesque design? How is space in a Gothic church treated differently from a Romanesque church? Compare and contrast the interior nave elevations of Sens and Laon cathedrals. Can you locate the structural elements described in the text in the photographs provided? What is the difference between a wall buttress and a flying buttress? Draw a diagram of the composition of the west (front) faade of Chartres cathedral. Why do the two towers look different? When Chartres was rebuilt after the fire, what innovations were made to its design by the architect? Look at the interior photograph of the nave of Chartres cathedral. Can you outline (with your finger or a pencil) the quadripartite vault within one bay? How is a stained glass window made? How were the cathedrals at Chartres and Amiens paid for? How is Amiens different from Chartres architecturally? Compare the design of the west faade of Reims cathedral to that of Chartres. What do they have in common? How are the architectural elements arranged/composed differently? What were the many functions of the Saint-Chapelle? How would you describe the Rayonnant style? Looking at the interior of the Saint-Chapelle, note the architectural details supporting this description. How would you describe the Flamboyant style? Find these architectural details in the west faade of the Church of Saint-Maclou.