Chapter 12 Motivation and Work

Physiological readiness Sexual Disorders- problems that consistently impair sexual arousal or functioning In Men Premature ejaculation- ejaculation before they or their partners wish Impotence- inability to have or maintain erection In Women Orgasmic disorder- infrequent or absent orgasms Sexual Orientation- an enduring sexual attraction toward members of wither ones own gender (homosexual orientation) or the other gender (heterosexual orientation) Sexually explicit material may lead people to perceive their partners ascomparatively less appealing and to devalue their relationships. Sexually coercive material tends to increase viewers acceptance of rape andviolence toward women. In combination with the internal hormonal push and the external pull of sexualstimuli, fantasies (imagined stimuli) influence sexual arousal. The stimuli inside our headsour imaginationcan influence sexual arousal anddesire. hormones PYY- fullness hormone secreted by digestive tract Ghrelin- hunger hormone secreted by empty stomach

Orexin- hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus Leptin- protein secreted by fat cells; increases metabolism Insulin- controls blood glucose secreted by pancreas Adolescent Sexuality Adolescents physical maturation fosters a sexual dimension to their emergingidentity, but rates of teen intercourse vary from culture to culture. In the twentieth century increased teen sexual activity in North America wasreflected in increased rates of adolescent pregnancies. teen pregnancy 1/3 of sexually active teen males use condoms regularly American teens have less sex than Euro. teens, but use less contraception, andso have more babies and abortions TJ 5 reasons people don't use contraceptives: 1. ignorance 2. guilt related to sexual activity 3. minimum communication about birth control (awkward conversation!) 4. alcohol use (too drunk to remember) 5. mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity Sexually Transmitted Infections STIssexually transmitted infections, such as the human papilloma virus, AIDS,and othershave spread rapidly.

People under the age of 25 accounts for two-thirds of such infections, and teenagegirls seem especially vulnerable because of their less mature bodies and lower levels of protective antibodies. Attempts to protect teens through comprehensive sex-education programs includea greater emphasis on teen abstinence. High intelligence, religiosity, father presence and participation in service learning programs tend to be predictors of teen sexual restraint. Sexual Orientation Sexual orientationan enduring sexual attraction toward members of either onesown sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation). Studies indicate that about 3 or 4 percent of men and 1 or 2 percent of women arehomosexual, and that sexual orientation is enduring. Research does not support cause-effect links between homosexuality and any of the following; A childs relationships with parents, father-absent homes, fear or hatred of peopleof the other gender, childhood sexual experiences, peer relationship, or datingexperiences. Evidence supporting the likelihood of a biological component of homosexuality isfound in studies of same-sex behavior in several hundred species, straight-gaydifferences in body and brain characteristics, genetic studies of family membersand twins, and the effect of exposure to certain hormones during critical periodsof prenatal development. The cell cluster was reliably larger in heterosexual men than I women andhomosexual men. Achievement Motivation- a desire for significant accomplishment For mastery of things, people, or ideas For attaining a high standard McClelland and Atkinson believed fantasies would reflect achievement concerns TJ

 Intrinsic Motivation- desire to perform a behavior for its own sake or to beeffective Extrinsic Motivation- desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology- sub-field of psychology that studiesand advises on workplace behavior I/O Psychologists-help organizations select and train employees, boost moraleand productivity, and design products and assess responses to them Task Leadership- goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work,and focuses attention on goals Social Leadership-group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediatesconflict, and offers support Theory X Assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money Should be directed from above Theory Y Assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieveself-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity