blood cells+ plasma

blood smear: May-Grünwald-Giemsa staining

cell types:
red blood cells (erythrocytes)
white blood cells (leukocytes)
platelets (thrombocytes)
all cell types are formed in the bone marrow
7,5 m in diameter, biconcave-shaped
Special membrane structure- deform readily
in the mature cell there are no cell organelles and
nucleus
reticulocyte- immature form, ribosomes (Cresyl blue
staining)
normal value: 4,5-5,5 million/ l
function: oxygen transport- haemoglobin
2-3 m in diameter
no cell nucleus
cytoplasm fragments (megakaryocyte)
granules: coagulation factors, fibrinogen,
plazminogen, PDGF, serotonin, histamine, ADP,
hydrolytic enzymes etc.
normal value: 150.000-300.000/mm3
function: haemostasis
function: protection against foreign antigens/
bacteria, viruses etc., clearing away dead cells
(phagocyte)
normal value: 6000-10.000/mm3
perform their function mainly in the connective
tissue
groups: granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes
 I. GRANULOCYTES
1. Neutrophil granulocyte
12-14 m in diameter, most common type
60-70% of leukocytes
highly lobulated nucleus with narrow cromatin bridges
cytoplasmic granules:
azurophilic granules: round shape, contains hydrolytic
enzymes, myeloperoxidase, defensine
specific granules: alkaline phosphatase , collagenase,
phospholipase, lizozime, fagocitine
8-10 hour in circulation connective tissue
the most effective phagocyte cell
neutrophil granulocyte

18. blood smear (MGG)

large lymphocyte

neutrophil granulocytes

18. blood smear, MGG

 2. Eosinophil granulocyte

14-16 m in diameter
bilobed nucleus, eosinophil granules
2-4 % of leukocytes
granules:
acidophilic granules: MBP, ECP, EPO, EDN
azurophilic granules: lysosomes
function: defence against parazites, allergy
eosinophilia: increased numbers of circulating
eosinophils
 monocyte

small lymphocyte

neutrophil granulocyte

eosinophil granulocyte
 small lymphocyte

eosinophil granulocyte

neutrophil granulocyte

18. blood smear, MGG

 3. Basophil granulocyte

Loose cromatine structure, bilobed U or J -

shaped nucleus obscured by numerous granules
13-15 m in diameter
0,5-1% of leukocytes
granules:
specific: basophil- covers the nucleus, histamine,
SRS-A, heparin-sulphate/ metachromasia
azurophilic: lysosomes
function: allergic reaction- anaphylaxis
basophil granulocyte
basophil granulocyte
largest of the white cells (15-20 m)
4-6% of lekocytes
eccentrically placed, large, bean-shaped nucleus,
nucleoli may be visible
further differentiation in peripheral tissues
(macrophag)
mononuclear phagocyte system: Kupffer-cells,
microglia, Langerhans cells, alveolar
macrophages, osteoclasts
monocyte
monocyte
20-30% of leukocytes
small lymphocytes: 90%, round densely stained
nucleus, narrow cytoplasm margin
large lymphpcytes: 10%, larger nucleus and
cytoplasm margin
two groups: T and B-lymphocyte
large granular lymphocytes (NK-cells)
large lymphocyte
large lymphocyte
flat bones (vertebrae, costae, sternum, ala ossis ilii)
5-8% of body weight
stroma: reticular connective tissue, reticulum cells
cells: haemopoietic cells, macrophages, adipocytes
sinuses (endothel+ dicontinuous basement
membrane)
0,02-0,05% of bone marrow cells
pluripotent cells
proliferation+ differentiation
origin: liver, spleen (embryo) bone marrow
proliferation:
HSC
progenitor cells
 periosteum

red bone marrow enchondral

ossification
megakaryocyte
megakaryocytes

19. medulla ossium rubra, HE