UNITED STATES NAVAL ACADEMY

Duty. Honor. Loyalty.

Character development and training

Class of 2015,

2011-2012 Edition

Welcome to the academic year and the next phase of your professional development. An integral part of the training that you will receive as a plebe and later teach as an upperclassmen is the Character Development and Training program. This program will introduce you to a working knowledge of the Navy and Marine Corps missions, organization and capabilities. Additionally, you will have the opportunity to explore an in depth view of the Honor Concept of Midshipmen and understand how honor is at the core of what we do, both here at the Academy and in the Fleet. The purpose of this manual is to provide the information you need to gain a better understanding of the big picture of the Navy and Marine Corps mission, and organization, as well as a thorough knowledge of the values and high standards that set this institution apart from any other. Take pride in learning this information. Good luck in the challenges that you are about to face! Respectfully, The Brigade Training Staff Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Date Exam date Professional Topic 22 Aug-26 Aug 26 Aug Watch Standing 29 Aug- 02 Sep 02 Sep Military Customs and Courtesies *06 Sep-09 Sep 09 Sep Naval Academy Uniforms 12 Sep-17 Sep 17 Sep Guiding Principles for the Brigade of Midshipmen 19 Sep-23 Sep 23 Sep United States Naval Academy History ------------------ACADEMIC RESERVE PERIOD ----------------03 Oct-07 Oct 07 Oct Naval Service Mission and Organization *11 Oct-14 Oct 14 Oct U.S. Naval Service Enlisted 17 Oct-21Oct 21 Oct USMC History and Traditions 24 Oct-28Oct 28Oct USMC Personnel, Training, and Individual Weapons ------------------ACADEMIC RESERVE PERIOD-----------------07 Nov-10 Nov **10 Nov Warfare Communities and Mission Areas 18 Nov END OF SEMESTER EXAM 09 Jan-13 Jan 13 Jan Surface Warfare *17 Jan-20 Jan 20 Jan Undersea Warfare 23 Jan-27 Jan 27 Jan Air Warfare 30 Jan-03Feb 03 Feb Strike Warfare 06 Feb-10 Feb 10 Feb USMC Structure and Organization *21 Feb-24 Feb 24 Feb USMC Operations and Platforms ------------------ACADEMIC RESERVE PERIOD-----------------27 Feb-02 Mar 02 Mar Special Warfare 05 Mar-08 Mar **08 Mar Explosive Ordinance Disposal 19 Mar-23 Mar 23 Mar Restricted Line / Staff Corps Officers 26 Mar-30 Mar 30 Mar Computer Network Operations 16 Apr-20Apr Professional Review Boards

Notes: 1. Come-arounds will focus on teaching and instructing plebes with an emphasis on preparation for the Friday knowledge exams. Come-arounds will be held from 0630-0700 Monday through Friday. The period following noon meal and from 1915-1945 are the alternative come-around period for athletes with morning workouts. The knowledge exams will be administered on Friday from 1915-2000. 2. Dates keyed with a star (*) denote Monday holidays/observed holidays. For these weeks, Third Class come-arounds will take place Tuesday and Wednesday, Second Class on Thursday, and First Class on Friday. 3. Dates keyed with two stars (**) denote a Friday holiday. For these weeks 3/C come-arounds will take place on Monday and Tuesday, 2/C on Wednesday, and 1/C on Thursday. The exam will be administered on Thursday from 1915-2000.

WEEK 1: WATCH STANDING I. Watch Standing and Security

One of your first duties at the Academy and one that will stay with you the rest of your naval career, will be the watch. The importance of this duty both in the Fleet and here at the Academy cannot be overemphasized; therefore, one of the purposes of the Naval Academy watch organization is to indoctrinate you in this important duty. The Watch has many purposes. Specifically, the Bancroft Hall Watch Organization serves to: 1. Provide a Chain of Command within the Hall 24 hours a day, responsible to the Commandant for handling emergencies and executing the Plan of the Day. 2. Provide security within Bancroft Hall. 3. Introduce Midshipmen to watch standing and to the Personnel Qualification System. 4. Empower Midshipmen to lead the Brigade. 5. Provide consistency on a daily basis. 6. Improve accountability. 7. Provide leadership opportunities for all classes 8. Provide a watch structure that is adaptable to daily requirements. 9. Improve the Bancroft Hall professional environment.

II. General Orders

Though often quoted, the General Orders are not often discussed. Review the following orders and think about how they relate to your watch positions with in the Brigade. What implications do they have to your duties as Company Mate of the Deck, as Main Officer Messenger, as AT/FP personnel? 1. To take charge of this post and all government property in view. 2. To walk my post in a military manner, keeping always on the alert and observing everything that takes place within sight or hearing. 3. To report all violations of orders I am instructed to enforce. 4. To repeat all calls from posts more distant from the guardhouse than my own. 5. To quit my post only when properly relieved. 6. To receive, obey, and pass on to the sentry who relieves me all orders from the commanding officer, officer of the day, and officers and non-commissioned officers of the guard only. 7. To talk to no one except in the line of duty. 8. To give the alarm in case of fire or disorder. 9. To call the commander of the relief in any case not covered by instructions. 10. To salute all officers, and all colors and standards not cased. 11. To be especially watchful at night, and during the time of challenging, to challenge all persons on or near my post and to allow no one to pass without proper authority.

III. General Guidance

Midshipmen on watch are responsible for the security and safety of the Brigade of Midshipmen. They are responsible for the smart and timely execution of the daily routine prescribed by the Deputy Commandant in the Plan of the Day. Midshipmen on watch shall remain alert and conduct their duties in a highly professional manner. The Naval Academy is one of the most highly visible commands in the U.S. Navy. For this reason, the highest degree of professionalism is expected during watch. Midshipmen on watch are responsible for maintaining high standards of smartness and cleanliness in Bancroft Hall and all associated high visibility areas. Deficiencies are to be either reported or corrected immediately whenever observed.

Most of the watches in the Navy are of 4 hours duration. Normally, watches start on the even hours, such as 0400, 0800, or 1200. However, you should arrive at your station at least 15 minutes ahead of time to receive any pertinent information from the person you are relieving. Regardless of the type of watch you stand, observe proper military bearing. Proper grooming standards and uniform standards and appearance are a must. Stand your watch in strict adherence to the eleven general orders of the sentry. Know the chain of command as it relates to watch standing. If there is an emergency, its important to know who and when to call.

IV. The Deck Log

Probably the most important log you will maintain is the deck log. The basic requirements for maintaining the deck log are contained in the U. S. Navy Regulations and Standard Organization and Regulations of the U.S. Navy. The deck log is a complete daily record of every event of importance or interest about the crew and the operation and safety of the unit. A deck log has both historical importance and legal standing. At times, it may be used in naval, admiralty, and civil courts. In an incident involving the unit, the log may be the only available evidence on which to base a legal decision. At sea, the ships deck log is kept by the quartermaster of the watch (QOOW). In-port, chronological entries are made by the officer of the watch (OOW) or their designated watchstanders, in our case the Midshipman Officer of the Watch, the Midshipmen in Charge of Main Office, the Main Officer Messengers, or Company Mates of the Deck. All entries are handwritten using a black, ball-point pen. Entries must be neat and legible. Use only standard navy phraseology. Because the log may be used as evidence in legal proceedings, do not erase an entry. If you make a mistake, draw a single line through the original entry (so that it remains legible), insert the correct entry, and place your initials in the margin. As CMOD, the following are entries that are always recorded: 1. The arrival and final departure that day of the Company Officer and Company Senior Enlisted. 2. The arrival and departure of any Battalion Officer, the Deputy Commandant of Midshipmen, the Commandant of Midshipmen, or an officer senior to the Commandant of Midshipmen. 3. Assuming and relieve of the watch. Signature of the off going watch stander is required. 4. Any injuries occurring on deck. 5. The Company Duty Officer whenever relieved. 6. Log the time that the following make their round of inspection in and about the deck: The Officer of the Watch, Assistant officer of the Watch, Midshipman Officer of the Watch, Staff Duty Officer, Company Duty Officer or Assistant Company Duty Officer. 7. Results of CMOD tours of the deck. 8. Messages sent from main office or general announcements of concern to the company.

V. Bancroft Hall Watch Organization

One Duty Section, divided by class, will be assigned duty each day of the semester, as promulgated by the 1st Regimental Adjutant at the beginning of the semester. All weekday duty days will be 24 hours in duration. A weekend duty period runs from 0600 Friday until 0600 Monday. In the event of a long weekend, the duty section assigned will extend to cover the Monday, turning over the duty at 0600 on Tuesday. Daily 0800 Reports will be prepared and submitted for each weekend day. All personnel assigned to the days duty section, whether standing a posted watch or in a standby status, are not authorized liberty. Yard liberty may be granted by the CDO, and a person on Yard liberty must sign out in the Company Duty Log, stating where they are going and how they can be reached. Yard liberty will be within the gated area. Activities which take place off the yard (e.g. golf, sailing, town runs) are not permitted. The duty section must be available to meet emerging needs as dictated by the days routine or unique circumstances. The CDO will not be permitted to sign out on Yard Liberty and must be available throughout the duty day. Midshipmen who fail to show up for duty (or leave during their duty day), as well as those who fail to show up for their assigned watches, will be held accountable under the conduct system.

All exchanges of duty and changes to the approved watch bill must be approved by the original approving authority (e.g. Brigade, Regiment, Battalion, Company Commander) Special request chits to exchange duty must be signed by both parties and routed to the approving authority at least two working days in advance of the duty day in question. THERE ARE NO DUTY EXCUSALS. The Midshipmen Watch structure is as follows:

MOOW

1ST Reg RMOOW

2nd Reg. RMOOW

1st Batt. BOOW (MCBO)

2nd Batt. BOOW (MCBO)

3rd Batt. BOOW (MCBO)

4th Batt. BOOW (MCBO)

5th Batt. BOOW (MCBO)

6th Batt. BOOW (MCBO)

Duty Sections CDOs Companies 1-5

Duty Sections CDOs Companies 6-10

Duty Sections CDOs Companies 11-15

Duty Sections CDOs Companies 16-20

Duty Sections CDOs Companies 21-25

Duty Sections CDOs Companies 26-30

VI. Midshipmen 4/C Watch Standing

Main Office Messenger. The Main Office Messenger (MOM) is responsible for assisting visitors, answering telephone calls, delivering messages and making log entries for the AMCMO. One assigned MOM will also be available to assist the OOW, MOOW, CMOOW or RMOOWs on their rounds. This watch will by stood by Midshipmen Third and Fourth Class. Eating is not authorized on watch at any time with the exception of midrats while on Main Office Watch. Main Office watch standers are allowed to consume midrats in the middle office space of Main Office, but in no case will food or drink be visible in the main compartment of Main Office. Midshipmen on watch in Main Office will not place their feet up on furniture or walls. Main office watch standers are also responsible for the security of the following areas: a. Main Office passageway to include the model room b. Duty Office bunkroom adjacent to Main Office c. Rotunda area d. Memorial Hall e. Smoke Hall f. Commandants Office area to include all office spaces from the entry hatch from the Rotunda to the hatch that exits to the 3-1 passageway

g. Mitscher Levy Center (from 1800-0600) Company Mate Of The Deck. The Company Mate of the Deck (CMOD) is responsible for safety and security of all personnel and material in their respective company area. The Company Mate of the Deck (CMOD) shall sound attention on deck upon the arrival of all Officers O-5 and above and the Officer of the Watch (OOW). After that officer orders "carry on," the CMOD will approach the officer, salute, and sound off as follows: "GOOD MORNING/AFTERNOON/EVENING SIR/MA'AM, MIDSHIPMAN FOURTH CLASS _______, __ COMPANY MATE OF THE DECK. MAY I BE OF ANY ASSISTANCE SIR/MA'AM?" Any other commissioned officer who enters the company area shall be approached by the CMOD who will salute and sound off as above. On watch, salutes may be dispensed with after the first daily meeting, except for those rendered to the OOW, Battalion Officers, the Deputy Commandant of Midshipmen, the Commandant of Midshipmen, and any officer senior to the Commandant. The CMOD shall stand while on watch. Company Mates of the Deck will challenge everyone on their deck who is not in uniform, unless that person is recognizable as a member of the Brigade of Midshipmen. Civilian personnel who work in Bancroft Hall must display their identification. Their name and employee number will be logged in the Mates Log. Random checks of civilian identities may be conducted by CMODs by calling in worker identification numbers to the Bancroft Hall First Lieutenant for verification. If the CMOD, or any other Midshipman, observes suspicious activity, or suspects that an unauthorized person is on deck, they shall immediately contact Main Office, then their CDO. The CMOD should note any details about the person (clothing, height, weight, race, unique features) and attempt to remain aware of the location, so they can provide this information to the USNA Security Department personnel when they arrive. CMODs will seek the assistance of their CDO or Main Office in any situation they judge to require additional authority.

VII. Terrorism
Terrorism is the unlawful use of threatened use of force or violence against individuals or property. Terrorists intend to coerce or intimidate governments or societies. Acts of terrorism directed against naval personnel, activities, or installations can destroy critical facilities and injure or kill personnel. Terrorists use many methods of operations, which may include bombings, ambush, armed attack, sabotage, or taking hostages. The two most publicized terrorist methods are bombings and taking hostages. The terrorist method generally used toward military forces is bombing. Indications and warning of terrorist activity against naval installations or personnel are normally received from U.S. security authorities or through the security agencies of host countries. These warnings usually come in the form of threat conditions. Threat conditions range from THREATCON ALPHA (the lowest degree of readiness) to THREATCON DELTA (the highest degree of readiness).

VIII. Bomb Threats

When detonated or ignited, a bomb can injure or kill personnel and damage material. Bombs are classified as explosive or incendiary. An explosive bomb causes damage by fragmentation, heat, and blast. The heat produced often causes a secondary incendiary effect. An incendiary bomb generates fireproducing heat without substantial explosion when ignited. Bombing occurs when an explosive bomb detonates or an incendiary bomb ignites. A bomb threat may happen anytime or anywhere. It can be made by a terrorist group or a disgruntled employee. Many bomb threats are unfounded (not real). False bomb threats make people complacent (at ease). Dont assume a bomb threat is a hoax (not real) until youre sure. Safety is the major concern! Bomb threat. A bomb threat is a message delivered by telephone or letter. A bomb may be delivered through the mail as a letter or a suspicious package. A bomb threat may or may not contain then following information: The bombs location The time for detonation/ignition An ultimatum related to the detonation/ignition or concealment of the bomb Bomb incident. A bomb incident is the detonation/ignition of a bomb, discovery of a bomb, or receipt of a bomb threat. There are a few things you can do to reduce vulnerability of your ship or station to a bomb threat/incident. You can Strictly comply with your commands procedures for personnel identification and access control procedures to department/division spaces, Be suspicious of all articles whose origin is unknown or obviously out of place within the space, Maintain tight control of locks and keys, Lock all rooms/spaces when not in use or manned by authorized personnel, and Immediately report suspicious personnel and their actions. Each telephone at your command should have a copy of the Telephonic Threat Complaint, OPNAV Form 5527/8 (fig. 22-8). When a bomb threat is received by telephone, the person receiving the call should take the following actions: Try to keep the caller on the line and obtain as much information as possible. Complete the Telephonic Threat Complaint form while the caller is on the line or immediately thereafter. Record in writing the exact words of the caller. Try to identify the location of the bomb, the type of device, what it looks like, and the expected time of detonation. Attempt to determine the sex, approximate age, and attitude of the caller. Note any background sounds that may provide clues to the callers location. Note any accent or peculiarity in speech that may help identify the person.

The proceeding information has been taken from NAVEDTRA 14325 Basic Military Requirements and COMDTMIDNINST 1601.10F

WEEK 2: MILITARY CUSTOMS AND COURTESIES I. Qualifications of a Naval Officer

It is by no means enough that an officer of the Navy should be a capable mariner. He must be that, of course, but also a great deal more. He should be as well a gentleman of liberal education, refined manners, punctilious courtesy, and the nicest sense of personal honor. He should be the soul of tact, patience, justice, firmness, kindness, and charity. No meritorious act of a subordinate should escape his attention or be left to pass without its reward, even if the reward is only a word of approval. Conversely, he shouldnt be blind to a single fault in any subordinate, though at the same time, he should be quick and unfailing to distinguish error from malice, thoughtlessness from incompetence, and well meant shortcoming from heedless or stupid blunder. In one word, every commander should keep constantly before him this great truth, that to be well obeyed, he must be perfectly esteemed.

II. Civility.
Civility Courteous behavior, politeness; the act of showing regard for another. The sum of the many sacrifices we are called to make for the sake of living together. When we pretend that we travel alone, we can also pretend that these sacrifices are unnecessary. - Stephen Carter Civility is more than good manners. Civility is an attitude. Civility expresses dignity and respect for our fellow man. Being civil does not show weakness. On the contrary, civility requires strength. Just like effective leadership, civility requires us to sacrifice, to place the needs of others before our own. Acts of civility express the depth of our character.

III. Why Civility?

To empower our leadership. to be well obeyed, he must be perfectly esteemed. to be well obeyed = to be an affective leader be perfectly esteemed = to be regarded with the utmost respect, to be greatly appreciated Others often have very little information to judge anothers character on. Most of what we perceive of another comes directly through their actions. How one treats others and disciplines themselves, speaks volumes of their character. By placing ourselves under the governance of good conduct, we show the composition of our character. Through our good character, we gain the respect and admiration of those around us. And with that respect, we empower our leadership.

IV. Aspects of Civility

Decorum Propriety and good taste in conduct or appearance as well as the correctness and dignity of behavior. Etiquette The rules of correct behavior in society or among the members of a profession. Protocol A code prescribing strict adherence to correct etiquette and precedence (as in diplomatic exchange and in the military service). You will find that Navy life creates many situations, not found in civilian life, that require special behavior on your part. The following are examples as outlined in OPNAVINST 1710.7A. The goal is to have a solid understanding and working knowledge of Military Customs and Courtesies. You need NOT memorize the following verbatim.

V. Saluting
It isnt enough to now how. You must know WHEN. The following are some of the major points you should remember when rendering a salute: - Salute all officers in an active or reserve status regardless of service. - Salute all officers of foreign military service. At USNA, all foreign military staff and faculty are officers. So, if you see an unfamiliar uniform, assume they are foreign officers and salute. - Salute all officers who are close enough to be recognized as officers whether they are wearing a uniform or civilian clothes. - If possible, always use your right hand. Use your left hand only if your right hand is injured. Use your left hand to carry objects and to leave your right hand free to salute. - Accompany your salute with a cheerful, respectful greeting. - Always salute from the position of attention. If you are walking, you need not stop; but hold yourself erect and square. If on a double, slow to a walk when saluting. - Look directly into the officers eyes as you salute. - If you are carrying something in both hands and cannot render the hand salute, look at the officer as though you were saluting and render a verbal greeting as previously described. - If using a cell phone, pause, drop the phone to your side, stand at attention, and render the salute. - Salute officers even if they are uncovered or their hands are occupied. Your salute will be acknowledged by a verbal greeting. - Army and Air Force policy, unlike the Navys, is to salute when uncovered. Suppose you are in an office with several Army personnel, and all of you are uncovered. An officer enters and the soldiers rise and salute. You should do likewise; to do otherwise would make you seem illmannered or disrespectful. - If you are walking with or standing by a commissioned officer (always walk on the left of an officer) and the occasion for a salute arises, do not salute until the officer salutes. Assume that you are walking with a lieutenant. A commander approaches. Do not salute the commander until the lieutenant salutes; but as soon as the lieutenant starts to salute, you should quickly do the same. - Likewise, if you are walking with an officer and they are being saluted by a junior, join the officer in returning the salute. - When approaching a senior officer, start your salute far enough away from the officer to allow time for your salute to be returned. A good rule of thumb is 6 paces. Hold your salute until returned or until 6 paces past the officer. In a group: - If standing in a group and a senior officer approaches, the first to see the senior should call out Attention, and all face the officer and salute. Overtaking: - Never overtake and pass an officer without permission. If it becomes necessary to pass, you should do so to the left, salute when abreast of the officer, and ask, By your leave, sir/maam? The officer should reply, Very well, and return the salute. In vehicles: - You salute all officers riding in vehicles, while those in the vehicle both render and return salutes, as required. The vehicles driver only salutes if the vehicle is stopped; to do so while the vehicle is in motion endangers the safety of the occupants and may be omitted. At crowded gatherings: - At crowded gatherings or in congested areas, you normally salute only when addressing or being addressed by officers

VI. Colors
At commands ashore and aboard ships of the navy not under way, the ceremonial hoisting and lowering of the national flag at 0800 and sunset are known as morning and evening colors. Every navy shore command and every ship not under way, performs the ceremony of colors twice a day.

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You will render honors as follows: - If you are in ranks, you will be called to attention and the individual in charge of the detail will renter the hand salute. - If you are in uniform but not in ranks, face the colors and give the hand salute. - If you are driving a vehicle, stop and sit at attention but do not salute. - If you are in civilian clothes, face the colors at attention and salute by placing your right hand over your heart. Conduct of colors is as follows: - 5 minutes before morning and evening colors, the Preparative signal is sounded. - If a band is available for colors ceremonies, Attention is sounded, followed by the band playing the National Anthem. Carry on is sounded at the completion of the music. - The hand salute is rendered at the first note of the National Anthem and terminated on the last note. - If a band is not available for colors as is often the case at USNA, To the Colors is played on the bugle at morning colors, and Retreat is played at evening colors. The hand salute is rendered as prescribed for the National Anthem. - At morning colors, hoisting the ensign begins when the music starts. It is hoisted smartly to the top of the flagstaff. At evening colors, lowering of the ensign also starts at the beginning of the music. Hoisting and lowering the ensign are completed at the last note of the music. The national flag is always hoisted smartly and lowered ceremoniously. - In the absence of music, Attention and Carry on shall be the signals for rendering and terminating the salute. Carry on shall be sounded as soon as the ensign is completely lowered. The National Anthem: - Whenever the National Anthem is played, all naval service personnel not in formation shall stand at attention and face the national ensign. - In the event that the national ensign is not displayed, they shall face the source of the music. - When covered, they shall come to the salute at the first note of the anthem, and shall remain at the salute until the last note of the anthem. - Persons in formation are brought to order arms or called to attention as appropriate. The formation commander shall face the direction of the ensign or music as appropriate and render the salute. - If you are in civilian clothes, render the hand-over-the-heart salute. Parades or Ceremonial Displays: - The rules for saluting the flag passing in a parade are simple: come to attention, face the flag, and salute as appropriate. - If you are in a vehicle, stop the vehicle, and remain seated at attention.

VII. Boarding and Leaving a Naval Vessel

You cannot just walk on and off a ship as you would enter and leave your home. You must follow certain procedures. When you are in uniform and boarding any ship and the national ensign is flying, you halt at the gangway, face aft, and salute the ensign. You then turn to the OOD and salute. If you are returning to your own ship, you say, I request permission to come aboard, sir/maam. The OOD returns both salutes and says, Come aboard or a similar expression. When you salute the OOD in boarding a ship other than your own, you say, I request permission to come aboard, sir/maam. You should then add the purpose of your visit: to visit a friend or to go to small stores. When you leave a ship, the order of saluting is reversed. You salute the OOD first and say, I request permission to leave the ship, sir/maam. After receiving permission, you then face and salute the ensign (if it is flying) and depart. If you are not in the liberty uniform, state your reason for wanting to leave the ship: I request permission to go on the pier to check the mooring lines, sir/maam. When boarding a ship in civilian attire and the national ensign is flying, you will halt at the gangway, at attention, and face aft. You then turn to the OOD at attention. If you are returning to your own ship, you say, I request permission to come aboard, sir/maam. The OOD salutes and says, Very well or a similar expression.

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When you board a ship other than your own, you say, I request permission to come aboard, sir/maam. You should then add the purpose of your visit. The OOD will then say, Permission granted or Permission not granted. When you are leaving a ship in civilian attire, the procedure is reversed. You stand at attention in front of the OOD first and say, I request permission to leave the ship, sir/maam. After receiving permission, you then stand at attention facing the ensign (if it is flying) and depart. Sometimes it is necessary for destroyers, submarines, and other ships to tie up in nests alongside a repair ship, tender, or pier. In this case, you may have to cross several ships to go ashore or return to your own ship. When you have to cross one or more ships to reach the pier, to reach another ship or to return to your own ship, you should use the following procedure: Upon boarding a ship that you must cross, salute the colors (if flying), then turn toward and salute the OOD, and request permission to cross. After receiving permission, proceed to cross without delay. When you depart that ship, it is not necessary to salute the colors or OOD again. Repeat this crossing procedure until you reach your destination. On many ships, particularly those of destroyer size and smaller, there may be a first-class or chief petty officer instead of an officer on the quarterdeck. Although you do not salute enlisted personnel, you must salute an enlisted person who is the OOD because you are saluting the position and authority represented not the individual. If you are part of a working party that will be using the quarterdeck when loading supplies, you normally salute only when first leaving the ship.

VIII. Conduct in Uniform

If you are going to wear a uniform, you cannot simply act however you want. Numerous rules and regulations apply to members of the armed forces while wearing a uniform. A good rule to live by is: If there is a doubt, there is no doubt. This means that if you are uncertain about an action or activity, err on the side of conservatism. Do nothing to discredit yourself or the service. Gum dont chew it in uniform. Food never walk and eat at the same time. Hands in pockets dont do it. Bags Bags such as briefcases, gym bags, backpacks, lunch bags, suit cases, and garment bags, but not including women's handbags shall generally be hand carried in the left hand to facilitate saluting. Sea bags, backpacks, and gym bags may NOT be carried or worn on the shoulders when wearing service dress uniforms, e.g., Service Dress Blue. They shall also not be carried over the shoulders when wearing a uniform with shoulder boards, e.g., Service Dress Whites, Reefer, Overcoat. Computer bags, brief cases, and backpacks may be worn across the left shoulder of service or working uniforms to facilitate saluting. When wearing a bag, the strap must be worn across the left shoulder (fore and aft) with the bag hanging on the same side of the body. The case or bag will not be worn with the strap and bag on the opposite shoulders when wearing the working uniform (e.g., coveralls, utilities, summer working blues, winter working blues, PE gear, Blue & Gold jogging suites, team warm-ups or when required for medical reasons) Cell phones while the Navy allows the use of cell phones in uniform, it is not always appropriate to do so. Always be aware of your surroundings. Ensure that the cell phone does not impede with your ability to render appropriate honors. They are never to be a distraction. If talking on a phone in uniform, use your left hand to do so. If you need to salute, drop your phone to your side, stand at attention, render the appropriate greeting. Per COMDTMIDNINST 5400.6K, Midshipmen will NOT talk on a phone while walking and wearing a uniform. Covers Outdoors, personnel remain covered at all times unless ordered to uncover, or during religious services not associated with a military ceremony. Personnel may remove their cap or hat when traveling inside a private automobile or riding a bicycle off base. A cover is mandatory when entering or within a military reservation, unless wearing the cap is impractical or hazardous. Additionally, if eating at an outdoor dining establishment, it is appropriate to remove your cover. However, a bench or seawall where you stop to sit and eat is NOT a dining establishment. Keep your cover on.

Sources:
Service Etiquette Guide

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WEEK 3: NAVAL ACADEMY UNIFORMS

I. Appearance
What does your uniform say about you? How about your grooming standards? Does your appearance express confidence and competence? What does your uniform say about this institution? What does it say about the Navy, about the Nation? In order to express confidence, you must know the rules and regulations. Competence allows confidence. Perhaps the easiest way to look after your appearance is to understand the concept of a complete uniform. Wearing a complete uniform means you wear your uniform in its entirety as outlined in the uniform regulations. SDB Blouses remain on at all times. Ties remain tied. Buttons remain buttoned. Sleeves remain rolled down. Covers remain on at all times, even when seated on a bench. In Bancroft Hall, complete uniforms are required during working hours and in all public spaces. Outside Bancroft Hall, a complete uniform is always required. What are the implications? We wear regulation PT gear outside. Many of your uniforms mirror the uniforms used in the fleet and marine force. Specifically each service has the following basic categories of uniforms: Formal and Dinner Dress, Ceremonial, Service Dress, Service, and Working uniforms. Knowing the occasions for wear of USNA uniforms will help you understand the uniforms of our fleet and marine force, both officer and enlisted. The following pages are to serve as guidance as to when to wear uniforms. Specific guidance on exact uniform components and HOW to wear a uniform can be found in Midshipmen Uniform Regulations COMDTMIDNINST 1020.3B. Know the rules. Uphold them. Enforce themrepresent yourself and this institution well.

II. Formal and Dinner Dress Uniforms

Dinner Dress Blue / White Jacket Worn to official functions when civilians normally wear Black Tie. The Blue Jacket is a prescribable Winter Uniform while the White Jacket is a prescribable Summer Uniform. Miniature medals and warfare insignia are worn as applicable 3 inches below the lapel notch. Overcoats or raincoats may be worn with the Dinner Dress Jacket uniform. If doing so, the white combination cover shall be worn as well. White gloves are also prescribable.

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Dinner Dress Blue Worn to official functions when civilians normally wear Black Tie by those midshipmen who do not have the Dinner Dress Blue Jacket. Dinner Dress Blue is a prescribable Winter Uniform Miniature medals and warfare insignia are worn as applicable. The equivalent summer uniform is Service Dress White with miniature medals and insignia. The white combination cover is always worn. White gloves are also prescribable.

III. Ceremonial Uniforms

Full Dress Blues / Whites Worn on the following formal occasions: Assuming or relinquishing Command, or participating in the Ceremony. Official visits with honors as prescribed in Navy regulations. - Visits of Ceremony to Foreign Men-ofWar and Foreign Officials. Occasions of State, Ceremonies, and Solemnities. Large medals and breast insignia are worn over the left breast. The white combination cover is always worn. White gloves are worn. Ribbons with no associated medal are worn over the right breast in Full Dress Whites.

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IV. Service Dress Uniforms

Service Dress Blue (SDB) / White May be prescribed for wear to all official functions when Formal Dress, Dinner Dress or Full Dress Uniforms are not prescribed and civilian equivalent dress is coat and tie. Service Dress Blue may be worn year-round and is the uniform of the day in the winter season. Service Dress White may be worn in the summer.

V. Service Uniforms
Summer White Worn in Summer for office work, watchstanding, liberty, or business ashore when prescribed as uniform of the day. Summer White is the uniform of the day in the summer season.

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Service Khaki Service Khaki is worn in Summer and Winter for office work, watchstanding, liberty, or business ashore when prescribed as uniform of the day. Service Khaki shirts and trousers will be made of cotton and nylon twill (CNT) or a polyester and wool blend (Poly-wool). Service Khaki is never cotton or wash khaki material. Service Khaki is very similar to Working Khaki except that ribbons and breast insignia are worn in addition to the name tag.

VI. Working Uniforms

Winter Blue / Summer Blue Working uniforms are prescribed when other uniforms would be unsafe or become unduly soiled. Working uniforms are not replacements for service uniforms. Therefore they are NOT worn on liberty, leave, or when reporting for official business. Winter Blues are to be worn to classes during the winter uniform period. Summer Blues are to be worn to classes during the summer uniform period.

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Working Khaki Prescribed when other uniforms would be unsafe or become unduly soiled. Working Khakis are worn for Summer Cruise, Plebe Summer Detailers, and other Summer Training Programs. Working Khaki is either cotton or a polyester and wool blend making it safe for use aboard a ship where a fire may be present.

Camouflage Utilities Utilities are worn year-round when directed for specific training or evolutions. Platoon or larger sized units may authorize temporary modifications to regulation utilities for activities outside of Bancroft Hall. Ex: Leatherneck may run as a unit in utility trousers, green T-shirt and combat boots. The Company Officer or O-REP of the unit must approve the uniform modification in advance of the evolution.

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PE Gear Regulation Physical Education Gear includes: (1) Blue rim T-shirt with blue mesh shorts displaying USNA. (2) Issue grey USNA sweatsuits that are not to be cut or hemmed. Top or bottom may be worn independently. (3) All Regulation PE Gear clothing items shall be in good repair. Discolored or torn items shall not be worn. Blue rim T-shirts with visible writing on the outside are not authorized for wear. Varsity and athletic gear may be worn during team practices or competition. When appropriate, midshipmen shall transit to and from Bancroft Hall in uniform and change into their athletic gear in the team locker room. The Deputy Commandant, via the O-REP, will approve exceptions on a case-by-case basis. Midshipmen shall not transit T-Court, Stribling Walk, or any other ceremonial area in PE Gear.

Blue and Gold Jogging Suit The only authorized shirt for blue and gold jogging suits is the issued blue rim t-shirt. Athletic shoes must be worn. The jogging suit is authorized in Bancroft Hall living spaces after 1830 or to academic classes for those on a valid medical chit requiring uniform modifications due to injury or for convalescent purposes. It is not authorized from Friday, 1205 until Evening Meal Formation, Sunday (or equivalent day during long weekends). Midshipmen shall not transit T-Court or Stribling Walk in Blue and Gold Jogging Suits until after evening colors.

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VII. Special Occasions

Weddings Military Wedding Bride and Groom The formality of the wedding is a decision made by the bride and groom. The formality of the wedding determines the uniforms worn. Uniform choice of bride and groom must be matched by their military attendants who wear uniforms. Civilians also conform to level of formality. Formal Military Wedding Attire: Dinner Dress Blue or Dinner Dress White Informal Military Wedding Attire: Service Dress Blue, Summer White Best man: Military Attire: Same uniform as groom or uniform equivalent Civilian Attire: Formal: Black Tie: Tuxedo Informal: Dark Suit or light suit depending on climate/region/venue Maid of honor: Military or civilian will follow the guidelines above. Ushers and bridesmaids: All uniformed participants should wear the equivalent uniform which may be different from those worn by the groom, best man, bride, or maid of honor. Immediate family: Uniformed participants wear uniforms which correspond to the uniform of the groom or bride. Military guests: Wear appropriate service dress uniforms, if desired. If not, follow the guidelines above for appropriate civilian attire. Civilian guests: Follow guidelines above. Civilian Wedding: For civilian weddings, follow these guidelines: Participant: If acting as a participant, wear the appropriate civilian attire corresponding to accepted civilian customs. Guests: If attending a ceremony in a personal capacity as a guest, you may wear the appropriate service dress uniform.

Funerals Uniform The appropriate uniform for either participating in or attending a funeral as a midshipman is Full Dress Blue or Full Dress White depending on the season. Service Dress Blue or Service Dress White may also be worn if the civilian equivalent is a coat and tie. Service Dress Blue is always appropriate regardless of season. Mourning band Uniformed officers in an official capacity will wear a mourning band on the left sleeve of the outer garment halfway between the shoulder and elbow. If armed with a sword, its hilt will be affixed with the mourning knot. Mourning bands may be worn by the family or very close

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family friends, if desired. White gloves Uniformed personnel in an official formal military funeral capacity will wear white gloves.

VIII. General Guidance

Articles Bags such as briefcases, gym bags, backpacks, lunch bags, suit cases, and garment bags, but not including women's handbags shall generally be hand carried in the left hand to facilitate saluting. Sea bags, backpacks, and gym bags may not be carried or worn on the shoulders when wearing service dress uniforms, e.g., Service Dress Blue, or Summer Whites. Backpacks may be worn on the back with both straps over the shoulders in service or working uniforms. Computer bags and brief cases may be worn across the left shoulder of service and working uniforms to facilitate saluting. When wearing a bag, the strap must be worn across the left shoulder (fore and aft) with the bag hanging on the same side of the body. The case or bag will not be worn with the strap and bag on the opposite shoulders when wearing the working uniform (e.g., coveralls, utilities, summer working blues, winter working blues, PE gear, Blue & Gold jogging suits, team warm-ups or when required for medical reasons) Covers The Midshipman cover is an integral part of the uniform and is to be worn, not carried. Indoor Wear Covers should not be worn indoors except when on watch and during indoor formations or when under arms. When in uniform, Midshipmen shall remove covers (to include ballcap/watch cap) when transiting public spaces inside buildings, such as passageways. Outdoor Wear Outdoors, personnel remain covered at all times unless ordered to uncover, or during religious services not associated with a military ceremony. Personnel remain covered during invocations or other religious military ceremonies such as changes of command, commissioning ceremonies, launchings, and military burials, etc. The chaplain conducting a religious ceremony will guide participants following the customs of the church. Personnel on crutches shall be covered outside and handle their covers once indoors in accordance with paragraph 2 above.

Special Circumstances Midshipmen may remove their cover when traveling inside a private automobile off base. A cover is mandatory when entering or within the Naval Academy Yard, unless wearing the cap is impractical or hazardous. Additionally, if seated at an outdoor dining establishment, it is appropriate to remove your cover when eating. A bench or seawall in town does NOT constitute a dining establishment. Shoes Only athletic shoes are authorized for wear with the jogging suit. Any conservative athletic shoe may be worn. Flip-flops, sandals, boat shoes, and any other faddish civilian shoe will not be worn. Skirts Skirts may be prescribed for attending Forrestal Lectures, professional receptions, and church or chapel. Plebe women will wear slacks to evening meal formation but have the option to wear skirts or slacks to town liberty or when departing on leave. Upperclass female Midshipmen have the option of wearing skirts with SDB's on leave, liberty, evening meal formations and after 1800 when pants or skirts are not prescribed. Outerwear Gloves

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Black leather gloves shall be worn with overcoats and reefers (optional with black relaxed fit jacket). Scarf The scarf is worn folded lengthwise twice with one inch of the folded side protruding above the collar of the overcoat. The scarf will follow the contour of the overcoat allowing the white shirt collar and necktie to show. SDB Blouse Unlike the overcoat, reefer, raincoat, or relaxed fit jacket, the blouse for the Service Dress Blue (SDB) uniform is integral to the uniform. It is not a protective layer to be taken off when the wearer comes inside from out of doors or sits down in a social environment. Midshipmen shall wear their SDB blouses in King Hall and in the classrooms. Midshipmen shall not remove the SDB blouse in public (e.g., in restaurants, theaters, and other public or social settings). The SDB blouse can be removed in someone's room in their company area and when moving temporarily around or inside a company area, or in a private residence of a family member or sponsor. In the classrooms, the blouse shall be worn unless there is a lab, during which there could be damage to the blouse. The blouse may then only be removed for the portion of the lab where it is impracticable to wear.

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WEEK 4: GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR THE BRIGADE OF MIDSHIPMEN

The Naval Academys legacy is one that produces leaders with a strong moral foundation. They have a desire to continually refine their personal character and pass those attributes on to the men and women they serve. The following are three documents that define the purpose of the Naval Academy as well as outline the expectations of a Naval Academy Midshipman. They serve as guiding principles for every Midshipman to follow.

I. The Mission Statement:

To develop Midshipmen morally, mentally and physically and to imbue them with the highest ideals of duty, honor and loyalty in order to graduate leaders who are dedicated to a career of naval service and have potential for future development in mind and character, to assume the highest responsibilities of command, citizenship and government.

II. Honor Treatise:

As a Brigade we cherish the diverse backgrounds and talents of every Midshipman yet recognize the common thread that unites us: the trust and confidence of the American people. They have appointed us to defend our country by developing our minds, our bodies, and most especially, our moral character. It is our responsibility to develop a selfless sense of duty that demands excellence both of ourselves and of those with whom we serve. We must honor our loyalties without compromising our ultimate obligation to the truth. Our leadership must set a standard that reflects loyalty t our goals and the courage to stand accountable for all our actions, both those that lead to success and those that end in failure. We will never settle for achieving merely what is expected of us but will strive for a standard of excellence that reflects the dedication and courage of those who have gone before us. When we attain our goal, we will raise our expectations; when we fall short, we will rise up and try again. In essence, we espouse leadership by example, a leadership that will inspire others to follow wherever we may lead. Countless challenges and trials lie before us. We believe that those with the strongest moral foundation will be the leaders who best reflect the legacy of the Naval Academy. This is our call as Midshipmen; it is a mission we proudly accept. The Honor Treatise represents the larger picture; it describes the guiding principles to which we must adhere to as Midshipmen. Honor is not merely the codification of a set of rules, but rather a dynamic process in which we strive to make the right decision regardless of personal cost.

III. The Superintendents Vision

The United States Naval Academy: Building Tomorrows Leaders, Today The Naval Academy is, and must remain, the premier educational institution for developing future naval leaders from diverse backgrounds to serve in an increasingly interdependent and dynamic world. Core Themes Develop Honorable Leaders. Above all, midshipmen must be persons of integrity. Moral development is purposely listed first in our mission statement to underscore the importance the Navy and Marine Corp place upon ethical leadership. We are engaged in the critical mission of shaping leaders who will one day be entrusted with not just the lives of our enlisted Sailors and Marines, but with the future security of our country. In order for our

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graduates to effectively lead, they must inspire the trust of those who will follow. Developing a strong ethical foundation is the key to building that trust - and the foundation of trust is honor. The Naval Academy must reinforce to the Brigade the importance of embracing integrity as a core element in their lives and in their leadership styles. Prepare for Careers of Service: The Naval Academy exists to prepare young men and women as leaders to serve our nation. Graduating and earning a commission are significant accomplishments, but they are just the beginning of careers of service in the Navy, Marine Corps, and beyond. The military service of Naval Academy graduates varies from a minimum requirement of five years to more than 30 years for those in senior leadership positions. Following their military careers, many of our graduates will continue serving our nation in positions of importance in industry and government. Exemplify the Navy and Marine Corps: Our Navy and Marine Corps team is an intelligent, professional and dedicated all-volunteer force. As leaders, we owe them our absolute best. The highest possible degree of moral, mental and physical development will allow Midshipmen to lead from the front, setting the example as innovative, articulate, and honorable officers. Focus Areas Build Resilience and Instill Competitive Drive: The Naval Academys demanding four-year program must motivate midshipmen to compete and excel in the classroom, in athletic events and in extra-curricular activities. Our goal is to challenge the Brigade so that upon graduation, they will be prepared to successfully lead Sailors and Marines, and motivate others to excel. Building an unwavering resilience and a competitive drive forms the basis for what we aspire to produce in our graduates, enabling successful naval careers and ultimately, victory in battle. Increase Technical Proficiency and Foster Creativity: Todays naval forces are continuously adapting to maintain strategic, operational, and tactical superiority over our enemies. We must be equally innovative and adaptive, beginning with a solid foundation in science, technology, engineering, and math. We must build creative, imaginative leaders who are not just good at rote memorization, but also have mastered the skill of how to learn. Enhance Cultural Awareness: The Naval Academy seeks to enhance the cultural awareness of midshipmen in order to prepare them to succeed in an increasingly interdependent and volatile world. We proactively seek and facilitate opportunities that build knowledge and understanding regarding strategically important geographic regions and foreign languages. By excelling in your professional development, you are taking your place among the leaders of this nation whose intelligence, creativity and leadership will be the foundation of our future. During your training you will see that being a midshipman means much more than memorizing facts and dates - its about becoming part of something bigger than yourself.

IV. The Commandants Standing Orders

We are a nation at war and when our time here together ends we will be called upon to lead Sailors and Marines into dangerous, complex and challenging situations in support of national objectives or defense of national interests. Our Sailors and Marines do not get to choose their leaders, but they and our nation expect the very best of each one of us that have had the honor and privilege to wear the Navy Blue & Gold.

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Reaching our individual and collective potentials in the Moral, Mental, and Physical mission areas must be our focus and exceeding expectations our routine. There are five ideals that I feel are fundamental to success, and each of us, at all levels of the chain of command, should routinely reflect on these ideals and adopt their underlying principles. Fighting Spirit. Approach each and every day with a burning desire to improve upon the success of those who came before us by maintaining and pushing ourselves and others with a sense of commitment and resolve. Each of us has a potential for excellence, and can accomplish anything with hard work, dedication and sacrifice. Strive to reach your potential for excellence and in turn you will be catalytic in the improvement of our collective potential for excellence. Hope is not a military plan of action - be proactive in all endeavors, not reactive. Integrity. Demand total honesty and forthrightness in our words and deeds. Never be afraid to admit a mistake, and always learn from your mistakes and the mistakes of others. We will do what is right and not always what is easy, no matter what the ramifications. Respect. Respect yourself, others, and our Academy. Our appearance, demeanor, and environment will be second to none. Others will know us by what we do, how we act, how we treat others and how we look. We will not leave a fallen comrade in the field, so dont let a fellow Midshipman stray down a path that would be detrimental to our Moral, Mental, or Physical mission areas be a true Shipmate! Safety. Maintaining a safe environment, or doing an evolution safely must be at the forefront of everything we do. Training, formality, procedural compliance, and supervision are essential to ensure day-to-day safety. Never pass up an opportunity to mentor or train. Teamwork. We all have contributions to make, and conversely we all have things to learn. No one person has all the answers, and no one person can solve all the problems. Maintain a questioning attitude during every evolution and always have the courage to point out shortfalls in order to ensure safety and mission accomplishment. Foster teamwork and exercise forceful backup to ensure success - if properly placed and executed it is Peer Leadership that will be the guiding light for success. We have a unique bond to United States Naval Academy graduates of the past by a sense of service to our country through honor, courage, and commitment. It is a privilege to be a member of the U. S. Naval Academy family, and it is each and every one of our responsibilities to ensure our actions and deeds honor those that have come before us and the sacrifices they have made. I am honored and extremely humbled to be the 84th Commandant of Midshipmen, and look forward to the challenges and successes that we will face together in the future. We will motivate and drive each other in the pursuit of excellence, while tempering our passion with the understanding that we will make mistakes, but with those mistakes we will learn and become better professionals, warriors, and eventually leaders of the greatest Maritime Force on the face of the earth! Be The Best & Go Navy! 84th Commandant of Midshipmen

Sources:
USNA Mission: http://www.usna.edu/StrategicPlan/htmls/sp_mission.html Honor Treaties: http://intranet.usna.edu/OfficerDevelopment/honor/honortreatise.html Commandants Standing Orders: http://intranet.usna.edu/Commandant/

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WEEK 5: UNITED STATES NAVAL ACADEMY HISTORY I. USNA Beginnings

Having just sworn the oath of office of a Midshipman in the United States Navy and received countless hours of instruction regarding the mission of the Naval Academy, each of you is well aware of the words of that mission. Simply put, the United States Naval Academy exists to graduate leaders This is the expressed purpose for the existence of this institution. As a newly appointed Midshipman in the United States Navy, you have willfully accepted to submit yourself to an age-old curriculum that is specifically designed to produce military officers of the highest caliber to serve the United States in any capacity to which they are called. This curriculum includes a rigorous academic course of study, practical military training, physical exercise and instruction, experiential leadership opportunities, and much more. Though diverse and constantly evolving, the Naval Academy program is focused around the production of leaders to the armed forces and to the country and has been dedicated to this same purpose for over a hundred and fifty years. It is important to consider the appointment that you have received to this institution and consider all of the implications of such a charge. It is the duty of each midshipman to carefully consider the purpose of their appointment to the Naval Academy. You are here to serve as an officer in the armed forces of the United States and your entire experience at this historic institution will be centered on this reality. While some of the most knowledgeable and experienced faculty and officers are dedicated to facilitating this transformation of midshipman to officer, the bulk of the mission lies with each individual midshipman. It is imperative to take advantage of the opportunities placed before you to prepare yourself to enter the military as an officer. For this very purpose was the United States Naval Academy established so many years ago and since its creation it has never strayed nor diverted from this mission. It is important to examine the beginnings of this institution in order to remind each midshipman of their singular purpose of the next four years and beyond. The following is a brief synopsis of the beginnings of the United States Naval Academy and its evolution as the primary means of production of officers in the United States Navy and Marine Corps. As sea power became a more apparent necessity of the young United States, it became evident that a training school for naval officers on the shore would be necessary to produce competent officers to lead the Navy and protect the interests of the nation at sea. Previously, midshipmen embarked on a school ship and were trained and schooled at sea. After several unsuccessful endeavors with such a method, it was determined that a naval school should be established very similar to the Military Academy in West Point, New York. Through the efforts of the Secretary of the Navy George Bancroft, the Naval School was established without Congressional funding, at a 10-acre Army post named Fort Severn in Annapolis, Maryland, on October 10, 1845, with a class of 50 midshipmen and seven professors. The curriculum included mathematics and navigation, gunnery and steam, chemistry, English, natural philosophy, and French. In 1850, the Naval School became the United States Naval Academy. A new curriculum went into effect requiring midshipmen to study at the Academy for four years and to train aboard ships each summer. That format is the basis of a far more advanced and sophisticated curriculum at the Naval Academy today. As the U.S. Navy grew over the years, the Academy expanded. The campus of 10 acres increased to 338. The original student body of 50 midshipmen grew to a brigade size of 4,000. Modern granite buildings replaced the old wooden structures of Fort Severn. The Naval Academy today serves as one of the primary supply of officers to the Navy and Marine Corps, graduating over a thousand new officers each year.

II. Notable Graduates

The Naval Academy is a historical institution dedicated to producing officers of the highest caliber for the nation. Graduates of the United States Naval Academy have emerged as leaders in both military and civilian careers. The following are only a handful of distinguished graduates who embody the mission of the United States Naval Academy in its entirety. Take heed of the example set by these distinguished graduates and strive for the same excellence with which they served.

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Colonel John W. Ripley, USMC

Colonel John W. Ripley served 35 years active duty in the Marines. After serving one year in the Marine Corps after high school, he entered the United States Naval Academy, obtaining an appointment from the Secretary of the Navy. In June of 1962, he graduated with a Bachelors of Science degree in electrical engineering and was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant. Col. Ripley had an illustrious military career both in combat and command. Some highlights include commanding "Lima" Company of 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marines just below the demilitarized zone (DMZ) in the northern sector of South Vietnam, I Corps where he saw much action in the famous "Leatherneck Square" area (Dong Ha, Con Tien, Khe Sanh). Perhaps his most famous tour of duty was as the Senior Advisor to the 3rd Vietnamese Marine Battalion, which operated along the DMZ. He was at Dong Ha with his battalion during the 1972 North Vietnamese Easter Invasion. It was during this invasion that Col. Ripley heroically performed the action at the Dong Ha Bridge, for which he was awarded the nations second highest honor, the Navy Cross (the Navy's equivalent of the Distinguished Service Cross). Col. Ripleys heroic action at the Dong Ha bridge was selected as a single act to memorialize the actions of all Naval Academy graduates during the entire Vietnam War. In Memorial Hall at the Naval Academy, a large diorama titled "Ripley at The Bridge" represents the noble and gallant actions of all Naval Academy men who fought there. Col. Ripley has earned six valorous and fourteen personal decorations including the Navy Cross, the Silver Star, two awards of the Legion of Merit, two awards of the Bronze Star with Combat "V", the Purple Heart, the Defense Meritorious Service Medal, the President Unit Citation, the Navy Unit Citation, the Combat Action Ribbon, the Vietnamese Distinguished Service Order and the Cross of Gallantry with Gold Star. Col. Ripley passed away on October 28, 2008 at his home in Annapolis, Maryland. His memory will forever be etched into the stones of the United States Naval Academy and the legacy of his life will constantly serve as a guiding example for all those who follow after Colonel Ripley into harms way in defense of the United States of America.

Vice Admiral James B. Stockdale, USN

After graduating from the Naval Academy in 1946, he attended flight training in Pensacola, FL and in 1954 was accepted to the Navy Test Pilot School where he quickly became a standout and served as an instructor for a brief time. Stockdales flying career took him west, and in 1962 he earned a Masters Degree in International Relations from Stanford University. He was the first to amass more than one thousand hours in the F-8U Crusader, then the Navys hottest fighter, and by the early 1960s Stockdale was at the very pinnacle of his profession when he commanded a Navy fighter squadron. On September 9, 1965 the 40-year-old Stockdale, currently serving as Commanding Officer, VF51 and Carrier Air Group Commander (CAG-16) was catapulted from the deck of the USS Oriskany. While returning from the target area, his A-4 Skyhawk was hit by anti-aircraft fire. Stockdale ejected, breaking a bone in his back. Upon landing in a small village, he badly dislocated his knee, an injury that would remain visible in his step for the rest of his life. Stockdale was placed in Hoa Lo Prison, the infamous Hanoi Hilton, where he spent the next seven years as the highest ranking naval officer and leader of American resistance against Vietnamese attempts to use prisoners for propaganda purposes. Despite being kept in solitary confinement for four years, in leg

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irons for two, physically tortured more than 15 times, denied medical care and malnourished, Stockdale organized a system of communication and developed a cohesive set of rules governing prisoner behavior. Codified in the acronym BACK U.S. (Unity over Self), these rules gave prisoners a sense of hope and empowerment, which many credited with giving them the strength to endure their lengthy ordeal. Told he was to be taken downtown and paraded in front of foreign journalists, Stockdale slashed his scalp with a razor and beat himself in the face with a wooden stool knowing that his captors would not display a prisoner who was disfigured. Later, after discovering that some prisoners had died during torture, he slashed his wrists to demonstrate to his captors that he preferred death to submission. This act so convinced the Vietnamese of his determination to die rather than to cooperate that the Communists ceased the torture of American prisoners and gradually improved their treatment of POWs. He was one of the most highly decorated officers in the history of the Navy, wearing twenty six personal combat decorations, including two Distinguished Flying Crosses, three Distinguished Service Medals, two Purple Hearts, and four Silver Star medals in addition to the Medal of Honor. He was the only three-star Admiral in the history of the Navy to wear both aviator wings and the Medal of Honor. VADM Stockdale passed away at 81 years old after a lengthy battle with Alzheimers disease. Upon his retirement in 1979, the Secretary of the Navy established the Vice Admiral Stockdale Award for the Inspirational Leadership presented annually in both the Pacific and Atlantic fleet. Admiral Stockdale was a member of the Navys Carrier Hall of Fame and the National Aviation Hall of Fame, and he was an Honorary Fellow in the Society of Experimental Test Pilots. Vice Admiral Stockdales exhibition of courage, leadership, and dedication throughout his entire career is an example that every young Naval and Marine Corps officer should strive to follow. Stockdale held himself above and beyond the call of duty, keeping with the heart of the mission of the great institution from which he came.

Mr. Henry Ross Perot

Ross Perot was born on June 27, 1930 in Texarkana, Texas. Perot entered the United States Naval Academy with the class of 1953 and excelled during his time as a midshipman. He was elected the President of the Class of 1953 and with his position he worked with several midshipmen and officers to help establish the honor concept of the Naval Academy. Perot discovered that there was no uniform policy for dealing with midshipmen who had violated their class conception of honor and he worked diligently to establish the program. After graduation, Perot served with distinction as a surface warfare officer. Following the completion of his commitment, Perot resigned his commission to explore other opportunities in the business world. He went he went to work for IBMs data processing division as a salesman and quickly excelled as a salesman. After leaving IBM, he founded EDS, a one-man data processing company. The company ultimately became a multi-billion dollar corporation employing more than 70,000 people. Perot sold EDS in 1984 to General Motors for $2.5 billion and promptly started another equally successful data processing firm named Perot Systems Corporation, Inc., which he still chairs today. Through his massive influence in the business realm, Perot worked closely with many governmental agencies to improve the United States intelligence abilities abroad. Perot was also called upon to improve education capacities at home in his own state of Texas. An ardent philanthropist, Perot is well known for his generous donations of his money to various charitable and civil causes, giving over $100 million. Perots political career climaxed with his bid for the American Presidency in the 1992 and 1996 elections. Perot ran as an independent candidate, using some $57 million of his personal funds to finance the entirety of his campaign. Perot appealed to the American public as a reformer and a refreshing political outsider and won nineteen percent of the vote in 1992. In the 1996 election, he formed the Independence Party, now called the Reform Party, and won the nomination to run for President again, achieving eight percent of the national vote. Ross Perot is among the most distinguished of graduates of the United States Naval Academy, displaying excellence both in and out of service in the armed forces. His perseverance, intelligence, and leadership are representative of the caliber of graduates that this institution strives to provide to the United States of America.

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Major General William A. Anders, USAF

William Anders was born October 17, 1933, in Hong Kong. He received a Bachelor of Science degree from the United States Naval Academy in 1955 and a Master of Science degree in Nuclear Engineering from the Air Force Institute of Technology at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, in 1962. He completed the Harvard Business School Advanced Management Program in 1979. Anders was crosscommissioned into the United States Air Force after graduation from the Naval Academy and served as a fighter pilot in all-weather interception squadrons of the Air Defense Command and later was responsible for technical management of nuclear power reactor shielding and radiation effects programs while at the Air Force Weapons Laboratory in New Mexico. In 1964, Anders was selected by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration as an astronaut with responsibilities for dosimetry, radiation effects and environmental controls. He was backup pilot for the Gemini XI, Apollo 11 flights, and was lunar module pilot for Apollo 8 -- the first lunar orbit mission in December 1968. He has logged more than 6,000 hours flying time. From June 1969 to 1973 he served as Executive Secretary for the National Aeronautics and Space Council, which was responsible to the President, Vice President and Cabinet-level members of the Council for developing policy options concerning research, development, operations and planning of aeronautical and space systems. On August 6, 1973, Anders was appointed to the five-member Atomic Energy Commission where he was lead commissioner for all nuclear and non-nuclear power R&D. He was also named as U. S. Chairman of the joint US/USSR technology exchange program for nuclear fission and fusion power. Following the reorganization of national nuclear regulatory and developmental activities on January 19, 1975, Anders was named by President Ford to become the first Chairman of the newly established Nuclear Regulatory Commission responsible for nuclear safety and environmental compatibility. At the completion of his term as NRC Chairman, Anders was appointed United States Ambassador to Norway and held that position until 1977. Anders left the federal government after 26 years of service and went to work for several large corporations that supplemented his former career as a pilot and astronaut. He worked to manufacture products to include aircraft flight and weapon control systems, cockpit instruments, aircraft electrical generating systems, airborne radars and data processing systems, electronic countermeasures, space command systems, and aircraft/surface multi-barrel armament systems. Major General William A. Anders patriotism and service to our country is a testament to not only the caliber of his personal character but also that of the institution that helped cultivate the seeds of greatness that continually blossomed throughout his entire career.

III. Notable Buildings on the Yard

Wesley Brown Field House is named after Lt. Cmdr. Wesley Brown, USN (ret.), the first African American Midshipman to graduate from the United States Naval Academy in 1949. The field houses 140,000-square-foot, structure houses facilities for physical education, varsity and intramural athletics, club sports and personal fitness. The field house incorporates some of the most advanced technology for personal condition and combat preparedness. King Hall is the 55,000-square-foot dining area or wardroom in which the entire brigade is seated and served. The building is named after Fleet Admiral Ernest King, who served as Commander-in-Chief of Naval Forces and Chief of Naval Operations during WWII, as well as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The United States Navys victories during WWII were due in large part to the leadership and tenacity of Fleet Admiral Ernest King.

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Bancroft Hall is named in honor of George Bancroft, Secretary of the Navy from 18451846, and founder of the Naval Academy. This mammoth complex is the heart of the Naval Academy. It encompasses thirtythree acres of floor space and 4.8 miles of corridors. Within the home of the Brigade are rooms dedicated to midshipmen who have received the Medal of Honor for their valor in our nations wars. Nimitz Library is named in honor of Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz who was Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet during WWII, and later, Chief of Naval Operations, succeeding Fleet Admiral King in 1945. Fleet Admiral Nimitz commanded numerous successful engagements in the Pacific Theatre, including the battles of Midway and Coral Sea. The library has all of the best features and services that one could expect to find in a contemporary college library. It is located between Maury Hall and Rickover Hall. Lejeune Hall is named after Lieutenant General John Lejeune, Commandant of the Marine Corps from 19201929 and a graduate of the United States Naval Academy Class of 1888. Commissioned a 2nd Lt of Marines in 1890 he served in various assignments culminating with his participation as a junior field commander, 4th Brigade of Marines assigned to the U.S. Armys Second Division, and eventually command of the entire Second Division, the first Officer of Marines to command an Army Division. While serving as Commandant, he was the primary advocate for maintaining the Marine Corps close ties with the Navy and focused resources with an emphasis on fleet landing operations that eventually led to the amphibious doctrine developed in the 1930s used to great effect during WWII. It is the first Naval Academy building to be named after a member of the Marine Corps. It is located between the eighth wing of Bancroft Hall and Halsey Field House and houses he swimming, water polo, and wrestling teams.

IV. Modern History

Since 2001, the United States has been engaged in a global conflict to combat the forces of terrorism that threaten the nation and her allies. This conflict, knows as the Global War on Terrorism, is the reality which the officers from this institution enter upon graduation. Each one of you will serve to support the prosecution of the Global War on Terrorism in some way, just as those who have gone before you answered the call of the nation in her time of need. Below is a list of graduates who gave the ultimate sacrifice in service to this call in the Global War on Terrorism. Major William Randolph Watkins III, USAF (Class of 1989) Major Watkins was the weapons system officer of an F-15E that went down April 7, 2003, during a combat mission in Iraq. Lieutenant Kylan Alexander Jones-Huffman, USN (Class of 1994) Lieutenant Jones-Huffman was killed in action on August 21, 2003 while assigned to temporary duty with the I Marine Expeditionary Force in Iraq. Lieutenant Colonel David Scott Greene, USMC (Class of 1986) Lieutenant Colonel Greene was killed in action on July 28, 2004 when the AH-1W Cobra helicopter he was piloting took ground fire over Al Anbar Province in Iraq. First Lieutenant Ronald Dominick Winchester, USMC (Class of 2001) First Lieutenant Winchester was killed in action on September 3, 2004 when a roadside bomb exploded as his unit traveled on foot outside Baghdad, Iraq. Second Lieutenant James Patrick Blecksmith, USMC (Class of 2003) Second Lieutenant Blecksmith was killed in Iraq's Al Anbar Province on November 11, 2004 while leading his platoon as it cleared surrounding buildings of enemy insurgents. Lieutenant Commander Erik Samsel Kristensen, USN (Class of 1995) Lieutenant Commander Kristensen died June 28, 2005, when his helicopter was shot down in Afghanistan. He was a member of Seal Team 10 that was part of the special forces team sent to rescue a small team engaged in heavy fighting. Lieutenant Michael Martin McGreevy, Jr., USN (Class of 1997) - Lieutenant McGreevy died alongside Lieutenant Commander Kristensen on June 28, 2005, when their helicopter was shot down in during the rescue operation in Afghanistan. Sergeant Steve Morin, Jr., USANG (former member of the Class of 1997) Sergeant Morin was killed in action on September 28, 2005 west of Umm Qasr, Iraq, when an improvised explosive device detonated, overturning the Humvee in which he was riding. Major Megan Malia McClung, USMC (Class of 1995) - Major McClung died on December 6, 2006, while supporting combat operations in Al Anbar province, Iraq.

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First Lieutenant Travis Joseph Manion, USMC (Class of 2004) First Lieutenant Manion was killed in action on April 29, 2007 by enemy sniper fire in the Al Anbar Province of Iraq while fighting to defend against an enemy ambush. Captain Jennifer Jean Harris, USMC (Class of 2000) Captain Harris died on February 7, 2007 when the CH-46 Sea Knight helicopter she was piloting crashed as a result of enemy action in Anbar province, Iraq. Major Douglas Alexander Zembiec, USMC (Class of 1995) Major Zembiec died on May 11, 2007 while leading his Iraqi troops in a raid on insurgents in Baghdad, Iraq. He was serving his fourth tour in Iraq.

The Annapolis Conference

The Annapolis Conference was a Middle East peace conference held on November 27, 2007, at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, United States. The conference marked the first time a two-state solution was articulated as the mutually agreed-upon outline for addressing the IsraeliPalestinian conflict. The major issues that were addressed and discussed included the borders and Israeli settlements, the status of Jerusalem, and the Palestinian right of return. Over forty individual nations were invited to attend the peace conference including China, members of the Arab League, Russia, the European Union and the other members of the United Nations. In opposition to the conference was the leadership of Hamas as well as the nation of Iran, both of whom boycotted the event. Though the dispute was not resolved with the closing of the conference, significant ground was gained in organizing a two-state solution to peacefully end the historical conflict. The United States Naval Academy is honored to have hosted such a historical event and will continue to serve the nation in similar capacities for years to come. This, briefly, is the story of the United States Naval Academy, which, through six major wars, has continued to furnish the core of line officers to the naval service. She is a proud school, the mother of a proud service. The responsibility to preserve this pride rests with youremember this whenever you appear in the uniform of a Midshipman of the United States Naval Academy.

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WEEK 6: NAVAL SERVICE ORGANIZATION AND THE MISSION OF THE NAVAL SERVICE I. National Military Structure
The President of the United States serves as the Commander in Chief (CINC) of all U.S. military forces. The President is responsible to the citizens of the United States for maintaining a military that performs our nations security needs. The Secretary of Defense is the principal defense policy adviser to the President and is responsible for the formulation and execution of general defense policy. Subordinate to the Secretary of Defense are the individual service secretaries, including the Secretary of the Navy. The Joint Chiefs of Staff advise the CINC. There are six four-star officers on the Joint Chiefs of Staff: 1. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ADM Michael G. Mullen, USN 2. Vice-Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen James E. Cartwright, USMC 3. Commandant of the Marine Corps Gen James F. Amos, USMC 4. Chief of Naval Operations ADM Gary Roughead, USN 5. Chief of Staff of the Army GEN Martin E. Dempsey, USA 6. Chief of Staff of the Air Force Gen Norton A. Schwartz, USAF The Chairman is the principal military adviser to the President, Secretary of Defense, and the National Security Council (NSC); however, all JCS members are military advisers by law. Since the National Security Act of 1947, the Joint Chiefs of Staff serve as planners and advisers, although they have no executive authority to command combatant forces. The National Security Act of 1947 also established the National Security Council to consider national security issues that require Presidential decision. The National Security Council is formed of four statutory members: the President, the Vice President, the Secretary of State, and the Secretary of Defense. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) and the Director of National Intelligence serve as statutory advisers to the NSC.

II. Department of the Navy Leadership

The Secretary of the Navy has authority over both the Navy and Marine Corps. The Secretary of the Navy is responsible for conducting all the affairs of the Department of the Navy, including: recruiting, organizing, supplying, equipping, training, mobilizing, and demobilizing. The Secretary also oversees the construction, outfitting, and repair of naval ships, equipment, and facilities. The Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) is the senior military officer in the Navy. The CNO is a four-star admiral and is responsible to the Secretary of the Navy for the command, utilization of resources, and operating efficiency of the operating forces of the Navy and of the Navy shore activities assigned by the Secretary. ADM Gary Roughead is the current CNO. The Commandant of the Marine Corps (CMC) is the senior military officer in the Marine Corps. The Commandant is a four-star general and is responsible to the Secretary of the Navy for the command, utilization of resources, and operating efficiency of the operating forces of the Marine Corps. Gen James F. Amos is the current CMC.

III. Chain of Command

Administrative Chain of Command The administrative chain of command is tasked with manning, training, and equipping forces and is responsible for personnel management, supply, services, maintenance, certification, and other matters not directly related to the operational chain of command. The Navy administrative chain of command is: 1. President of the United States____________________________ President Barack H. Obama 2. Secretary of Defense___________________________________ The Honorable Leon E. Panetta 3. Secretary of the Navy___________________________________ The Honorable Ray Mabus 4. Chief of Naval Operations_______________________________ Admiral Gary Roughead 5. Component Commanders - responsible for the administrative control of all Fleet elements assigned to their geographic area (e.g. COMLANTFLT, COMPACFLT). 6. Force Commanders - establish policy, control funds, and perform all administrative functions in

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their respective warfare specialties. a. Ships: COMNAVSURFFOR b. Air: COMNAVAIRFOR c. Subs: COMSUBFOR 7. Type Commanders - establish policy, control funds, and perform all administrative functions in their respective warfare specialties in their geographic area. a. Ships: COMNAVSURFLANT and COMNAVSURFPAC b. Air: COMNAVAIRLANT and COMNAVAIRPAC c. Subs: COMSUBLANT and COMSUBPAC 8. Group Commanders - responsible to Type Commanders (TYCOM) for administrative control of similar types of Fleet elements (e.g., carrier, cruiser-destroyer, etc.) in homeport areas. 9. Squadron Commanders - responsible to Group Commanders for administrative control of a squadron of similar ship types. 10. Unit Commanders - ship or aviation squadron Commanding Officers responsible to squadron commanders for administrative control of their ship. Operational Chain of Command The operational chain of command is tasked with using the forces provided by all four services to carry out the orders of the National Command Authority. The Navy operational chain of command is: 1. The President of the United States (with the Secretary of Defense, and the JCS acting as advisors.) 2. Unified Commanders - (EUCOM, CENTCOM, USPACOM) 3. Component Commanders - responsible to unified commanders for the tactical employment of naval forces in their assigned geographical region. (COMLANTFLT, COMPACFLT) 4. Numbered Fleet Commanders 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 6th, 7th See Below for more information. 5. Designated Task Force Commanders - Used for multi-Battle Group forces (ie. CTF60, Commander, Task Force 60) 6. Task Group Commander - Battle Group Commanders (CTG60.1, CTG60.2, CTG75.2, etc.) 7. Task Unit Commander - Warfare Commanders within the Battle Group (CTU60.1.1, CTU75.2.3, etc.) 8. Task Element Commander - An individual ship or group of ships with a special purpose such as a Surface Action Group (SAG). (CTE60.1.1.2, CTE75.2.3.2, etc.)

IV. Unified Commands

Unified Combatant Commands are composed of forces from two or more services, have broad and continuing missions and are normally organized on a geographical basis. The number of unified combatant commands is not fixed by law and may vary from time to time. There are currently ten unified commands; Six have regional responsibilities, and four have functional responsibilities. Regional Responsibilities: 1. U.S. European Command (EUCOM)- US forces in Europe and parts of the Middle East. Headquartered at Patch Barracks in Stuttgart, Germany. 2. U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM)- US forces in the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean areas. Headquartered at Camp H. M. Smith in Honolulu, HI. 3. U.S. Southern Command (SOUTHCOM)- US forces in Central America and South America. Headquartered in Doral (Miami),, FL. 4. U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM)- US forces in the Middle East. Headquartered at MacDill AFB in Tampa, FL. 5. U.S. Africa Command (AFRICOM)- U.S. Forces in Africa. On February 6, 2007, President Bush and Defense Secretary Robert Gates announced the creation of U.S. Africa Command. Previously held under the realm of EUCOM, the new AFRICOM enables DoD to better focus its resources to support and enhance existing U.S. initiatives that help African nations, the African Union, and the regional economic communities succeed. The command began its independent operations on 1 October 2008. Headquartered at Kelley Barracks in Stuttgart, Germany. 6. U.S. Northern Command (NORTHCOM)- Homeland defense and also serve as head of the North American Aerospace Defense Command, a U.S.-Canada command. NORTHCOM's area of operations include the United States, Canada, Mexico, parts of the Caribbean and the contiguous

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waters in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Headquartered at Peterson AFB in Colorado Springs, CO. Functional Responsibilities: 7. U.S. Special Operations Command (SOCOM)- Directs special forces activities for all US Forces. Headquartered at MacDill AFB in Tampa, FL. 8. U.S. Transportation Command (TRANSCOM)- Directs all air and sea transportation resources. Headquartered at Scott AFB in St. Clair County, IL. 9. U.S. Strategic Command (STRATCOM)- All air, land, and sea based strategic forces and Space forces. Headquartered at Offutt AFB in Omaha, NE. 10. U.S. Joint Forces Command (USJFCOM)- US forces in the Atlantic Ocean areas and responsible for transforming U.S. military forces. Headquartered in Norfolk, VA. UNIFIED COMMANDS

V. Fleet Commands

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Unified Naval Component and Headquarters Operational Fleet(s) Navy forces are divided into numbered Fleets and assigned to unified commands. OPERATIONAL FLEET (S) SECOND THIRD FOURTH AREA OF OPERATION Atlantic Ocean Eastern and Central Pacific Caribbean Ocean, surrounding waters of Central and South America Middle East (Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf) Mediterranean Sea Western Pacific and Indian Ocean HEADQUARTERS OF FLEET CDR Norfolk, Virginia Point Loma, San Diego, California Mayport, Florida FLAG SHIP USS IWO JIMA N/A N/A UNIFIED COMMAND USJFCOM PACCOM SOUTHCOM

FIFTH

Manama, Bahrain

N/A

CENTCOM

SIXTH SEVENTH

Naples, Italy Yokosuka, Japan

USS MOUNT WHITNEY USS BLUE RIDGE

EUCOM PACCOM

VI. A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower

Never before have the maritime forces of the United Statesthe Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guardcome together to create a unified maritime strategy. This strategy stresses an approach that integrates Seapower with other elements of national power, as well as those of our friends and allies. The security, prosperity, and vital interests of the United States are increasingly coupled to those of other nations. Our Nations interests are best served by fostering a peaceful global system comprised of interdependent networks of trade, finance, information, law, people and governance. The United States Seapower will be globally postured to secure our homeland and citizens from direct attack and to advance our interests around the world. We do this to accomplish six important tasks: 1. Limit regional conflict with forward deployed, decisive maritime power. 2. Deter major power war. 3. Win our Nations wars. 4. Contribute to homeland defense in depth. 5. Foster and sustain cooperative relationships with more international partners. 6. Prevent or contain local disruptions before they impact the global system. To successfully implement this strategy, the Sea Services must collectively expand the core capabilities of U.S. Seapower to achieve a blend of peacetime engagement and major combat operations capabilities. The core capabilities include our forward presence, deterrence capability, Sea control, power projection, maritime security and humanitarian assistance and disaster response. This strategy is derived from a thorough assessment of the Nations security requirements. It does not presume conflict but instead acknowledges the historical fact that peace does not preserve itself.

Sources:
Joint Chiefs of Staff Official Web Site: http://www.jcs.mil/page.aspx?id=2 The US Navy Organization: http://www.navy.mil/navydata/organization/org-top.asp General James F. Amos: http://www.marines.mil/unit/hqmc/cmc/Pages/OfficialBiography.aspx Chiefs of Staff of the Army: http://www.army.mil/leaders/csa

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WEEK 7: U.S. NAVAL SERVICE ENLISTED I. Introduction

Enlisted Sailors of our modern Navy have a higher level of training and education than ever before. Many of our Sailors have acquired college credits and degrees either before entering the Navy or as a result of self-development. Today the Navy requires unprecedented technical proficiency and expertise of its enlisted Sailors. Officers are tasked with leading these motivated individuals and developing them into a cohesive team with mission accomplishment as the highest priority. Given the quality and diversity of these sailors, officers will find leading them both challenging and rewarding. The trust and professionalism shared between an officer and his or her Sailors starts with an appreciation and respect for the value of these individuals and a desire to know them beyond their productivity levels. Therefore, it is essential that each officer learn about his or her Sailors, how they are trained, and how they are advanced.

II. Rates, Rating , and Paygrade

Every member of the Navy is either nonrated, rated, or a commissioned officer. Men and women who enlist in the Navy begin as nonrated personnel. A combination of experience and specialized training will allow them to move up into a rated category and to advance through a number of levels. Rated personnel are called petty officer. Nonrated and rated personnel together are referred to as enlisted personnel.

Paygrade Everyone wearing a Navy uniform has a paygrade. A paygrade defines a persons relative standing in the Navy and, of course, determines how much money he or she will be paid. A new recruit enters the Navy as an E-1 which is the first enlisted paygrade. Paygrades E-1 through E-3 are the nonrated paygrades, meaning that they are not tied to a specific occupation. However, based upon screening and testing, they are placed within a broad occupational category known as a general apprenticeship (such as seaman, airman, fireman, hospitalman, or constructionman for advancement through the nonrated paygrades. Specific advanced occupational training leads to advancement into the rated paygrades (E-4 through E-9). General Apprenticeship Seaman (SN) Hospitalman (HN) Airman (AN) Constructionman (CN) Fireman (FN) Color of Stripe White on Black/Black on White White on Black/Black on White Green Light Blue Red

Rating A rating is an occupational specialty in the Navy. In order to qualify for a rating, a Sailor must work through the general apprenticeship levels (E-1 through E-3) or attend a service school. A Sailor seeking to advance into a specific rating is considered a striker and is required to achieve a significant level of experience and/or training toward a particular rating to be formally recognized as a designated striker. A rating abbreviation is formally assed to the general rate and paygrade (i.e. BMSA, YNSR, etc). There are three categories of ratings, general, service, and emergency. The general ratings are occupations for paygrades E-4 through E-9. Each general rating has a distinctive badge. Examples are OS, GM, ET. Service ratings are those general ratings that are subdivided into specific services. Examples are Gasturbine systems Technician (GS), which is subdivided into GSE (electrical) and GSM (mechanical). Emergency Ratings can be created in times of war or national emergency and are ratings not normally needed by the Navy. There are currently no emergency ratings active today.

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The following is a list of ratings found on the yard and which you are expected to know by name, abbreviation, and insignia worn: AB (Aviation Boatswains Mate) CS (Culinary Specialist) AG (Aerographers Mate) CT (Cryptologic Technician) AM (Aviation Structural Mechanic) DC (Damage Controlman) AT (Aviation Electronics Technician) EO (Equipment Operator) AW (Aviation Warfare Systems Operator) ET (Electronics Technician) BU (Builder) GM (Gunners Mate) HM (Hospital Corpsman) OS (Operations Specialist) IT (Information Systems Technician) RP (Religious Programs Specialist) LN (Legalman) ST (Sonar Technician) MM (Machinists Mate) YN (Yeoman) MU (Musician) Petty Officers E-4 to E-6 are considered to be non-commissioned officers (NCOs), and are specifically called Petty Officers in the Navy. Petty Officers perform not only the duties of their specific career field but also serve as leaders to junior enlisted personnel. They must take responsibility for their subordinates, address grievances, inform the chain of command on matters pertaining to good order and discipline, and may even have to place personnel on report. The title Petty Officer comes from the French word petit or something small. In medieval England, villages had several "petite" or "petty" officers who were subordinate to major officials. Thus, Petty Officers are assistants to senior officers. Petty Officers are identified by a combination of letters and /or numbers that represent the individuals paygrade and rating. This is known as an enlisted personnels rate. The first two or three letters represent the general or service rating; the number or letter(s) following indicate the paygrade. An enlisted person who identifies him/herself as BM2 Smith, would be a Boatswains Mate Second Class. The Boatswains Mate is the general service rating and the 2 is the paygrade. Chief Petty Officers E-7 to E-9 are still considered NCOs, but are considered a separate community within the Navy, unlike other branches of service. They have separate berthing and dining facilities (where feasible), wear separate uniforms similar in appearance to a commissioned officer uniform, and perform separate duties. Advancement to Chief Petty Officer (E-7) or above requires a peer review by existing Chief Petty Officers beyond the normal examination score and performance evaluation process. The proper form of address to a Chief Petty Officer is "Chief", "Senior Chief", or "Master Chief" according to their rating. In the U. S. Navy, the Chief is specifically tasked, in writing, with the duty of training Junior Officers (Ensign, Lieutenant (j.g.), Lieutenant, and Lieutenant Commander) one of the major differences between a Chief in the Navy and his/her counterparts in the senior NCO corps in the Army, Marine Corps, and Air Force. CMC After obtaining Master Chief Petty Officer, servicemembers may choose to further their career by becoming a Command Master Chief Petty Officer (CMC). A CMC is considered to be the senior-most enlisted service member within a command, and is the special assistant to the Commanding Officer in all matters pertaining to the health, welfare, job satisfaction, morale, utilization, advancement and training of the command's enlisted personnel. CMC insignia are similar to the insignia for Master Chief, except that the rating symbol is replaced by an inverted five-point star, reflecting a change in their rating from their previous rating.

III. Uniform Insignia

Enlisted personnel will wear rating badges or insignias on all uniforms with the exception of non-rated personnel when wearing utilities and coveralls. Insignias and badges with no rating specific markings will be worn on utilities or coverall for E-4 and above personnel. Personnel in paygrades E-7 through E-9 wear collar devices (i.e. gold anchors with USN and fouled chain). A Senior Chief will have one silver star above the anchor, and a Master Chief will have two silver stars. When wearing either the peacoat or outer

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jacket, rating badges or collar devices will be worn with the exception of non-rated personnel. An E-4 (Petty Officer Third Class) wears one chevron on his/her rating badge, an E-5 (Petty Officer Second Class) has two, and an E-6 (Petty Officer First Class) has three. The insignia show below is for that of a Boatswains Mate (BM). The crossed anchors below the crow identify the individual as a BM on the rating badge. Notice the star in the place of the anchors on the insignia of the Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy. The star shows the individual is a CMC.

Non-Commissioned Officer and Enlisted Rate Structure of the United States Navy Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy E-9 Master Chief Petty Officer E-9 Senior Chief Petty Officer E-8 Chief Petty Officer E-7 Petty Officer First Class E-6

Petty Officer Second Class E-5

Petty Officer Third Class E-4

Seaman E-3

Seaman Apprentice E-2

Seaman Recruit E-1 No insignia

IV. Naval Enlisted Classification (NEC) Codes

NEC is a special code used to identify a skill, knowledge, aptitude, or qualification not included in general or service rating training. For example, not all Boatswains Mates (BM) are qualified tugmasters. They would go through the qualification process and earn the NEC BM-0161. This tells the detailer the administrative personnel at Navy Personnel Command (NAVPERSCOM) in Millington, TN, who match individuals to specific assignments (billets) in the Navy- that this particular Sailor can be assigned the tugmaster billet anywhere in the Navy. With few exceptions, NECs are assigned to personnel by the Enlisted Personnel Management Center (EPMAC) in New Orleans. There are six type of NEC codes: entry series, rating series, special series, alphanumeric, numerical, and planning.

V. Service Schools
For some ratings, graduation from a particular service school is necessary for advancement. Selection for a service school depends on the rate, time in service, current duty assignment, school quotas, and the operational schedule of the Sailors unit. The five types of enlisted service schools are: 1. Class A Provides the basic technical knowledge required for job performance and further specialized training. An NEC may be awarded to identify the skill. 2. Class C Advanced skills and techniques needed to perform a particular job are taught. An NEC may also be awarded to identify the level of skill. 3. Class E Designated for professional education leading to an academic degree. 4. Class F Trains fleet personnel who are en route to, or are members of ships companies. Also provides individual training such as refresher, operator, maintenance, or technical training of less than 13 calendar days. A NEC is not awarded. 5. Class R This is the basic school that provides initial training after enlistment, also known as boot camp or recruit training. It prepares the recruit for early adjustment to military life by inculcating basic skills and knowledge about military subjects. Class R schooling for all recruits is now conducted at Recruit Training Center, Great Lakes, IL.

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VI. Enlisted Advancement

Advancement in the Navy means better pay. More privileges, greater responsibility, and increased pride. Advancement to petty officer rate in the Navy are made through centralized competition. General Requirements. 1. Advancement to E-2 and E-3 is based on Time-In-Rate (TIR), 9 months in length, and performance. 2. Advancement to E-4 through E-9 is based on a combination of time in service, TIR, awards, performance (evaluations), and score on the annual/semi-annual exams held in March and September for E-4 through E-6. For E-7 the advancement exam is held annually, in January. A selection board is convened in July and results are posted in early August. For E-8 and E-9, advancement is based on performance and board selection. 3. Meet all appropriate citizenship or security clearance requirements for advancement in certain rates or ratings. 4. Fulfill special requirements for certain ratings. 5. Meet all physical readiness/body fat standards. 6. Be recommended by the Commanding Officer.

Sources:
Enlisted Rating Insignia: http://www.navy.mil/navydata/navy_legacy_hr.asp?id=259 US Navy Ranks and Rates: http://www.navy.mil/navydata/ranks/rankrate.html Navy Enlisted Promotion Chart: http://usmilitary.about.com/od/navy/l/blpromchart.htm Chief Petty Officer Heritage: http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq46-1.htm

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WEEK 8: USMC HISTORY AND TRADITIONS I. Origins

Birth of the Marine Corps The US Marine Corps is a direct descendent of the British Royal Marines, who were founded in 1664. When the 2nd Continental Congress drew up plans for a Navy, it also established a Continental Marine Corps. November 10, 1775 marks the United States Marine Corps official birthday. Tun Tavern in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is recognized as the birthplace of the Marine Corps. Samuel Nicholas, a Philadelphia merchant, was commissioned a Captain and ordered to raise the required number of Marines to form the two battalions. He is considered the first traditional Commandant of the Marine Corps.

II. History and Traditions

First Amphibious Landing The attack on New Providence, Bahamas was led by Samuel Nicholas and was the first amphibious raid in the history of the Marine Corps. Landing on 3 March 1776, the Marines made the first amphibious assault, taking the British defenders completely by surprise. The British withdrew from Fort Montague and the Marines captured the fort without firing a shot. Early Traditions Quatrefoil One of the traditions, which evolved from the late 1700s and early 1800s, was the use of the Quatrefoil. It enabled our sharpshooting Marines in the riggings of sailing ships to distinguish between friend and foe. Our boarding parties attached a cross design piece of rope to the top of their covers. From this evolved the Quatrefoil, today the cross-shaped braid is worn on top of the Officer's barracks cover. Leatherneck The Marines long-standing nickname "Leatherneck goes back to the leather collar, or neckpiece, which was worn from 1775 to 1875, that was intended to ensure the Marines kept their heads erect, and to protect their necks from sword slashes. The high collar on the blue dress uniforms commemorates it today. Rank Of Sergeant Major In 1798 Congress established the rank of Sergeant Major. The first Sergeant Major in the Marine Corps was Sergeant Major Archibald Sommers. Marine Corps Band The Marine Band was also established in 1798 and has played for every president except George Washington. Thomas Jefferson gave them the nickname "The President's Own". Mameluke Sword In 1805, the Ruler of Tripoli, Prince Hamet, presented the Mameluke sword to Lieutenant O'Bannon as a token of gratitude for the Marinesactions during the Barbary Pirate Wars. A replica of that sword was adopted for use and carried by all Marine officers. The Mameluke Sword is the oldest weapon still in use today by any of the US Armed Forces. The Scarlet Stripe The red scarlet trouser strip first appeared on uniform trousers in 1798, and reappeared in 1840 and 1859, partly as a result of the military fashions of the day. The popular story, which cannot be supported by fact, is: In the battle of Chapultepec during the Mexican War in1847, 90% of the Marine officers and noncommissioned officers were casualties. Thirteen of the twentythree Marine officers participating in this battle were decorated for bravery. Thus the scarlet stripe, or "blood stripe", worn today on the blue dress trousers is to commemorate all the officer and noncommissioned officer casualties at the battle. The Grand Old Man of the Marine Corps Archibald Henderson was appointed the 5th Commandant of the Marine Corps in 1820 and remained commandant until 1859, a period of 38 years, and is known as the Grand Old Man of the Marine Corps. Marine Corps Emblem During the post-Civil War period in 1868 Marine Corps emblem was adopted. The emblem consisted of an eagle with spread wings sitting on top of a globe of the Western Hemisphere with an anchor in the background. The eagle symbolizes the nation, the globe worldwide service, and the anchor naval traditions.

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Two Medal of Honor Recipients Gunnery Sergeant Dan Daly and Major Smedley Butler are the only Marines who have won two Medals of Honor for two separate actions. Gunnery Sergeant Dan Daly was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Boxer Rebellion in China in 1900 and the Banana Wars in Haiti in 1915. Is is also known for saying, "Come on, you sons of bitches! Do you want to live forever?" during the Battle for Belleau Wood in WWI. Major Smedley Butler was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Mexican War in 1914 and the Banana Wars in Haiti in 1915. Father of Marine Aviation The development of Marine aviation began in 1912. 2nd Lieutenant Alfred A. Cunningham was the first Marine to earn naval aviation wings. Lieutenant Cunningham worked to establish Marines as aviators and is considered the father of Marine Corps aviation. World War I (1917) The Marine Corps underwent a drastic transformation in World War I from a small force of antiguerrilla fighters to a large conventional force capable of sustained combat. To have enough troops to cross the Atlantic Ocean with the expeditionary forces in World War I, the Marine Corps had to expand its numbers dramatically. The Marines fielded two brigades to fight in Europe. After 54 days of trench warfare, the Marines pulled out and received orders to protect Paris. They met the Germans at a place called Bois de Belleau (Belleau Wood). As Marines moved to the front, retreating French soldiers encouraged them to "fall back retreat" telling them that advancement was impossible. In classic Marine fashion Capt. Lloyd Williams reportedly answered, "Retreat hell, we just got here!" At Belleau Wood, the 4th Marine Brigade suffered enormous casualties while saving Paris from the Germans. The French commander ordered Belleau Wood renamed as "Bois de la Brigade de Marine," the Woods of the Marine Brigade and the French government awarded the 4th Marine Brigade France's highest award, the Croix de Guerre. Devil Dog German soldiers feared the Marines, calling them "Teufelhunden" or "Devil Dog", a name which is still used by Marines to this day. The German high command classified the Marines as "Shock Troops," a classification reserved only for the finest military organizations. Post-World War I During and after World War I, the Marines were consistently called upon to protect American interests and provide security in such places as Haiti, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic. During this same period the concept of close air support was implemented for the first time and the serious study of the amphibious assault was undertaken. This study generated the first Manual for Landing Operations. Thirteenth Commandant Perhaps the most significant event of this period was the appointment of Major General John A. Lejeune as the 13th Commandant of the Marine Corps. His major accomplishments as Commandant include: i. Guiding the Corps toward the amphibious assault role. ii. Establishing the Marine Corps Institute. iii. Enhancing the officer corps through the Company Grade Officer's School and the Field Grade Officer's School. iv. Organizing Headquarters Marine Corps. Women In The Corps Women entered the ranks of the Marine Corps for the first time in 1918, when 277 reservists and Women Marines joined the Corps, beginning with Opha Mae Johnson. Amphibious Development During the 1920s the advanced base concept was being studied as the future role of the Marine Corps. To lend credence to the advanced base concept, General Russell established the Fleet Marine Force (FMF) in 1933. Lieutenant Colonel Ellis, a progressive thinker and visionary, was preparing ideas 20 years ahead of his time. His ideas and those of others greatly contributed to important developments and changes to the Marine Corps that took place before Word War II. The charter for the FMF was published between the US Naval Fleet and the newly formed FMF. Publication of the "Marine Manual for Landing Operations" established the first guidelines for conducting amphibious operations. Development of the Higgins boat, as the first truly successful landing craft for combat, allowed Marines to conduct amphibious operations with greater success.

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The Island Hopping Campaign of World War II Guadalcanal On 7 August 1942, the First Marine Division, consisting of 16,000 Marines, made the first amphibious landing of World War II. This was the first time that the principles established by the 1938 Fleet Training Publication 167 were applied. When the Marines came ashore, the Japanese launched a sea attack against the US Navy amphibious ships. The operation was not yet complete when the Navy decided to withdrawal from Guadalcanal with thousands of Marines and critical equipment aboard. Instead of spearheading an offensive operation, the Marines assumed a defensive perimeter until the rest of the Marines aboard the ships could return. By February of 1943, the Marines had full control of Guadalcanal and the US concentrated on the offensive in the Pacific. Tarawa There were over 4,800 Japanese on Tarawa manning 32 large coastal artillery pieces, 106 machine guns, and 14 tanks. On 20 November 1943, the 2d Marine Division attacked Tarawa. The reefs surrounding the island stopped the majority of the landing craft. The Marines waded to the shore, some 500 hundred yards distant, in the face of machine gun and mortar fire. 76 hours after the start of the assault on Tarawa, the 2d Marine Division captured the island at the cost of 1,100 dead and 2,300 wounded Marines. The significance of Tarawa was that the Japanese commander claimed, "a million men assaulting for a hundred years could not take Tarawa". It took the Marines just 76 hours. Only 17 Japanese surrendered; the rest fought to the death. The US Marine Corps learned two important lessons from the Battle for Tarawa: Higgins Boats. The Marine Corps relied heavily on the Higgins Boat up to this point in the war. At Tarawa these flat-bottom boats became stuck on the coral reefs, forcing Marines to wade ashore under murderous fire. Landing Vehicle Tracked (LVT). The 2d Marine Division had brought along an experimental amphibious landing craft, the Landing Vehicle Tracked. They were tracked vehicles with the capability of riding over coral reefs and continuing to shore. There were only 93 LVTs at Tarawa, not enough to transport the Marines to shore as quickly as needed. After Tarawa the United States Marine Corps adopted the exclusive use of the LVT. Iwo Jima Iwo Jima was needed in order to provide a clear flight path for American B-29 strategic bombers. The Japanese spent almost 20 years preparing for the defense of this island. On the morning of 19 February 1945, the men of the 4th and 5th Marine Divisions landed on Iwo Jima. It was the largest Marine amphibious landing to date, and the costliest. The Marines sustained more than 26,000 casualties while fighting the 21,000 Japanese soldiers that defended the barren, rugged terrain. Many of the 1500 caves and pillboxes on the island had reinforced walls ten feet thick. In recognition of the Marines heroism in the battle on Iwo Jima, Navy Admiral Chester A. Nimitz said, "Among the Americans who fought and died at Iwo Jima, uncommon valor was a common virtue." During this battle Marines raised the American flag on Mount Suribachi. An Associated Press photographer, Joe Rosenthal, snapped a picture, which has taken its place with the most famous pictures and paintings of our country's history. This picture was the inspiration for the Iwo Jima Memorial in Washington D.C. Okinawa The final great land offensive in the Pacific area was the invasion of Okinawa by the combined forces of the Marine Corps and the Army. The Marine Corps landed the 1st and 6th Marine Divisions on the western beaches of Okinawa, with the 2d Marine Division held in reserve. Defending this mighty fortress were 117,000 Japanese. However, on 21 June 1945, after three months of fighting, Japanese resistance ended. The successful conquest of the island of Okinawa enabled our ships, planes and submarines to tighten the blockade around Japan's home islands. The Korean War The Pusan Perimeter

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After World War II, Korea was split, North and South, along the 38th parallel. The North became Communist and the South became a Democratic Republic. In the summer of 1950, North Korean troops supplied with Russian and Chinese equipment and advisors crossed the 38th Parallel attacking South Korea. The US Armys 24th Division was immediately dispatched from Japan along with other United Nations (UN) forces. The South Korean and US Armys 24th Division was pushed back to a small perimeter around the port city of Pusan. Within days, the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade sailed from San Diego for Pusan. This rapid deployment of a combat ready Marine contingent again displayed the Marine Corps' concept of being a "Force in Readiness". The North Korean onslaught was so swift and powerful that by the time the Marines arrived on 2 August 1950, elements of the US Army were already surrounded within the Pusan Perimeter. The 1st Provisional Marine Brigade, composed of the 5th Marines and MAG-33, was used to plug holes in the perimeter defense. The Marines then pushed the North Koreans back 26 miles along the left flank. On 8 August, a call came to pull the Marines back to the Pusan perimeter. Seventy-five miles to the north, the North Koreans pushed across the Naktong River and threatened the entire perimeter. As the Marines moved in as a blocking force, the North Korean division attacked. The following day the 3d Battalion, 5th Marines attacked the left flank of the North Korean division and the rest of the regiment soon took the ridges overlooking the river. On 3 September the North Koreans attacked the perimeter again. The 5th Marines moved in and, after three days of tough fighting they pushed the North Koreans back 6 miles, securing the perimeter. The Battle for Inchon Nearly all high-ranking officials in the Department of Defense, including the Joint Chiefs of Staff, opposed the decision to land at Inchon. It was considered too difficult, too risky and almost impossible. The landing at Inchon was unlike any of the landings during World War II. There were several obstacles to overcome. The city of Inchon had tidal variation of 33 feet, was surrounded by large mud flats and, an island fortress named Wolmi-do protected it. Lastly, Inchon was surrounded by an 8-foot sea wall, which the Marines had to scale from their landing craft. On 15 September 1950, the Marines fought for the city in hand-to-hand combat, using flame-throwers, and any weapon at their disposal. After 2 days of fighting the Marines captured Inchon and prepared to advance onto the South Korean capital of Seoul. The Battle for Seoul As the North Koreans withdrew, the Marines pushed forward into the city. 10,000 Korean soldiers defended Seoul, but the 5th Marines cleared every street in the city. General MacArthurs plan worked perfectly and the North Korean Army suffered a devastating defeat. The North Koreans were destroyed by the massive firepower of the Marines. Seoul was taken on 26 September after 3 days of heavy fighting. The Battle for the Chosin Reservoir The Marines pushed north for the Yalu River toward the border between North Korea and Communist China as winter arrived. As the Marines moved north through the frozen mountainous terrain, the Communist Chinese Forces (CCF) prepared to move south. The Marines marched to the west of a manmade reservoir called Chosin. Colonel Lewis B. "Chesty" Puller was there as the commanding officer of the 7th Marines. On the night of 2 November, just south of the Chosin Reservoir, the 12th Chinese Communist Division attacked the 7th Marine Regiment who was the lead element for the 1st Marine Division. The Marines fought off the attack for five days until the Chinese broke contact and simply disappeared. On 27 November, eight Chinese Divisions out-flanked the Marines. The Army units on the Marines left flank were crumbling and the Marines were dangerously exposed. The UN forces crumbled and retreated. The Marines were left alone with their supply lines cut off, 70 miles from the sea. There was only one choice for the Marines, to fight their way back down the supply lines to the sea. This is when General Smith, Commanding officer of the 1st Marine Division, stated, "We are not retreating, we're just attacking in a different direction." It was a testament of the Marines fighting spirit. As the 1st Marine Division began their controlled withdrawal from the Chosin Reservoir, the weather became just as fierce as the enemy. As the Marines withdrew from the Chosin Reservoir, they took all of their men and equipment, evacuated all the dead and wounded, and left nothing to aid the Chinese divisions.

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Reaching the port city of Hungnam was considered a miracle. The 1st Marine Division was the only unit to come out of the Chosin Reservoir intact. Colonel Chesty Puller was awarded his fifth Navy Cross at the Chosin Reservoir for his leadership and bravery. Chesty Puller is the only Marine who has been awarded five Navy Crosses. In February, plans for a new offensive were drawn up. The Marines acted as the spearhead for the assault and pushed north. As the Marines pushed north they did so without air cover. Higher headquarters decided to pull the close air support away from the Marine Division for employment elsewhere. As a result, casualties began to increase all along the front. The UN halted ground offensive operations, and planned to bomb the Chinese out of the war. The war quickly came to a stalemate. For several months, Marines conducted limited operations. The overall situation changed little in the months to come as the Chinese offered to negotiate. A truce was signed on 27 July 1953. Three Developments from the Korean War Use of lightweight body armor in the latter stages of the war. This is the origin of the flak jackets used in the fleet today. Introduction of the thermal boots. Because of the intense cold, frostbite injuries, and the problem of fighting in an arctic environment, all Marine replacements for Korea were sent to Bridgeport, California for extensive cold weather training prior to departure for Korea. Introduction of the helicopter into a combat environment. The Marine Corps pioneered the doctrine of Vertical Envelopment; also known as the helicopter assault. Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps In 1957, the 21st Commandant, General Pate, established the billet of Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps as the Commandants senior enlisted advisor. The first Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps was Sergeant Major Bestwick. The Vietnam War Da Nang As air strikes went deep into North Vietnam, the Americans established an airbase in the northern part South Vietnam at Da Nang. The US suspected the Viet Cong would attack this air base, so the Marine Corps were called in to protect it. On March 8, 1965 the 9th Marine Expeditionary Brigade landed at Da Nang, they were the first ground combat forces to deploy to South Vietnam. Beginning of Offensive Operations Initially, there were two conflicting strategies on how to conduct the war. The first of these was the Army's search and destroy missions against the Viet Cong. The second was the Marine strategy called the "Ink Blot". This strategy involved establishing coastal enclaves, such as Da Nang, and then gradually expanding through "clear and hold" operations. One of the most effective tactics the Marines used in winning the trust of the Vietnamese people was the Combined Action Platoon (CAP). CAPs consisted of a South Vietnamese Popular Forces platoon of 38 men combined with a US Marine rifle squad and a medical corpsman. Operation Starlite In late July of 1965, intelligence reports indicated that the 1st Viet Cong Regiment, some 2,000 strong, was preparing to attack Chu Lai. Acting on this information, the Marines initiated the first regimental-sized operation since the Korean War; 7th Marines took on the mission. On 18 August 1965, a three pronged attack named Operation Starlite was launched. One battalion attacked on foot from the north, another battalion conducted a helo borne assault from the west, and a third conducted an amphibious assault from the southeast. Each battalion converged on the 1st Viet Cong Regiment at the same time. The significance of Operation Starlite was that the Marines dealt the Viet Cong its first major defeat of the war and denied the Viet Cong sanctuaries along the coast. Khe Sanh

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The Quang Tri province bordered the demilitarized zone (DMZ) and was one of the key objectives of the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) in 1967. Defense of the DMZ was centered on the Khe Sanh combat base; the NVA had to control this base in order to control the province. Northwest of Khe Sanh was a group of hills, #881 North and South, that overlooked the base and was used by the NVA to launch mortar and rocket attacks. The 2d and 3d Battalions of the 3d Marine Regiment attacked the NVA to push them off the high ground. The significance of the Hill Fights was that the Marines denied the NVA control of Quang Tri Province and at the same time enhanced the security of Khe Sanh. Tet Offensive In search of a victory, the NVA conducted a large-scale operation that coincided with the Vietnamese Lunar New Year called Tet. The main objectives of the Tet Offensive were to capture the Vietnamese cities of Saigon, Hue, Khe Sanh, and Da Nang. The NVA managed to infiltrate and gain control of Hue city. The Marines had to fight house-to-house and street-to-street to retake the city; it was the first time since Korea that the Marines fought in this manner. After twenty-four days of fighting, the NVA forces were defeated and the city secured. The NVA had to find another way to take Khe Sanh. Khe Sanh came under siege by three NVA divisions during January 21 to March 30, 1968. Tet related battles continued for four more months, but the communists suffered a stunning defeat and lost more than 80,000 NVA casualties. However, the Tet offensive provoked a political crisis in the US that changed the Vietnam War. Marine Scout Sniper Program GySgt Carlos Hathcock, a Marine sniper with 93 confirmed kills, gained notoriety for his outstanding marksmanship. He once recorded a kill from two thousand five hundred meters using an M2 .50 caliber machinegun. He and other Marines clearly demonstrated the worth of snipers as a cost efficient and highly effective tool in combat. As a result, sniper training became a permanent part of the USMC organization. Lebanon On 25 August 1982, the 32d Marine Amphibious Unit (MAU) landed in Beirut, Lebanon. The country was engaged in an intense civil war between various political factions. The 32d MAU's mission was to help evacuate the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) to help stabilize the situation. By 31 August, all of the PLO members were evacuated from the city of Beirut. After completing their mission, the 32d MAU departed the city. When the civil war worsened, the Marines returned to Lebanon and conducted a combined surface and helicopter landing into the Beirut International Airport. On 23 October 1983 the Marine barracks at the Beirut International Airport was bombed. At 0622 that Sunday morning, a suicide terrorist drove a five-ton truck loaded with explosives into the lobby of the Marine barracks. The resulting explosion leveled the four-story building used by the Marines as a barracks and headquarters. 241 Marines and Sailors died in the attack. Grenada In October 1983, President Reagan ordered a joint Marine and Army force to land on the small Caribbean island of Grenada. The President was concerned about the safety of American lives and the deteriorating political situation. Operation "Urgent Fury" began at 0500 on 25 October. Marines from the 24th MAU, embarked aboard the USS Guam, landed ashore in order to rescue American medical students held captive in Grenada. By 28 October, all organized resistance had ceased and the mission was accomplished. Panama Relations between Panama's leader Manuel Noriega and the US government deteriorated in the 1980s due to his alleged drug involvement and election fraud. On 20 December 1989, President Bush ordered US forces to invade Panama and to apprehend Manuel Noriega. This operation was named Operation "Just Cause". The mission had several objectives: To install the rightfully elected officials in the Panamanian government, to apprehend Noriega and bring him to justice, and to restore peace to the Panamanian people. Marine and Army units searched Panama City for days trying to capture the evasive Noriega. Noriega sought refuge in the Vatican embassy, which was then surrounded by US forces. After a 12-day stalemate

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and through the use of psychological warfare, Noriega surrendered to American forces. After Noriega's deportation, the duly elected government was installed as the ruling government of Panama. Persian Gulf War On 2 August 1990, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein ordered his armed forces to invade its southern neighbor Kuwait and annex it as Iraq's 19th province. Immediately, President Bush ordered a military buildup in the region in concert with the government of Saudi Arabia to halt further aggression by Hussein. The deployment of US forces was called operation "Desert Shield." During "Desert Shield", Marines at sea helped enforce a maritime blockade of Iraqi shipping. The Navy and Marine Corps team conducted many highly publicized amphibious "rehearsals" to show the Iraqis their capabilities. Because of these demonstrations, the Iraqis committed three divisions to defending the Kuwaiti coast against an amphibious landing. Coalition forces, headed by the US armed forces took up positions in the Persian Gulf and the surrounding countries. Operation Desert Storm was the largest combat operation in Marine Corps history. On 16 January 1991 the war began. The US first established air supremacy and then started the ground campaign. The 1st and 2d Marine Divisions mission was to conduct a frontal attack through two Iraqi minefield/obstacle belts. The Marine forces at sea executed an amphibious demonstration, done to divert Iraqis' attention to the fake amphibious landing. The Army was then able to hit the Iraqis with a "left hook", advancing around their left flank deep into Iraq. The abandoned Saudi frontier town of Al-Khafji was the site of the first ground engagement with Iraqi forces. Operation Desert Storm was a success. The 100-hour battle proved the lethal effectiveness of our welltrained and disciplined Marines. Somalia Somalia is an East African nation that lost half a million people to starvation and drought in the late 1980s. Somalia's government disintegrated after an uprising of armed warrior clans began in the north in 1988. By 1991, anarchy reigned as fourteen clans vied for control. The Marines landed in Mogadishu on 9 December 1992. Their mission was to secure the port complex, airport, and the abandoned US Embassy. Once ashore, Marines broke the gridlock of food distribution and established humanitarian relief sectors in central and southern Somalia. By 1993 the Marines successfully stopped the widespread starvation. The UN took command of the operation and the Marines withdrew. After a two-year absence, the Marines returned in 1995 during Operation United Shield. The UN failed to restore order to Somalia so they called on the US to help withdraw UN forces from the country. The Marines were engaged in 27 firefights during the evacuation of UN forces. In December 1992, Marines landed in Somalia marking the beginning of a two-year humanitarian relief operation in that famine-stricken and strife-torn nation. In another part of the world, Marine Corps aircraft supported Operation Deny Flight in the no-fly zone over Bosnia-Herzegovina. During April 1994, Marines once again demonstrated their ability to protect American citizens in remote parts of the world when a Marine task force evacuated U.S. citizens from Rwanda in response to civil unrest in that country. Urban Warfare The Marine Corps continued its tradition of innovation to meet the challenges of a new century. The Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory was created in 1995 to evaluate change, assess the impact of new technologies on warfighting, and expedite the introduction of new capabilities into the operating forces of the Marine Corps. Exercises such as Hunter Warrior, and Urban Warrior were designed to explore future tactical concepts, and to examine facets of military operations in urban environments. Humanitarian and disaster relief Humanitarian and disaster relief operations were also conducted by Marines during 1998 in Kenya, and in the Central American nations of Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Guatemala. In 1999, Marine units deployed to Kosovo in support of Operation Allied Force. In December, 2004, a tsunami struck numerous nations in the Indian Ocean region killing more than 150,000 and causing enormous devastation. Marine units from III MEF were immediately deployed to Thailand, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka to assist in disaster relief operations. In September and October of 2005, nearly 3000 Marines and sailors conducted search and rescue, humanitarian relief, and disaster recovery operations in Louisiana and Mississippi in the aftermath of hurricanes Katrina and Rita.

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Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) Soon after the September 2001 terrorist attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C., Marine units deployed to the Arabian Sea and in November set up a forward operating base in southern Afghanistan as part of Operation Enduring Freedom. Global War on Terrorism (GWOT) The Marine Corps has played a key role in the Global War on Terrorism. Marines operated in diverse locations, from Afghanistan, to the Arabian Gulf, to the Horn of Africa and the Philippines. Early 2003 saw the largest deployment of Marine forces since the Persian Gulf War of 1990-91 when 76,000 Marines deployed to the Central Command area for combat operations against Iraq. Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) The I Marine Expeditionary Force, including Task Force Tarawa and the United Kingdoms 1st Armored Division, were the first conventional ground units to enter Iraq in late March as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Fixed-wing and helicopter aircraft from the 3d Marine Air Wing provided continuous close air and assault support to Marine and coalition units as they drove deeper into Iraq. On the ground, Marines from I MEF moved nearly 400 miles from the Kuwait border to Baghdad and Tikrit, Iraq, and eliminated the last organized resistance by Iraqi military forces. Although I MEF would transition to stabilization and security operations and then redeploy to the U.S. by late September, I MEF began preparing for a return to Iraq in early 2004. In early 2005, the II Marine Expeditionary Force replaced I MEF in Iraq as the primary focus began to shift to partnership operations with the Iraqi Security Forces. Marine units continued to provide air and ground support to Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan.

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WEEK 9: USMC PERSONNEL, TRAINING, AND INDIVIDUAL WEAPONS I. Culture and Mentality
The close integration of dissimilar Marine units stems from an organization culture centered around the infantry. Every other Marine capability exists to support the infantry. Unlike many Western militaries, the Corps remained conservative against theories proclaiming the ability of new weapons to win wars independently. For example, Marine Aviation has always been focused on close air support and has remained largely uninfluenced by airpower theories proclaiming that strategic bombing can singlehandedly win wars. This focus on infantry is matched with the fact that Every Marine is a rifleman, emphasizing the infantry combat abilities of every Marine. All enlisted Marines receive training first and foremost as a rifleman; all officers receive training as infantry platoon commanders. The value of this culture has been demonstrated many times throughout history.

II. Officer Ranks

Marine Corps officer ranks are subdivided into company-grade officers (0-1 to 0-3), field-grade officers (0-4 to 0-6), and generals (0-7 to 0-10). Warrant Officers, who come primarily from the senior Non-Commissioned Officer ranks, provide leadership and training in specialized fields and skills.

III. Enlisted Ranks

Enlisted Marines in the pay grades E-1 to E-3 make up the bulk of the Corps ranks. Although they dont technically hold leadership ranks, the Corps ethos stresses leadership among all Marines, and junior Marines are often assigned responsibility normally reserved for superiors. Those in the pay grades E-4 and E-5 are Non-Commissioned Officers (NCOs). They primarily supervise junior Marines and act as a vital link with the higher command structure, ensuring that orders are

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carried out correctly. Marines E-6 and higher are Staff Non-Commissioned Officers (SNCOs), charged with supervising NCOs and acting as enlisted advisors to the command. The E-8 and E-9 levels each have two ranks per pay grade, each with different responsibilities. The First Sergeant and Sergeant Major ranks are command-oriented, with Marines of these ranks serving as the senior enlisted Marines in a unit, charged to assist the commanding officer in matters of discipline, administration, and morale and welfare of the unit. Master Sergeants and Master Gunnery Sergeants provide technical leadership as occupational specialists in their specific MOS. First Sergeants typically serve as the senior enlisted Marine in a company, battery, or other unit at similar echelon, while Sergeants Major serve the same role in battalions, squadrons, or larger units. The Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps is a unique rank conferred on the senior enlisted marine of the entire Marine Corps, personally selected by the Commandant of the Marine Corps. The Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps wears unique chevrons with an Eagle, Globe, and Anchor at the center, flanked by two five-point stars.

IV. Training
Every year, approximately 1600 new Marine officers are commissioned, and 38,000 recruits accepted and trained. Basic training for Marine Corps takes place at the following locations: Officer: The Basic School Enlisted: Marine Corps Recruit Depot Marine Corps Base Quantico, VA MCRD San Diego, CA MCRD Parris Island, SC

Officers Following commissioning, all Marine commissioned officers, regardless of accession route or further training requirements, attend The Basic School (TBS) at Marine Corps Base Quantico, VA. There, they spend six months learning to command a rifle platoon. The Basic School is an example of the Corps approach to furthering the concept that Every Marine is a rifleman.

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Enlisted Enlisted Marines attend recruit training, or boot camp, at either MCRD San Diego or MCRD Parris Island. Women only attend the Parris Island depot, in the Fourth Recruit Training Battalion, while males who train at Parris Island comprise the First through Third Battalions. Historically, the Mississippi River served as the dividing line which delineated who would be trained where. All recruits must pass an Initial Strength Test to start training. Marine recruit training is the longest among the American military services; it is 13 weeks long, compared to the U.S. Armys 9 weeks. Following recruit training, enlisted Marines then attend the School of Infantry training at Camp Geiger or Camp Pendleton, generally based upon where the Marine received their recruit training. Infantry Marines begin their Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) training immediately within the Infantry Training Battalion (ITB), while Marines in all other MOSs train for 29 days with the Marine Combat Training (MCT), learning common infantry skills, before continuing on to their MOS schools.

V. Rifle Platoon Organization

The goal of all initial Marine Corps training is to make each Marine a competent element of a Rifle Platoon, either as a platoon commander or a platoon member. Mission The primary mission of a Marine Rifle Platoon is to locate, close with, and destroy the enemy by fire and maneuver or to repel his assault by fire and close combat. Characteristics The rifle platoon is the basic maneuver element of the rifle company. Its characteristics are essentially those of the rifle company. Employment The rifle platoon usually fights as part of the rifle company. When circumstances require, it can be appropriately reinforced to operate independently for limited periods 1. In the attack the platoon's rifle squads, assisted by organic and/or external supporting fires, maneuver to positions from which they can close with and destroy the enemy. 2. In the defense, the rifle platoon defends as part of the rifle company. Assisted by non-organic planned fires, it organizes to deny the enemy access to terrain by use of organic fires and close combat. Rifle platoon makeup The platoon has a triangular structure composed of three rifle squads. Each squad is a balanced group consisting of three fire teams. 1 Platoon = 3 rifle squads = 9 fire teams The USMC summarize its fire team organization with the mnemonic ready-teamfire- assist, the following being the arrangement of the fire team when in column: Rifleman acts as a scout for the fire team Team Leader team lead and act as grenadier carrying the M203 grenade launcher Automatic Rifleman carries the M249 SAW and serves as second in command for the fire team Assistant Automatic Rifleman carries extra ammunition

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Headquarters element of a Rifle platoon The headquarters element of a rifle platoon consists of a platoon commander, platoon sergeant, Hospital Corpsman and a radio operator. 1. Platoon Commander is responsible to the company commander for the training, combat efficiency, discipline, administration, and welfare of his platoon. Everything the platoon does or fails to do in garrison or in combat is the platoon commander's responsibility. He is also responsible for the first echelon maintenance, safeguarding, and economical use of all equipment on charge to the platoon and its individual members. 2. Platoon Sergeant, as second in command, performs the duties assigned by the platoon commander. He assumes command in the absence of the platoon commander. He assists in all aspects of supervision and control of the platoon.

VI. Basic Weapons of a Rifle Platoon

The basic infantry weapon of the USMC is the M16 assault rifle family, with a majority of Marines being equipped with the M16A2 or M16A4 service rifles, or more recently the M4 carbine a compact variant. Suppressive fire is provided by the M249 SAW. In addition, indirect fire is provided by the M203 grenade launcher in fire teams.

M16A2 / M16A4 Service Rifle This is an A2

This is an A4

Primary Function: Infantry Weapon Caliber: 5.56x45mm NATO Length: 39.6 inches Effective Range: Area TGT 800 meters, Point TGT 550 meters Rate of Fire: Rapid Rate is 45 rds/min and sustained is 12-15 rds/min

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M249 Squad Automatic Weapon

Primary Function: Infantry Weapon hand-held light machine gun Caliber: 5.56x45mm NATO Length: 41 inches Effective Range: Area TGT - 1,000 meters, Point TGT 800m Rate of Fire: Cyclic 850 rds/min, Rapid 200 rds/min, Sustained 85 rds/min

M16A4 w/M203 Grenade Launcher

M203 Caliber: 40mm Effective Range: Area TGT - 350m, Point TGT - 150 meters Rate of Fire: 7-9 rounds/min

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M4 Carbine

Primary Function: Infantry Weapon * Caliber: 5.56x45mm NATO Length: 33 inches Effective Range: Area TGT 600 meters, Point TGT 500 meters Rate of Fire: 750-900 rounds/min *The United States Marine Corps has ordered its officers (up to the rank of lieutenant colonel) and NCOs to carry the M4A1 carbine variant instead of the M9 Beretta pistol.

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WEEK 10: WARFARE COMMUNITIES OF THE FLEET AND MARINE FORCES I. Mission of the U.S. Navy
The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, and maintaining freedom of the seas. As a part of this mission, the United States Marine Corps (USMC) is responsible for providing power projection from the sea, utilizing the mobility of the U.S. Navy to rapidly deliver combined-arms task forces to global crises.

II. Operational Mission Areas

To achieve this mission, operations are focused in but not limited to the following major areas: 1. ANTI-AIR WARFARE (AAW) The detection, tracking, destruction or neutralization of enemy air platforms and airborne weapons. 2. ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE (ASW) The detection, tracking, and destruction or neutralization of enemy submarines. ANTI-SURFACE WARFARE (ASUW) The detection, tracking, and destruction or neutralization of enemy surface combatants and merchant ships. CLOSE AIR SUPPORT (CAS) Fire support for troops in contact with enemy forces. COMBAT SEARCH AND RESCUE (CSAR) Operations carried out to retrieve, rescue and provide assistance to downed aircrews or allies behind enemy lines COMMAND, CONTROL, AND COMMUNICATIONS (CCC) Providing communications and related facilities for coordination and control of external forces, and control of own unit's capabilities. COMMAND AND CONTROL WARFARE (C2W) The integrated use of computer network operations (CNO), psychological operations (PSYOP), military deception (MILDEC), operations security (OPSEC), electronic warfare (EW), and physical destruction; mutually supported by intelligence, to deny information to, influence, degrade, or destroy adversary C2 capabilities while protecting friendly C2 capabilities against such actions. FLEET SUPPORT OPERATIONS (FSO) Naval forces and designated shore facilities providing supporting services other than logistics replenishment to fleet units. INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE, AND RECONNAISSANCE (ISR) The collection, processing, and evaluation of information to determine location, identity, and capability of hostile forces through the employment of reconnaissance, surveillance, and other means.

3.

4. 5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10. THEATRE AIR AND MISSILE DEFENSE (TAMD) The defense of all forward-deployed forces through evolved, long-range standard missiles and a reconfigured SPY-1 radar system. 11. STRIKE WARFARE (STW) The destruction or neutralization of enemy targets ashore through the use of conventional or nuclear weapons. This includes, but is not limited to, strategic targets, building yards, and operating bases from which the enemy is capable of conducting air, surface, or subsurface operations against U.S. or allied forces.

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12. MARITIME INTERDICTION OPERATIONS (MIO) Boarding, inspection, and seizure (if necessary) of vessels suspected of smuggling, piracy, terrorism, or sanction violations. MIO operations are conducted by trained Boarding Teams consisting of the ships crew and supported by embarked aircraft (SH-60 B) and Coast Guard Law Enforcement Detachments (LE Dets). 13. MINE WARFARE (MIW) The use of mines for control/denial of sea or harbor areas, and mine countermeasures over, under, or upon the surface.

III. Warfare Communities

To achieve this mission, the Fleet utilizes the following warfare communities: 1. Surface Warfare 2. Amphibious Warfare (Surface and Marine Corps assets) 3. Undersea Warfare (Submarine and Mine assets) 4. Air Warfare 5. Special Warfare (SEALs) 6. Expeditionary Warfare (EOD, Construction, Riverine) 7. Cyber Warfare / Information Dominance 8. Space Warfare We will define and discuss the majority of these communities in the following chapters.

IV. Maritime Strategy

The following summary of our Maritime Strategy is found at http://www.navy.mil/maritime/. Visit this same site to find the document in its entirety. A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower was presented by the Chief of Naval Operations and the Commandants of the U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Coast Guard at the International Seapower Symposium in Newport, R.I. on Oct 17, 2007. The result of over a years work, this new enduring strategy will apply maritime power to the crucial responsibility of protecting U.S. vital interests in an increasingly interconnected and uncertain world. Signed for the first time by the service chiefs of all three sea services, the strategy draws the Navy, Marine Corps and Coast Guard even closer together in working to protect and sustain the American way of life. The Maritime Strategy is about Security, Stability and Seapower Security: Maritime forces are first line of defense with ability to deploy quickly, reach difficult locations Prosperity: 70% of the world is water, 80% of the world lives on or near the coastline and 90% of our commerce sails across it. Any disruption in that chain caused by instability has a direct impact on American quality of life. Seapower: The unifying force and common denominator that enables global security stability and prosperity. This strategy clearly articulates that our sea services operate across the full spectrum of operations; raising the prevention of war to a level equal to the conduct of war. We believe that preventing wars is as important as winning wars. Maritime forces will be employed to build confidence and trust among nations through collective security efforts that focus on common threats and mutual interests in an open, multi-polar world. Although our forces can surge when necessary to respond to crises, trust and cooperation cannot be

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surged. They must be built over time so that the strategic interests of the participants are continuously considered while mutual understanding and respect are promoted. United States Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard will act across the full range of military operations to secure the United States from direct attack; secure strategic access and retain global freedom of action; strengthen existing and emerging alliances and partnerships and establish favorable security conditions. Expanded Core Capabilities of Maritime Power 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Forward Presence Deterrence Sea Control Power Projection Maritime Security Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Response

Sources:
Warfare areas of operation- definitions and application to the F/A-18: http://www.navyadvancement.com/warfare-specialist/vfa/205-warfare-mission.php Warfare areas of operation in Navy/Marine Corps/Coast Guard strategy and which platforms engage in each operation: http://www.thelightningpress.com/assets/files/NOPS/NOPS-1.pdf Maritime strategy: http://www.navy.mil/maritime

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WEEK 11: SURFACE WARFARE

I. Mission Definition
To provide combat ready ships to the fleet; and to supply those ships and supporting commands with the leadership, manpower, equipment, training, and material needed to achieve operational excellence and conduct prompt, sustained combat operations at sea to ensure victory. The surface fleet is able to conduct a myriad of operations in both peace and war-time environments. These varied missions range from homeland security (Operation Noble Eagle) to theatre ballistic missile defense (TBMD) and include the following operations and their associated equipment: 1. Maritime Interdiction Operations (MIO) 2. Naval Surface Fire Support (NSFS) 3. Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) 4. Anti-Air Warfare (AAW) 5. Anti-Surface Warfare (ASUW) 6. Theatre Air and Missile Defense (TAMD) 7. Strike Warfare (STW) 8. Command and Control Warfare (C2W)

II. Capabilities
Advancements in technology and strategy have allowed the surface fleet to become a much more dynamic force. Ship classes are no longer built around a single mission area; they are built to specialize in one warfare area but must be able to operate in several additional roles. Modern surface ships possess many unique capabilities listed below. 1. Stealth New ship classes such as the DDG-51 ARLEIGH BURKE class destroyers and Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) employ an angled superstructure, radar absorbent and reflective material (PCMS), and reduced emissions to significantly reduce the radar cross section of the ship, making it much more difficult to acquire on radar. 2. Endurance Utilizing two primary power sources, either gas turbine or steam plants, modern surface warfare platforms have ranges as long as 6000 nautical miles at 20 knots. These ranges are greatly extended by the ability to refuel at sea. 3. Firepower Includes gun mounts, cruise missiles, surface to air missiles, self-defense weapons, and surface to surface missiles. 4. Mobility Because over two thirds of the worlds surface is ocean and eighty percent of the worlds population lives within 100 nautical miles of the coast, naval forces are a potent deterrent to potential adversaries. Naval forces can arrive quickly and remain indefinitely in the waters around the world. This presence reminds potential adversaries of the U.S. militarys capability and resolve to enforce international law. 5. Communication The surface fleet utilizes several means of communication in order to provide and employ classified and unclassified voice, messaging, data and video information from every available source in order to effectively execute the mission. The two primary means used to provide ships, submarines, aircraft, and ground forces necessary information for joint missions are: data transmission, via LINK 4A, LINK 11, and LINK 16, and voice transmission, via Satellite COMMS, HF, UHF, and EHF. IV. Surface Platforms/Equipment

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In addition to the following platforms, there are several other types of ship that fall under the realm of surface warfare to include, amphibious, replenishment, and coastal patrol ships, and mine sweepers. These platforms will be covered in later professional topics. CG-47 TICONDEROGA Class Guided Missile Cruiser Visual Identification Hurricane bow, split superstructure with two SPY array faces forward and two aft. Two masts, with the smaller forward and larger aft. Two sets of stacks, one aft of each mast. 5in/54 cal gun forward and aft. Note for CG-47 to 51 have been decommissioned Mission Primary: AAW, Secondary: Strike Weapons 2 Mk 45, 5in/54 cal dual purpose guns (1 fwd, 1 aft) CG-47 to 51, 2 Mk-26 dual rail launchers (1 fwd, 1 aft) CG-51 and up, 2 Mk-41 VLS (1 fwd, 1 aft) 2 Mk-16 20mm Phalanx CIWS (port and stbd) 2 Mk-32 NATO torpedo tubes 2 Mk-141 quadruple Harpoon canisters Mission Specific Capabilities SPY-1D Air Search Radar, Mk-7 AEGIS combat system Crew Size 24 officers, 340 enlisted

FFG-7 OLIVER HAZARD PERRY Frigate Visual Identification Hurricane bow, Mk-13 single rail launcher, single long box-like superstructure, single mast, Mk-75 76 mm gun mount, aft stack, 1 Mk-16 CIWS, helo deck aft Mission Primary: ASW, Secondary, ASUW Weapons 1 Mk-13 single rail launcher Mk-75 76 mm gun mount 1 Mk-16 20mm Phalanx CIWS (aft) 2 Mk-32 NATO torpedo tubes Mission Specific Capabilities SQS-56 sonar, SQR-19 TACTAS Crew Size 16 officers, 185 enlisted

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DDG-51 ARLEIGH BURKE Class Guided Missile Destroyer Visual Identification Open bow, single 5in/54 cal or 5in/62 cal dual purpose gun fwd, single superstructure, four SPY array faces on superstructure, swept mast, two separate sets of stacks (1fwd, 1 aft). Helo deck aft. DDG 79 and following, 2 SH-60s Mission Primary: AAW, Secondary: ASUW/Strike Weapons 1 Mk-45 5in/54 cal or 5in/62 cal dual purpose gun 2 Mk-41 VLS (1/2 cell fwd, full cell aft) 2 Mk-16 20mm Phalanx CIWS (fwd and aft) 2 Mk-46 NATO torpedo tubes 2 Mk-141 quadruple Harpoon canisters (DDG-78 and below) Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile (DDG-79 and following) Mission Specific Capabilities SPY-1 Air Search Radar, AEGIS combat system Crew Size Varies based on Modernization : 28 officers, 254 enlisted

Aircraft Crew Complement Power Plant Armament

CVN-68 Nimitz Class Aircraft Carrier 1 Carrier Air Wing (85 aircraft) Ships Company: 3,350; Air Wing: 2,480 Two Nuclear Power Plants, four shafts Multiple NATO Sea Sparrow, Phalanx CIWS, and Rolling Airframe Missiles (RAM)

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V. Amphibious Platforms Whidbey Island (LSD-41)-Class Dock Landing Ship Solid block superstructure. Boat/Aircraft crane starboard side Capable of carrying 4 Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCACs), or 3 LCU, or 64 AAV. 413 crew (22 officers) : Marine Detachment: 402 plus 102 surge.

Visual Identification Lift capability Crew

Mission: Whidbey Island, commissioned in 1985, was the first of this new class of versatile durable dock landing ships. Their ability to ballast down and flood a well deck makes possible the loading at sea of amphibious warfare craft and their cargo. LSDs also can accommodate a sizable number of troops. The first variant LSD 41, the Harpers Ferry, it had grater cargo carrying capacity, improved facilities for embarked troops and greater operating range. It was funded in fiscal year 1988; three sister ships were funded in fiscal years 1990, 1991 and 1993, respectively. The final ship of the class, the Pearl Harbor, was commissioned in May 1998. The Navy is developing a midlife upgrade program which is designed to extend the ships service life out to 40 years. Execution of upgrade packages is scheduled was begin in 2008 and be completed by 2012.

San Antonio (LPD 17)-Class Amphibious Transport Dock Visual Identification Lift capability Crew Two stacks, single mast. Helo hanger on flight deck. Swept fwd mast. Battle bridge and crew bridge. Capacity 2 CH-53E or 2 MV-22 or 4 CH-46 Sea Knights, UH/AH-1 Hueys on the flight deck. 2 LCAC or 1 LCU; 18 AAVs or 14 EFVs in the well deck. 360 ships crew(28 officers) + Up to 800 Embarked Troops

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Visual Identification Lift capability Crew

Austin (LPD-4)-Class Amphibious Transport Dock Two stacks, single mast. Boat and Aircraft crane stbd side. Helo hanger on flight deck. Exposed life rafts on the hull. Capacity for up to 6 CH-46 Sea Knights on the flight deck. 17 AAVs, or 1 LCAC and 8 AAVs, or 1 LCU 426 crew (24 officers) + 900 embarked troops

Mission: LPDs are used to transport and land Marines and their equipment and supplies, by embarked air cushion or conventional landing craft or amphibious assault vehicles. These vehicles are augmented by helicopters or vertical take off and landing aircraft. These ships support amphibious, special operations and expeditionary warfare missions.

Wasp (LHD-1)-Class Amphibious Assault Ship Visual Identification Lift capability Flight deck along the main deck. Elevator port side. Superstructure amidships starboard side. Sterngate. Largest amphibious warship. Capable of carrying 3 Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCACs). 12 CH-46 Sea Knight helicopters; 4 CH-53E Sea Stallion helicopters; 4 AH-1W Super Cobra helicopters.6 AV-8B Harrier attack aircraft; 3 UH-1N Huey helicopters (planned capability to embark MV-22 Osprey). 1,108 crew (104 officers) + 1,894 embarked troops

Crew

Mission: The LHDs provide the Marine Corps with a means of ship-to-shore movement by helicopter in addition to movement by landing craft. LHDs which have extensive storage capacity and can accommodate LCACs have participated in major humanitarian assistance and occupation and combat operations. They served as launching platforms for Marine Corps Expeditionary forces to Afghanistan in Operation Enduring Freedom in 2001-2002 and to Iraq in Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003. LHDs serve as Harrier Carriers, launching AV-8B attack aircraft against targets inside Iraq.

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Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC) Visual Identification Large black skirt. Two large propellers one port aft and one stbd aft. Lift capability Capable of carrying 24 troops and 1 MBT Crew 5 c Mission: The LCAC is a high speed, over the beach, amphibious landing craft. LCACs air-cushion capability allows it to proceed inland to discharge cargo on dry, trafficable beaches, thus reducing buildups of troops, equipment and other material in the surf zone. The landing craft is capable of carrying a 60 75 ton payload. LCAC is unrestricted by tides, beach gradients, and surf conditions, allowing it to access more than 70 percent of the worlds beach areas. LCACs are carried by LHAs, LHDs, LPDs and LSDs.

VI. Current Projects 1. The Zumwalt-class destroyer (DDG-1000) is a planned class of United States Navy destroyers, designed as multi-mission ships with a focus on land attack. The Zumwalt-class destroyers are multi-role and designed for surface warfare, anti-aircraft, and naval fire support. The destroyer is being designed to require a smaller crew and be less expensive to operate than comparable warships. It will have a wavepiercing tumblehome hull form whose sides slope inward above the waterline. This slope will reduce the radar cross-section, returning much less energy than a more hard-angled hull form. Originally 32 ships were planned for the class, but this was cut down to three to be built currently. 2. The CG(X) program, is split into two classes, fourteen Zumwalt-sized "escort cruisers" and five 23,000 ton ballistic missile defense (BMD) ships. There has been political pressure for some or all of these ships to be nuclear powered, which would give them the hull classification symbol of CGN(X). 3. The America class(LHA-6) amphibious assault ships are planned to replace the Tarawa class. Based on the USS Makin Island (LHD-8), the LHA-6 will be a gas turbine powered ship supporting a Marine Expeditionary Brigade with launch capacity for MV-22B Osprey tiltrotors, helicopters, and F-35B STOVL strike fighters. To increase the number of accommodated aircraft, it will feature greater hangar space. However, it will not have the well decks that are used to house landing craft on the Tarawa and Wasp class amphibious assault ships. The first ship is due to be delivered in 2013. At displacement of 45,000 tons and carrying a complement of strike fighters, it can serve in the small carrier role. The typical aircraft complement for the America class is expected to be twelve MV-22B Ospreys, eight AH-1Z Vipers, ten F-35Bs, four CH-53Ks and four Navy MH-60S "Knighthawks". The exact makeup of the ship's aircraft complement will vary according to its mission. 4. Developing Platform: Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) - The LCS is an entirely new breed of U. S. Navy warship with versatile war fighting capabilities optimized for littoral coastal missions. Operational experience and analyses indicate potential adversaries will employ asymmetric means to deny U.S. and allied forces access into critical coastal regions including strategic choke points and vital economic sea

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leans. The LCS is specially designed to defeat such anti-access threats, which include fast surface craft, quiet diesel submarines and various types of mines. The ships focused- mission design will offer combatant commanders both the required war fighting capabilities and flexibility to ensure maritime dominance and facilitate unencumbered joint expeditionary force operations. While complementing the primary missions of larger Navy surface combatants, LCS will feature advanced networking capability to share tactical information with other Navy aircraft, ships, submarines and joint units. In 2004, the Navy contracted two industry teams, one lead by Lockheed Martin and the other by General Dynamics, to develop final system designs for a fast, agile and networked surface combatant sea frame. Freedom Class Littoral Combat Ship (LCS-1)

Independence Class Littoral Combat Ship (LCS-2)

Sources:
US Navy Ships: http://www.navy.mil/navydata/our_ships.asp

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WEEK 12: SUBMARINES AND UNDERSEA WARFARE I. Mission of the Submarine Force.
As stated by the CNO's Submarine Warfare Division, the U.S. Submarine Force has several goals: (1) to maintain its role as the world's preeminent Submarine Force; (2) to aggressively incorporate new and innovative technologies to maintain dominance throughout the maritime battlespace; (3) to promote the multiple capabilities of submarines and develop tactics to support national objectives through battlespace preparation, sea control, supporting the land battle and strategic deterrence, and; (4) to fill the role of the Joint Commanders' stealthy, full spectrum expeditionary platform.

II. History
American Revolution The first military submarine was the American-built Turtle (1775). Designed and built by the patriot David Bushnell, the hand-powered, egg-shaped device accommodated a single man. It is thought to be the first submarine capable of independent underwater operation, and the first to use a screw for propulsion. During the American Revolutionary War, Turtle attempted to sink a British warship, HMS Eagle (flagship of the British blockaders), moored in New York harbor. However, Turtle failed. Civil War During the American Civil War, confederate forces revived the submarine concept. On February 18, 1864, the Confederate States Submersible, the CSS Hunley, performed the first successful military submarine mission when she sank the USS Housatonic, just off Charleston Harbor. Hunley performed her submerged attack against Housatonic using a spar torpedo (an explosive charge mounted on a long pole sticking out of Hunley's bow). Though her attack was successful, Hunley sank following the engagement and her entire eight-man crew perished. World War I Submarines first made a significant military impact in World War I. U-boats (German submarines) were central to the German naval strategy. In fact, a torpedo fired from a German U-boat sank the ocean liner RMS Lusitania (May 7, 1915), which directly precipitated entry of the U.S. into WWI; American leaders could not tolerate the threat of unrestricted submarine warfare against civilian shipping traffic. The fleet of American diesel submarines was used primarily for coastal defense. However, after 1917, some American boats drew assignments to hostile European waters. These boats conducted offensive, open-sea operations from the Azores and Bantry Bay in Ireland, supporting the Allied effort to maintain open sea lanes along the European coast and in the approaches to the British Isles. World War II World War II produced significant improvements in the design and operation of submarines worldwide. Side-stepping the requirements of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany built a large submarine fleet in the run-up to the war. Their "wolfpack" tactics proved devastating to Allied military and civilian ships in the European theatre. The U.S. submarine fleet employed the extremely reliable Gato, Balao, and Tench classes to score the most complete victory of any force in any theater of the war, operating in every naval theatre. In spite of a hesitant beginning due to the Pearl harbor surprise and difficulties with defective torpedoes, the submarine force destroyed 1,314 enemy ships for 5.3 million tons (including 8 aircraft carriers and over 200 warships), which translated into fifty-five percent of all enemy ships sunk. Out of 16,000 submariners, the force lost 375 officers and 3,131 enlisted men in fifty-two submarines, the highest casualty rate of any U.S. service branch in the 1939-1945 conflict. Cold War Following WWII, the Cold War redefined the mission of the submarine. Against the rising threat of nuclear war with the Soviet Union, several critical design improvements transformed the U.S. submarine fleet. Most notably, these improvements included: (1) the tear-dropped hull shape. First developed for conventional diesel-electric submarines, the tear-dropped hull allowed much greater submerged operating

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speeds and higher propulsion efficiency. (2) Nuclear powered propulsion. Due in large part to the efforts of ADM Hyman Rickover (USNA 22), Father of the Nuclear Navy, the Naval Nuclear Power Program was born. On January 17th 1955, Commanding Officer Eugene Wilkinson spoke the famous words "underway on nuclear power" to launch the first nuclear powered submarine, USS Nautilus (SSN-571), on her maiden voyage. Within three years, Nautilus sailed to the North Pole and shattered virtually every submarine distance, speed, and endurance record. Nuclear power continues to afford U.S. submarines nearly unlimited operational endurance. Nuclear powered submarines can remain submerged nearly indefinitely, limited only by their capacity to store food. During the 1960s, strategic planners parsed the submarine force into two distinct components, ballistic missile (SSBN) submarines and fast attack (SSN) submarines. For SSBNs, the United States and the Soviet Union both developed submarine launched nuclear weapons. These weapons began as surfacelaunched cruise missiles, but soon improved to underwater-launched ballistic missiles. American SSBNs continue to uphold the nuclear deterrence role, forming the most survivable element of the U.S.'s nuclear triad (the other two elements being land-based ballistic missiles and air-dropped nuclear ordinance). SSNs assumed the role of protecting SSBNs to ensure successful execution of the nuclear deterrence mission. Equally important, SSNs assumed the offensive role of detecting and countering any foreign ballistic missile submarines. Fast attack submarines tracked, photographed, and collected acoustic data on Soviet submarines and conducted highly specialized and sensitive missions for national security. With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Cold War ended. Responding to the Soviet nuclear threat had been costly, both in terms of fiscal expenditure and operational pace. However, despite the heavy demands of the Cold War, the U.S. has only lost two nuclear powered submarines. In contrast, the Soviets lost a total of nine submarines during the Cold War. The two lost nuclear powered U.S. submarines are: 1. USS Thresher (SSN-593). Thresher was lost on April 10th 1963, during a deep diving sea-trial off the coast of Massachusetts. Exact details of her loss remain unclear. However, a U.S. Navy Court of Inquiry concluded Thresher most probably suffered from: (1) a severe flooding casualty due to defective seawater piping, followed by (2) plugging of her emergency blow system due to expansion cooling and freezing of water in her high pressure air system, rendering her attempt at an emergency blow useless. Thresher's loss resulted in the SUBSAFE program, which enforces rigorous accountability over construction and maintenance of key submarine seawater boundary systems. 2. USS Scorpion (SSN-589). Scorpion was lost in May, 1968, returning to Norfolk from Rota, Spain. The conditions of her loss are much less clear than for Thresher. However, based on acoustic evidence, scientists working for the U.S. Navy have proposed she suffered either a collision or an inadvertent weapon detonation.

III. Operations/Mission:
Peacetime Operations Peacetime deployment of submarines helps demonstrate U.S. interest in particular regions and supports U.S. national defense by providing a flexible forward presence. The stealth advantage offered by submarines gives the President the ability to demonstrate interest in a specific region at a specific time. Until the appointed time, a submarine can simply remain quietly submerged. During peacetime, submarines can operate independently, but they also frequently support carrier strike groups, surface task forces, and operate in conjunction with other submarines. Strategic and Conventional Deterrence Both strategic ballistic missile submarines (SSBN) and fast attack submarines (SSN) participate in the mission of deterrence. The primary role, peacetime or otherwise, of the SSBN continues to be nuclear deterrence. Under the doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), our constantly present nuclear strike capability dissuades other nuclear powers from launching nuclear attack against the United States. Additionally, as a conventional deterrent, the SSN provides an ever-present, though rarely seen, asset that can exert pressure on any would-be threat with minimal risk to U.S. forces.

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Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) Attack submarines perform a broad spectrum of surveillance and intelligence roles. Some examples of ISR missions include stealthy interception of enemy cell phone communications and gathering intelligence on foreign port operations. Though the SSN force has been cut by nearly 40 percent since 1994, the volume of ISR mission tasking directed to the Submarine Force has more than doubled. The submarines ISR capability stems from its stealth; a submarine can enter an area and watch and listen without being counter-detected. Satellites and aircraft are also used for ISR. However, they suffer from several disadvantages. They typically have limited stay times, and their observations are particularly susceptible to weather and cloud cover. Additionally, satellites and aircraft are severely limited in their ability to detect underwater activity. Because submarines are close to the action, they can capture signals that are too enveloped in background noise for our satellites to detect. Also, submarines can position themselves to capture line-of-sight transmissions (cell phone communications) or observe over-water tests that would otherwise elude detection. Special Operations SEALs and other small-unit special operations forces (including joint forces) operate in conjunction with the submarine force. The dive chambers on SSNs and SSGNs (SSGNs were designed with special operations capabilities specifically in mind) have the ability to lock-out special operators while submerged. SSNs and SSGNs can also externally carry special operations equipment, such as the Dry Deck Shelter/SEAL Delivery Vehicle (DDS/SDV, a mini-submersible meant to transport operators from the host submarine to the beach), rigid-hull inflatable boats (RHIBs), and other munitions and supplies. Special operations teams can access the external equipment after locking out and carry it to the beach. SSNs and SSGNs can also collect real-time tactical intelligence for relay to forces ashore and can conduct reconnaissance of coastal areas in advance of amphibious operations. Finally, the SSN or SSGN can recover special operations units once efforts ashore are complete. In short, submarines form the ideal platform for inserting, supporting, and extracting small special operations units when surprise or secrecy is essential. Precision Strike Submarines fire the Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM), either from torpedo tubes or from vertical launch systems (VLS), to perform the critical job of precision strike. The TLAM provides high accuracy and a standoff attack range of more than 650 miles. During Operation Iraqi Freedom, submarines were responsible for about one third of Tomahawk cruise missile strikes. The execution of this role by submarines has greatly expanded since the recent conversion of four SSBNs into SSGN submarines. SSGNs are designed to act as formidable TLAM strike platforms. Each SSGN can carry up to 154 Tomahawk cruise missiles, the equivalent capacity of an entire Carrier Strike Group. Sea Denial Preventing enemy use of the seas be it warship activity or merchant shipping has always been and continues to be an important mission for submarines. Submarines can perform sea denial missions in a variety of scenarios, from general war against a major maritime power, to blockages of specific enemy ports. Attacks against enemy surface ships or submarines can be part of a war of attrition (where the object is to destroy as much of the opposing naval fleet and merchant shipping as possible), or such attacks can be directed against specific isolated targets. As an example of an attrition campaign, during WWII, the U.S. submarine force sank more than half of Japan's merchant vessels, as well as a large number of warships.

IV. Platforms
Fast Attack Submarines (SSN) Fast Attack submarines are designed to: (1) seek and destroy enemy submarines and surface ships; (2) conduct precision strike with Tomahawk cruise missiles; (3) project power ashore by delivering and supporting Special Operation Forces; (4) carry out Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) missions; (5) support Carrier Strike Groups; and (6) engage in mine warfare. There are three classes of SSNs now in service. They are:

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Los Angeles class (SSN 688 -- SSN 773) Los Angeles class boats are the backbone of the submarine force with forty-five now in commission. Thirty-one of the Los Angeles class are equipped with 12 Vertical Launch System tubes for firing Tomahawk cruise missiles. Seawolf class (SSN 21 -- SSN 23) Commissioned on July 19, 1997, USS Seawolf (SSN 21) represents the first in a class of boats that are exceptionally quiet, fast, well-armed, and equipped with advanced sensors. Though lacking Vertical Launch Systems, the Seawolf class has eight torpedo tubes, which can also fire Tomahawks, and can hold up to 50 weapons in its torpedo room. The third ship of the class, USS Jimmy Carter (SSN 23), has a 100foot hull extension called the multi-mission platform. This hull section provides for additional payload to accommodate advanced technology used to carry out classified research and development and for enhanced war fighting capabilities. Virginia class (SSN 774 -- SSN 784) The Navy is now building the next-generation SSN, the Virginia (SSN 774) class. Five of the planned thirty are already in service. The Virginia class has several innovations that significantly enhance their capabilities with an emphasis on littoral operations. These include: (1) a fly-by-wire ship control system that provides improved shallow-water ship handling; (2) enhanced special operation forces support systems; (3) a reconfigurable torpedo room, which can house either torpedoes and Tomahawks cruise missiles, or a large number of special operation forces and all their equipment for prolonged deployments; (4) a large lock-in / lock-out chamber for divers; (5) traditional periscopes have been supplanted by two Photonics Masts that house color, high-resolution black and white, and infrared digital cameras atop telescoping arms; and (6) through the extensive use of modular construction, open architecture, and commercial off-the-shelf components, the Virginia class is designed to remain state-of-the-practice for its entire operational life through the rapid introduction of new systems and payloads. The advantages of an SSN over a conventionally (diesel-electric; SSK) powered submarine are (1) longer range, (2) significantly longer endurance since fuel is not a limiting factor, (3) higher speeds, and (4) capable of sustained submerged operations since it does not have to run a diesel engine at periscope depth or on the surface to recharge batteries. However, there are a few modern diesel submarines labeled as air independent propulsion (AIP) that produce or carry air for combustion in their diesel generators, thus minimizing advantage (4) above. West Coast SSNs are home-ported in Pearl Harbor, HI, San Diego, CA, and Guam while East Coast SSNs are home-ported in Groton, CT, and Norfolk, VA.

Visual Identification Mission Weapons Mission Specific Capabilities Crew Size

SSN-688 and 688I Los Angeles class Attack Submarines Flight I and II have fairwater planes otherwise referred to as sail planes, and flight III have bow planes. Flight II and III have 12 Vertical Launch Tubes in the bow. ASW/ASUW/Sea Denial/ISR/Strike/Offensive Mining/Special Ops MK 48 ADCAP Torpedoes 4 Torpedo Tubes UGM-109 Tomahawk Cruise Missiles Can fire Tomahawks from VLS tubes or torpedo tubes Outfitted with special mast to conduct ISR 14 Officers, 120 Enlisted

Figure 1 and 1b: Los Angeles Class Fast Attack Submarine [Left to Right 688 (I/II), and 688I (III)]

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Visual Identification Mission Weapons Mission Specific Capabilities Crew Size

SSN-21 Seawolf Class Attack Submarine Larger than the Los Angeles Class. Tapered front of sail. All have bow planes. ASW/ASUW/Sea Denial/ISR/Strike/Special Ops MK 48 ADCAP Torpedoes 8 Torpedo Tubes UGM-109 Tomahawk Cruise Missiles Can fire Tomahawks only from torpedo tubes. 14 Officers; 126 Enlisted

Figure 2: Seawolf Class Fast Attack Submarine

Visual Identification Mission Weapons Mission Specific Capabilities Crew Size

SSN-774 Virginia Class Attack Submarine Larger than Los Angeles class, smaller than Seawolf class. Tapered front of sail. All have bow planes. ASW/ASUW/Sea Denial/ISR/Strike/Offensive Mining/Special Ops MK 48 ADCAP Torpedoes -- 4 Torpedo Tubes UGM-109 Tomahawk Cruise Missiles Can fire Tomahawks from VLS tubes or torpedo tubes. Contains modules that can be replaced based on the specific mission requirements. 14 Officers; 120 Enlisted

Figure 3: Virginia Class Fast Attack Submarine

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Ballistic Missile Submarines (SSBN) Since the 1960s, strategic deterrence has been the SSBNs primary mission, providing the United States with its most survivable and enduring nuclear strike capability. There is only one type of SSBN in service, the Ohio class submarine. Boomers, as SSBNs are often called, serve as a virtually undetectable launch platform for intercontinental ballistic missiles. They are designed specifically for stealth and the precision delivery of nuclear warheads. Ohio class SSBNs have the capability to carry up to 24 submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), each having multiple independently-targeted warheads. The exact number of missiles carried by each boat varies in a classified manner, at or below a maximum set by various strategic arms limitation treaties. The SSBNs primary weapon, the Trident missile, was built in two versions. The first generation missile, Trident C-4, has been phased out of service and replaced by the larger, longer-range, and more precise Trident II D-5. The first eight submarines (SSBN 726 to 733) were initially built to only carry the C-4 missile. The first four Ohio class (SSBN 726 through SSBN 729) ended their strategic deterrent mission in the early 2000s when they began the conversion process into guided missile submarines, or SSGNs. SSBN 730 through 733 have been retrofitted to carry the D-5 missile. SSBN 734 to 743 were designed from the beginning to carry the D-5 missile and continue to execute their primary mission of strategic deterrence. The Ohio class design allows the submarines to operate for 15 or more years between major overhauls. On average, the submarines spend 77 days at sea followed by 35 days in-port for maintenance. Each SSBN has two crews, Blue and Gold, which alternate manning the submarines while on patrol. This maximizes the SSBNs strategic availability while maintaining the crews training readiness and morale at high levels. The Ohio class is the largest type of submarine ever constructed for the U.S. Navy, and is second only to the Russian Typhoon-class in mass and size. West Coast Boomers are home-ported in Bangor, WA, and East Coast Boomers are home-ported in Kings Bay, GA. SSBN-726 Ohio Class Ballistic Missile Submarine Fairwater planes otherwise known as sail planes Large turtleback hull design Hull stays dry while riding on the surface Primary: Strategic Deterrence Secondary: ASW/ASUW/Sea Denial/ISR 24 Trident II D5 SLBM Tubes MK 48 Torpedoes -- 4 Torpedo Tubes Carries up to 24 SLBMs. Large platform and deck allows for potential special ops after completion of strategic mission. 15 Officers, 140 Enlisted

Visual Identification

Mission Weapons Mission Specific Capabilities Crew Size

Figure 4: Ohio Class Ballistic Missile Submarine Guided Missile Submarines (SSGN) The first four of the Ohio-class SSBNs were converted into guided missile submarines (SSGN). Ohio class SSGNs provide the Navy with an unprecedented combination of precision strike and special operation mission capability within a stealthy, clandestine platform. Armed with tactical Tomahawk Land

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Attack Missiles and equipped with superior communications capabilities, each SSGN is capable of directly supporting dozens of Special Operation Forces (SOF). The SSGN conversion includes the installation of vertical launching systems (VLS) in a configuration dubbed "multiple all-up-round canister" (MAC). On each SSGN, 22 of the 24 missile tubes hold 7 Tomahawk cruise missiles, for a total capacity of 154 TLAMs. If the maximum number of TLAMs were loaded, one Ohio class SSGN would carry an entire Carrier Strike Group's equivalent of cruise missiles. The 2 remaining missile tubes act as lock-out chambers to be used by Special Forces personnel. An SSGN can berth a team of 66 SOF personnel for up to 90 days. The MAC tubes can also be used to carry and launch UAVs or UUVs, giving the ship remotely controlled "eyes & ears," allowing the ship to act as a forward-deployed command & control center. SSGNs can also carry the Dry Deck Shelter/SEAL Delivery Vehicle (DDS/SDV), in support of SOF. Like SSBNs, SSGNs also use two crews, Blue and Gold, which alternate to increase the platform's operational tempo. West Coast SSGNs are home-ported in Bangor, WA. East Coast SSGNs are homeported in King's Bay, GA. SSGN-726 Ohio Class Guided Missile Submarine Fairwater planes otherwise known as sail planes Large turtleback hull design Hull stays dry while riding on the surface ASW/ASUW/Sea Denial/ISR/Strike/Offensive Mining/Special Ops MK 48 Torpedoes -- 4 Torpedo Tubes UGM-109 Tomahawk Cruise Missiles -- Maximum 154 Specialized to support SOF missions. Large Tomahawk Cruise Missile payload for precision strike. 15 Officers, 144 Enlisted, 66 SOF personnel

Visual Identification

Mission Weapons Mission Specific Capabilities Crew Size

V. Combat Systems
Weapons Mk-48 and Mk-48/ADCAP (ADvanced CAPability) Torpedoes The Mk-48 is the principal heavyweight Anti-Submarine and Anti-Surface ship torpedo in the U.S. inventory. It is an acoustic-homing torpedo, having its own onboard SONAR to seek and destroy enemy contacts. SSBNs carry the original Mk-48 torpedo, but all SSNs carry the Mk-48 ADCAP. The ADCAP modification includes improvements in speed and accuracy, more sophisticated SONAR, all digital guidance and control systems, and increased range. A single Mk-48 is capable of sinking most of the worlds warships. The torpedo is designed to detonate underneath a ship, creating a steam void below the ship that breaks the ships keel. The Mk-48 follows a pre-programmed search routine and uses an active seeker head to hunt and destroy its target, and can be controlled by a guidance wire from the submarine. UGM-109 Tomahawk Cruise Missile The Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM) is an all-weather, long range, subsonic cruise missile used for land attack warfare. U.S. submarines can launch the Tomahawk cruise missile either from a standard 21" diameter torpedo tube, or from a Vertical Launch System (VLS, used by the improved Los Angeles class, Virginia class, and SSGN submarines). The most common Tomahawk cruise missile is a conventional 1,000-lb, unitary warhead. However, some are configured to release combined effects bomblets (anti-airfield), and some carry tactical nuclear warheads. Trident II (D5) Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM) Trident II (D5) missiles are deployed in Ohio- class SSBN submarines, each carrying up to 24 missiles. The Trident II (D5) is a three-stage, solid-propellant ballistic missile with a range of more than 4,000 nautical miles. The missiles range is increased by the aerospike, a telescoping, outward extension that reduces frontal drag by about 50 percent. Trident II is launched by the pressure of expanding gas within the launch tube. When the missile attains sufficient distance from the submarine, the first stage motor ignites, the aerospike extends and the boost stage begins. Each missile carries multiple nuclear warheads, housed

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in multiple independent re-entry vehicles (MIRVs), which launch from the missile and are independently targeted. Sensors SONAR Unless it is using its periscope, a submerged submarine has no optical window to the outside world. To locate contacts, to locate the ocean floor, and for targeting purposes, a submarine uses SONAR (SOund NAvigation and Ranging). SONAR is similar to RADAR, but it relies on acoustic signals rather than electromagnetic signals. SONAR can function in two modes: active (used less frequently) and passive (constantly employed). In active SONAR, the submarine emits a pulse of sound. The pulse travels through the water, reflects off the target and returns to the submarine. Onboard computers interpret the reflected pulse to determine the bearing and range to a contact. Passive SONAR involves passively listening to sounds -- like the noise generated by a merchant's engines, or the noise of another submarine's screw chopping through the water. SONAR is also used for navigational purposes. By identifying known features on the ocean floor, a submarine can keep track of her location. There are many variants of SONAR hardware and software. The most advanced SONAR suite in the U.S. submarine force is called Acoustic Rapid Commercial-Off-The-Shelf Insertion (ARCI, spoken ARkey). The ARCI program is a phased effort to provide the submarine force with a common SONAR suite, more capable and flexible than earlier designs. ARCIs open-system architecture (OSA) exploits commercial processing developments and employs complex algorithms that could not previously be accommodated. Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) based processors and OSA allow onboard computing power to grow at nearly the same rate as commercial industry. This facilitates regular updates to both software and hardware with minimal impact on submarine scheduling. Fire Control This computer system takes raw data from various sources including multiple SONAR systems, the periscopes, radio, torpedoes still connected by wire, and manual inputs. The fusion of this information is managed by the control-room watch team to build the tactical picture and to communicate with the submarines weapons. Fire Control implements algorithms to help determine the most likely range, course and speed of each contact from all of the raw inputs. When it becomes necessary to shoot a torpedo, Fire Control is used to program the torpedo with the appropriate pre-set parameters for the environment and the contact. It also tells the weapon where to look for the target and how to get there. At the time of fire, Fire Control sends the electrical signals to the torpedo tube to launch the weapon. After shooting, Fire Control continues to update the torpedo with refined targeting solutions via the torpedos guidance wire. Fire Control is also used to plan cruise missile strikes and it downloads flight plan and targeting information to Tomahawk cruise missiles prior to launch. Sources http://www.navy.mil/navydata/ships/subs/subs.asp Mission: http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/mission.html History: http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/history.html Development Time: http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/history/subhistory.html Reading List: http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/biblio.html SSN: http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=4100&tid=100&ct=4 SSBN: http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=4100&tid=200&ct=4 SSGN: http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=4100&tid=300&ct=4 Photos: http://www.navy.mil/view_gallery.asp?category_id=17 Mk 48: http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2100&tid=950&ct=2 Trident: http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2200&tid=1400&ct=2 Tomahawk: http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2200&tid=1300&ct=2 Sonar: http://books.google.com/books?id=bCEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA84&dq=popular+science+July+1946&hl=e n&ei=hc3oTO6dCYvonQfQu5iaDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=bookthumbnail&resnum=10&ved=0CE4Q6wEwCTgU#v=onepage&q&f=true ARCI: http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/future/arci.html

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WEEK 13: AIR WARFARE

I. Mission
Naval aircraft support all missions and operations of the U.S. Navy. The capabilities of modern naval aircraft are vast enough to not be limited to use in one specific mission. As such, The mission of naval aviation is to deploy combat capable forces forward fully responsive to the needs of the Nation.

II. History
During the twentieth century, few military organizations played a more crucial role than Naval Aviation. In war at sea, replacing the battleship as the decisive weapon, aircraft carriers projected their powerful air wings over vast expanses of water, striking with surprise at enemy fleets and land bases, then disappearing with equal swiftness. In times of peace, the carrier and her battle group provided American political leaders a flexible and potent way to respond to regional crises wherever and whenever American vital interests were threatened. "Where are the carriers?" has been the first question asked by American presidents at the start of every national security crisis since the end of World War II. (http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/AboutMuseum/MuseumHistory.aspx, accessed 30 Nov 2009) The Navy's interest in airplanes as a naval weapon dates back to 1898 when several naval officers became members of an inter-service board. Their job was to observe and investigate the military possibilities of the new flying machine. In 1908 and 1909, naval officer observers were present at the public demonstrations staged by the Wright brothers. ( NAVEDTRA 14014, Ch 1, 1-2) In 1910, LT T.G. Ellyson became the first naval officer selected for flight training. Ellyson underwent instruction with Glenn Curtiss, the producer of the first practical hydroplane and early aircraft developer. It was a Curtiss pilot by the name of Eugene Ely who made the first shipboard takeoff from the USS Birmingham in 1910. Ely would later become the first pilot to successfully land an aircraft on the deck of a ship. Just one year later having successfully completed training, LT Ellyson demonstrated the ability to launch a plane utilizing a newly devised compressed air catapult. ( NAVEDTRA 16138-H, Ch 17, 1-2) The first naval air station was located right here in Annapolis, MD at Greenbury Point in 1911. The first aircraft carrier, USS Langley, was commissioned in 1922 by converting an old collier to a flat top ship. (NAVEDTRA 14014, Ch 1, 1-2) Naval aircraft did see action in WWI, but it wasnt until WWII that naval aviation gained prominence. While naval aviation saw action in both European and Pacific theaters, it was the performance at the battle of Midway that solidified their position of importance. Having destroyed all four Japanese carriers, naval aviators turned the war in the Pacific from defensive to offensive. From that point onward, the center of the fleet became the aircraft carrier instead of the battleship. ( NAVEDTRA 16138-H, Ch 17, 1-2) Naval aviation has continued to grow in distinction and popularity over the past few decades. From operations in Desert Storm, Iraqi Freedom, and Enduring Freedom to humanitarian assistance at home and abroad, naval aircraft and aircraft carriers have assumed prominent roles and responsibilities. Naval aviation has also been at the cutting edge of aerospace expeditions, such as the first successful crossing of the Atlantic by an aircraft, exploration of the Arctic and Antarctic, and numerous journeys of discovery into outer space. The common link for those who participated in this exciting history was their training in a sleepy little Southern city on the Gulf of Mexico: Pensacola, Florida. Since 1914, it was here that the fledglings tested their mettle against the unique demands of flying naval aircraft. (http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/AboutMuseum/MuseumHistory.aspx, accessed 30 Nov 2009)

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III. Operations
The primary function of naval aviation is to closely coordinate with other naval forces in maintaining command of the seas. Accomplishing this task takes five areas of focus: 1. Eyes and ears of the fleet. Naval aviation has over-the-horizon surveillance capabilities that provide vital information to our task force operation. 2. Protection against submarine attack. Anti-submarine warfare operations go on continuously for the task force and along our country's shoreline. This type of mission includes hunter/killer operations to be sure of task force protection and to keep our coastal waterways safe. 3. Aid and support operations during amphibious landings. From the beginning to the end of the operations, support occurs with a variety of firepower. Providing air cover and support is an important function of naval aviation in modern, technical warfare. 4. Rapid logistic support for ground forces. Logistic support aircraft strongly support the mobility of the ground forces. Providing logistic support aircraft is another required function of naval aviation. 5. Search and rescue operations. During sea missions, the possibility of a downed aircraft or man overboard always exists. Search and rescue helps reduce the number of lives lost. Naval aviation conducts its primary mission through the following operations: 1. ANTI-AIR WARFARE (AAW) 2. ANTI-SURFACE WARFARE (ASU) 3. ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE (ASW) 4. CLOSE AIR SUPPORT (CAS) 5. COMBAT SEARCH AND RESCUE (CSAR) 6. COMMAND, CONTROL, AND COMMUNICATIONS (CCC) 7. COMMAND AND CONTROL WARFARE (C2W) 8. FLEET SUPPORT OPERATIONS (FSO) 9. INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE, AND RECONNAISSANCE (ISR) 10. MINE WARFARE (MIW) 11. STRIKE WARFARE (STW) The numerous naval aviation operations are carried out by multiple aviation platforms. In general, there are two categories of aircraft, Fixed Wing and Rotary Wing. Within those categories, aircraft are developed with specific missions in mind. Fixed wing naval aviation assets can be further classified into one of two groups: Carrier Aviation or Maritime Aviation. A fuller explanation of each classification follows.

IV. Fixed Wing Aviation

Carrier Aviation Mission: To provide a credible, sustainable, independent forward presence and conventional deterrence in peacetime, to operate as the cornerstone of joint/allied maritime expeditionary forces in times of crisis, and to operate and support aircraft attacks on enemies, protect friendly forces and engage in sustained independent operations in war. Aircraft Carrier: With over 5,000 personnel, the current Nimitz Class nuclear powered aircraft carrier (CVN) directly supports of 75-95 aircraft from 7-8 squadrons deployed onboard. The squadrons work together under the direction of the Carrier Air Wing. Each aircraft and squadron serves a unique and necessary role in the conduct of the overall mission.

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Carrier Air Wing Elements: Strike Fighter (VFA)

Role: AAW / STW / CAS / ASU Distinguishing Features: Crew: Responsibilities:

F/A-18 A/C Hornet The F/A-18 Hornet is the Navys combat tested maritime strike fighter. It can typically escort itself to the target, drop precision ordinance, and escort itself back home. The Hornet is an exceptional fighter, both in maneuverability and weaponry, as well as a superb strike aircraft. Oval shaped air intakes. Single seat cockpit. 1 Pilot Pilot: Responsible for all operations to include aviating, navigating, communications, and weapons employment.

Role: AAW / STW / CAS / ASU

Distinguishing Features: Crew: Responsibilities:

F/A-18 E/F Super Hornet The FA-18 E/F has been introduced into the fleet to replace the F-14 Tomcat and the older F/A-18 Hornets. Like the legacy Hornet, the Super Hornet is a maritime strike fighter. However, the Super Hornet has a greater range, service ceiling, payload, reliability, and an improved electronics suite over the original Hornet. Rectangle shaped air intakes. 35% larger surface area than the Hornet. Single (E model) or Dual (F model) seat cockpit. E: 1 Pilot F: 1 Pilot / 1 NFO as a Weapons System Officer (WSO) Pilot: Aviating, Weapons Employment WSO: Communications, Navigation, Weapons Employment

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Electronic Attack (VAQ)

Role: C2W / STW Distinguishing Features:

Crew: Responsibilities:

EA-6B Prowler A derivative of the Vietnam era A-6 Intruder, the EA-6B Prowler provides an umbrella of protection for strike aircraft, ground troops and ships by jamming enemy radar, electronic data links and communications. 2 tandem seating cockpits. Permanently mounted refueling probe on bulbous nose. Jamming pods under wings with football suite, or receivers, on top of the vertical stabilizer. 1 Pilot / 3 NFOs as Electronic Counter Measure Officers (ECMO) Pilot: Fly aircraft and evade possible threats. ECMO: Operate weapons systems including jammers and AGM-88 HARM missiles; perform mission commander and co-pilot duties

Airborne Early Warning (VAW)

Role: CCC /C2W / INT / AAW Distinguishing Features: Crew: Responsibilities:

E-2C Hawkeye The E-2C Hawkeye is the Navy's all-weather, carrier-based tactical battle management, airborne early warning, and command and control aircraft. Twin turboprop engines. Large rotating radar dome on spine of aircraft. 2 Pilots / 3 NFOs Pilot: Aviating, navigating, and threat avoidance. NFO: Mission Commander, sensor operator, Airborne Command and Control

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Fleet Logistics Support (VRC)

Role: FSO Distinguishing Features: Crew: Responsibilities:

C-2 Greyhound Provides critical logistics support to Carrier Strike Groups. Its primary mission is carrier onboard deliver (COD) of cargo, mail and passengers between carriers and shore bases. High wing. Twin turboprop engines. 2 Pilots / 2 Enlisted Aircrew Pilot: Aviating and safety of aircraft and crew Co-Pilot: Navigating, Communication Aircrew: Loadmasters for cargo and passengers

Maritime Aviation Mission: To conduct global patrol, surveillance, and reconnaissance missions in a maritime role under the command of land- based forces. Maritime patrol and reconnaissance promotes regional security and enhancement of theater security cooperation through close interoperation with allied forces, friendly nations, and other U.S. military services. Maritime Elements: Patrol (VP)

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Role: ASW / ASU / STW/ CCC / INT Distinguishing Features: Crew: Responsibilities:

P-3C Orion Originally designed as a land-based, long-range, anti-submarine warfare (ASW) patrol aircraft, the P-3C's mission has evolved in the late 1990s and early 21st century to include intelligence/surveillance/reconnaissance (ISR) of the battle space, either at sea or over land; possesses strike capabilities with SLAM, Maverick, and unguided munitions. 4 large turboprop engines. Large Magnetic Anomaly Detector (MAD) boom protruding from aft of aircraft. 3 pilots / 2 NFOs / 4-6 Enlisted Aircrew / nominal crew is 12 total Pilot: Responsible for the safety of flight during all mission phases. May act as Mission Commander. NFO: One Tactical Coordinator (TACCO) that typically serves as the Mission Commander; one Navigator / Comms Officer (NAV COM); possibly one other that is strictly the Mission Commander or a trainee for the other two positions. Aircrew: Operates optical / acoustic / non-acoustic sensor systems.

Fleet Air Reconnaissance (VQ)

Role: CCC Distinguishing Features: Crew:

E-6A/B Mercury TACAMO (Take Charge and Move Out): TACAMO links the NCA with nations nuclear forces (Bombers, ICBMs, SSBNs, Tankers) by relaying EAMs. Boeing 707 airframe with 4 large turbofan engines. 3 Pilots / 3 NFOs as Navigators/ Airborne Communications Officers (ACO) / 10 Enlisted Aircrew Pilot: Responsible for the safety of flight during all mission phases. May act as Mission Commander. Flying duties include aerial refueling and operating in unmanned airfields. ACO: In charge of Communications Central. Releasing Authority for all message traffic. May act as Mission Commander.

Responsibilities:

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Role: INT / C2W / CCC Distinguishing Features: Crew: Responsibilities:

EP-3E (ARIES II) SIGINT (Signals Intelligence): The Navy's only signals intelligence (SIGINT) reconnaissance aircraft. It uses sensitive receivers and high-gain dish antennas and exploits a wide range of electronic emissions from deep within targeted territory. P-3 with canoe-like dome on spine and underbelly of aircraft; multiple protruding antennas over fuselage and wings. 3 pilots / 3 NFOs / 14 Enlisted Aircrew Pilot: Responsible for the safety of flight during all mission phases. May act as Mission Commander. NFO: One Senior Evaluator (SEVAL) that typically serves as the Mission Commander; one Tactical Evaluator (EVAL) that is the SEVAL Trainee; one Navigator / Comms Officer (NAV COM); possible one other that is strictly the Mission Commander or a trainee for the other two positions. Aircrew: Operates the various sensor systems and normally two in-flight techs.

V. Rotary Wing
The workhorses of the Navy, rotary wing aircraft employ over 70% of Naval Aviators. Helicopters carry out missions ranging from cargo and personnel transport to Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR), while others play vital roles in sea control, surface surveillance, or mine countermeasure operations. Anti-Submarine Light (HSL) Transitioning to HSM and MH-60R HSL squadrons utilize the SH-60B and traditionally deploy on DDGs, FFGs, and CGs. HSL squadrons are tasked with over the horizon targeting (OTH-T) and vertical replenishment.

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Role: ASW / ASU / FOS / CSAR

Distinguishing Features:

Crew: Responsibilities:

SH-60B/MH-60R Seahawk The SH-60B/R are the helicopters employed by the HSL and HSM communities. The primary missions of the B/R are anti-submarine and anti-surface warfare. Ancillary missions include search and rescue, vertical replenishment, counter-narcotics operations, and command and control operations. The R variant is currently replacing the B variant as the multi-mission helicopter for the future. The R will have updated radar and sonar systems, a glass-cockpit configuration, and will adapt the dipping sonar currently found in the SH-60F. SH-60B: Sonobuoy chutes on left side of the cabin and Magnetic Anomaly Detector (MAD) mounted on right side of the tail pylon. MH-60R: No MAD, dipping sonar dome. 1Pilot / 1 Co-pilot as Airborne Tactical Officer (ATO) / 1-2 Enlisted Aircrew Pilot: operate aircraft ATO: supervise tactical situation/direct pilot and SO Aircrew: act as sensor operator/runs radar and sonar computers

Anti-Submarine (HS) Transitioning to HSC and MH-60S The SH-60F and HH-60H are assigned to HS squadrons and traditionally deploy on aircraft carriers. Their duties include: antisubmarine warfare (ASW), search and rescue, airborne utility services, and combat search and rescue.

Role: ASW / ASU / FOS / CSAR / MIW

Distinguishing Features:

Crew: Responsibilities:

HH-60F/H/S Seahawk The F/H/S variants of the H-60 are currently used by the HS and HSC communities. The HS community specifically utilizes the H/F models, but will eventually use only the MH-60S. The SH-60F is designed to conduct anti-submarine warfare. It uses both a dipping sonar dome and a payload of buoys to detect subsurface contacts. The HH-60H is used primarily for combat search and rescue and antisurface warfare missions. The MH-60S is very similar to the HH-60H but boasts updated avionics and a glass cockpit system. The S variant is currently used primarily for search and rescue and vertical replenishment. When the HS community completes the transition to the MH-60S they will lose anti-submarine capabilities. The HSL/HSM communities will assume the role of the anti-submarine platform in the CSG/ESG. SH-60F: dipping sonar/no FLIR HH-60H:FLIR MH-60S:no FLIR 1Pilot / 1 Co-pilot / 2 Enlisted Aircrew Pilot: Operate aircraft Co-pilot: Navigation/Tactical mission control Aircrew: SH-60F operate SONAR, tracking of targets HH-60H Crew Chief/Aerial Gunners and Ground Rescue Element in CSAR

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Sea Combat Support (HSC) With the disestablishment of the Navys Combat Support (HC) squadrons comprised of H-3 and CH-53 helicopters, HS squadrons have assumed the additional responsibilities of the HC community and formed the HSC community. The newer MH-60S is the aircraft of choice for the HSC community.

MH-60S Seahawk Mine Countermeasures (HM) Capable of transporting 55 troops or 32,000 pounds of cargo, the MH-53 Sea Dragon remains the armed forces largest and most capable transport helicopter.

Role: Distinguishing Features: Crew: Responsibilities:

MH-53E Sea Dragon Airborne Mine Countermeasures (AMCM), with secondary missions of vertical shipboard delivery and assault support. 99 feet in overall length, its longer than a C-130 Hercules! 6 blade rotary wing. 2 pilots / 1-2 Enlisted Aircrew Pilot: aviating, communicating Co-Pilot: supervise tactical situation, direct pilot and SO Aircrew: sensor operator, act as loadmasters

VI. The Future of Naval Aviation

Fixed Wing Carrier Aviation: While the mission and objectives of carrier aviation will closely remain the same, the equipment with which the Navy conducts the mission will continually develop as new technology emerges.

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Aircraft Carrier CVN-21 marks the next generation of aircraft carriers. The first of this new line of super-carriers will be CVN-78 with a planned delivery of 2015. While capabilities will remain closely the same, new technology and equipment will improve the affordability and flexibility of this enormous asset. Some of the key upgrades include electromagnetic catapults (Nimitz class carriers use steam generated from the nuclear reactors) and advanced arresting gear. Strike Fighter (VFA) The F/A-18E/F Super Hornet will be joined by the F-35C Lightning II as the replacement for the aging F/A-18A/C starting in 2013. The F-35 will be used by the Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force.

F-35C Lightning II Electronic Attack (VAQ) The E/A-18G Growler is replacing the aging EA-6B Prowler (fully by 2015) as the only dedicated electronic warfare aircraft. It will retain the fighter capabilities of the Super Hornet.

E/A-18G Growler Airborne Early Warning (VAW) With significant radar and avionics upgrades, the much improved E-2D Advanced Hawkeye are currently starting to replace the older E-2C models.

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E-2D Advanced Hawkeye Fleet Logistics Support (VRC) The C-2 Greyhound will continue to provide Carrier Onboard Delivery. Maritime Aviation: While the mission and objectives of maritime aviation will remain closely the same, the introduction of the Multi-Mission Maritime Aircraft (MMA) will provide a greater combat capability from a smaller force. Additionally, unmanned aircraft such as the Broad Area Maritime Surveillance (BAMS) aircraft will complement the MMA in the conduct of the maritime mission. Patrol (VP / VPU) A derivative of the Boeing 737, the P-8A Poseidon multi-mission maritime aircraft (MMA) will dramatically improve anti-submarine and anti-surface warfare capabilities. The MMA is scheduled to begin replacing the P-3C fleet in 2013.

P-8 MMA Fleet Air Reconnaissance (VQ) The E-6B Mercury and EP-3E will remain the fleets primary assets for SIGINT and strategic communications. Rotary Wing Two new H-60 variants, the MH-60R and MH-60S, will replace the aging H-60 and MH-53 fleet. The transition will involve restructuring the Navys current squadrons and the assumption of mine countermeasure duties as well as missions formerly assigned to the S-3 Viking. Sea Combat Support (HSC) The MH-60S Seahawk will continue to be the workhorse of the HSC community. Sea Mine Countermeasures (HSM)

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Replacing the remaining SH-60B and SH-60F aircraft by 2016, the MH-60R Seahawks assigned to HSM squadrons will perform the same missions as previous HSL and HM squadrons.

Sources:
Airman Non-resident Training Course NAVEDTRA 14014, revised 2003. Naval Education and Training Development Center (pub), United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C, 1984. Naval Orientation NAVEDTRA 16138-H, prepared by BMCS Neif F. Padgham, revised 1984. Naval Education and Training Development Center (pub), United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C, 1984. Naval Aviation Museum: www.navalaviationmuseum.org Commander Naval Air Forces: www.cnaf.navy.mil/

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WEEK 14: STRIKE WARFARE I. Mission Definition

Strike Warfare is the use of tactical aircraft and/or cruise missiles against land targets in an offensive power projection role.

II. Purpose of Strike Warfare

Strike warfare gives the US Navy an offensive power projection capability that can be used either by itself or in combination with expeditionary forces. In either capacity, its makes possible precision guided strikes on enemy targets. When used by itself, strike warfare can be used to attack key enemy infrastructure and command and control elements, which can disrupt the enemys forces. When used in conjunction with expeditionary forces, strike warfare can be used to support tactical objectives of ground combat units, as well as attacks aimed at disrupting enemy infrastructure and command.

The Importance of Precision The key to modern strike warfare is precision. The Navy has moved away from dumb ordinance and towards precision guided weaponry. Newer weapons such as the JDAM, JSOW, and SLAM-ER allow aircraft to drop guided ordinance exclusively while cruise missiles, specifically the TLAM, are also precision guided weapons. These guided systems are of limited use without precise information about the targets. New technologies combine both satellite imagery along with long range radar maps of the targets to provide clear targeting data for the GPS and INS guided strike weapons to follow. From World War II to Persian Gulf I air raids were designed as multi-day operations that would repeatedly return to a target until it was sufficiently damaged, since delivering ordinance to the strike area did not ensure that the target was destroyed. With the introduction of all precision weaponry, specific aim points within a target can be selected for destruction in any given sortie. This allows strike planners to create a number of desired effects with a strike package. Instead of bombing a refinery until it is taken out of service, a precision strike package can have the objective of disrupting refinery production for a certain number of days. Precision strike capabilities are vital in todays current War on Terrorism. Strike aircraft are continually tasked with providing Close Air Support (CAS) to friendly forces in the forward theaters of operation. Soldiers and Marines in urban environments rely heavily on strike assets to provide both a timely and accurate response. Precision weapons employment mitigates the possibilities of fratricide and limits overall collateral damage.

III. Basic Overview of Strike Options

Naval Surface Fire Support (NSFS) NSFS is conducted in association with expeditionary warfare and comprises all methods of attacking shore targets with surface ship weapons systems. These methods include naval gunfire, missiles, and rockets delivered by naval surface forces in support of amphibious operations. Cruisers and destroyers can conduct shore bombardment with 5-inch guns at ranges of over 10 nm. Most cruisers and destroyers have

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strike-capable cruise missile systems. Cruise missile strikes from surface combatants can be conducted independently or integrated with other types of strike. For example, a strike of cruise missiles from combatants and tactical attack aircraft from a carrier is an effective combination. Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) The objective of this type of operation is to neutralize enemy anti-aircraft abilities to allow general air superiority over a target area. This can be specifically achieved by destroying either air defense weaponry such as missile and guns, or by destroying enemy radar and thereby effectively blinding anti-aircraft weapons. Tactical Aircraft (TACAIR) Aircraft that can be fitted to serve in an attack role. The F/A-18 C/D and E/F are all capable of conducting any type of strike mission, and can carry most munitions listed below. The EA-6B Prowler plays an essential role in the suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD) in support of strike missions.

Cruise Missile A cruise missile is an unmanned, self-propelled, guided weapon delivery vehicle that sustains flight through aerodynamic lift over most of its flight path. The primary cruise missile currently used by the Navy against on-shore targets is the Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM).

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Tactical Aircraft (TACAIR)

CRUISE MISSILES

Advantages Greater Payload Target Selection Capability Flexibility Battle Damage Assessment Can be used for Close Air Support/Armed Reconnaissance missions Reusable Deep Strike Capability No chance of losing pilots High Accuracy Multiple launching platforms

Disadvantages Human component Shorter Range (without refueling) Limited Deep Strike Capability

No Battle Damage Assessment No target selection capability Small Payload High cost per shot (~$1 million)

IV. Airborne Weapons

High-speed Anti-Radiation Missile (HARM) HARMs use a passive seeker that homes on the emitted electromagnetic radiation of enemy radar. They are effective as a Suppression of Enemy Air Defense (SEAD) weapon, able to home in on land and seabased search and Surface to Air Missile (SAM) guidance radars, effectively blinding enemy anti-aircraft systems.

Standoff Land Attack Missile, Extended Range (SLAM-ER) This weapon was developed from the Harpoon anti-shipping missile and is intended for use on land targets. It uses GPS for mid-source guidance and infrared for terminal guidance, in addition to data link capabilities that allow human course correction during flight. Its range is over 150 nautical miles and it is useful against well defended targets where aircraft might be at risk.

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Joint Stand-Off Weapon (JSOW) JSOW is a glide weapon that uses GPS satellite information for guidance. It has stand-off capability from 15 nautical miles for a low altitude launch to up to 40 nautical miles with a high altitude launch. It is designed to be effective against both land and sea targets in any daylight and weather conditions. It uses INS/GPS guidance for midcourse navigation and infrared guidance for terminal homing.

Laser Guided Bombs (LGB) LGBs have a laser seeker that that guides the bomb onto its target. The target must be painted with a laser, which can be done by the launching aircraft, another aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), or ground units. With the target painted the laser seeker in the nose of the bomb guides on the reflected laser light and follows this path directly to the target.

Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) JDAM is a kit that is installed to bombs in the existing inventory. It uses a GPS/INS guidance system. An advantage over LGBs is that it has the ability to attack point targets in bad weather, extending the scope of potential aircraft operations. It can upgrade several types of dumb bombs that are currently in the Navys inventory. The weapon can be released from any altitude with the aircraft moving in any direction (climbing, descending, level flight, banking, etc.)

Types of Warhead Airborne bombs can have many different types of warheads suitable for use on different types of targets. Many of these ordinance types can be fitted with the JDAM kit to enhance their capabilities. In addition, the JSOW can carry many of these different types of warheads. General Purpose Bombs GP bombs are the most basic, inexpensive type of ordnance used in strike warfare. A computer onboard the aircraft determines when the aircraft should release the bombs; once they are released, gravity takes over, and they arc down toward their targets. Iron bombs are used most effectively against unhardened structures.

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Retarded General Purpose Bombs High drag general purpose bombs are similar to the Slick iron bombs with one extra feature. Attached to the bomb casing is a high-drag tail assembly that decreases the speed of the bomb when it is dropped, allowing the dropping aircraft to escape the blast area when flying at low altitude. The high-drag tail assembly uses either a ballute (parachute like bag) or metal vanes to produce the high drag. High drag bombs are effective against the same targets as the Slick, or low drag, GP bombs.

Cluster Bombs Cluster bombs are free-fall bombs that deploy multiple bomblets on a target area. When a cluster bomb is dropped on a target, the bomb breaks open, dispensing many smaller shapedcharge bomblets. Since these bomblets fall over a relatively large area, they are more effective against spread-out targets. The various types of cluster bombs are made to carry a wide range of different bomblets, each suited to attack certain targets, such as armor, personnel, structures, radar sites, and runways. Fuel Air Explosive Bombs When dropped, the bomb releases gases into the atmosphere, forming a highly explosive mixture. A delayed-action fuse ignites the gases, causing the contaminated air to burn. This fireball of burning gas rapidly expands, incinerating the target area. In the open air, this is sufficient to set off mines, and flatten soft structures, parked aircraft, and personnel. However, in an enclosed space, the effect is magnified, blowing apart the walls, floor, and roof of the structure. Penetrator Bombs These bombs are specifically designed for hardened or subterranean targets. The bomb casing is made thicker and from higher strength steel, especially in the nose. A Hard Target Smart Fuze (HTSF) uses an accelerometer and timer to determine when to detonate. It can be set for a variety of modes which will trigger from various conditions such as detection of a void, achievement of preset depth, or time delay from impact. Penetrator bombs also frequently have larger warheads to do more damage to well fortified or deeply buried targets.

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V. Tomahawk Land-Attack Missile (TLAM)

The Tomahawk is a long-range cruise missile developed by the US Navy for both surface and submarine launch against land targets. TLAM C designates the conventional unitary warhead and TLAM D designates the dispenser warhead for bomblet delivery. The TLAM can be launched from the Mk-41 VLS launcher carried on the CG-47 Ticonderoga-class cruisers and DDG-51 Arleigh Burke-class destroyers. In addition it can be launched by all US attack submarines, either from torpedo tubes, or specially designed vertical launch tubes. Some of the SSBN-726 Ohio-class ballistic missile submarines have been converted to cruise missile launching platforms, with their ballistic missile tubes replaced by TLAM vertical launch tubes.

Guidance Guidance systems for the Tomahawk consists of an Inertial Navigation System (INS), Terrain Contour Matching (TERCOM), Digital Scene Matching Area Correlation (DSMAC) and Global Positioning System (GPS). Learning Objectives:

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Understand how the United States Navy uses strike warfare. Understand the importance of precision strike in accomplishing wartime objectives. Understand and explain the four basic strike options. Understand the advantages and disadvantages of using aircraft vs. cruise missiles. Identify the various strike munitions and how they function. Have a working knowledge of the Tomahawk Land Attack Missile: how it is employed; the various platforms it can be launched from; how it navigates; and the types of warheads that can be used with it.

Sources:
http://www.fas.org/man/dod

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WEEK 15: USMC STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION I. Mission Definition

The seven-part Mission of the Marines is defined by the National Security Act of 1947, amended in 1952. 1. Provide Fleet Marine Forces with combined arms and supporting air components for service with the United States Fleet in the seizure or defense of advanced Naval bases, and for the conduct of such land operations as may be essential to the execution of a Naval campaign. 2. Provide detachments and organizations for service on armed vessels of the Navy and security detachments for the protection of naval property at naval stations and bases. 3. Develop, in coordination with the Army, Navy, and Air Force, the doctrine, tactics, techniques, and equipment employed by landing forces in amphibious operations. 4. Provide Marine forces for operations, in coordination with the Army, Navy, Air Force, according to the doctrine established by the Joint Chiefs of Staff. 5. Develop, in accordance with the Army, Navy, and Air Force, the doctrine, procedures, and equipment for operations. 6. Expand peacetime components to meet wartime needs according to the joint mobilization plans. 7. Perform such other duties as the President may direct.

II. USMC Mission Competencies

MAGTF operations are built upon a foundation of five special core competencies. The direct result of more than 225 years of expeditionary experience, these five core competencies define the essence of the unique Marine institutional culture as well as their role within the national military establishment. Core competencies are developed from inherent Marine missions, such as expeditionary amphibious operations, and drive Marines to develop specific sets of skills while executing special roles and missions. 1. Warfighting Culture and Dynamic Decision-making: Marines focus on the force of human resolve and utilize technology to leverage the chaos and complexity of the battlefield. From early on, Marines are instilled with a determination to accomplish the mission. Warfighting Culture and Dynamic Decision-making: Marines focus on the force of human resolve and utilize technology to leverage the chaos and complexity of the battlefield. 2. Expeditionary Forward Operations: Marines are continuously deployed around the world near potential trouble spots where they can deter aggression, respond quickly, and resolve crises whenever called. The naval character and strategically mobile presence enhance cultural and situational awareness of potential operating areas. 3. Sustainable and Interoperable Littoral Power Projection: Todays scalable MAGTFs can access the worlds littoral regions on short notice, responding quickly with a force tailored to the mission at hand. Their partnership with the Navy provides significant organic sustainment capabilities from the sea and reduces a theater commanders requirement to dedicate lift assets to early entry forces. 4. Combined Arms Integration: Marines pioneered development of concepts such as close air support and vertical envelopment. MAGTFs constantly blend the art and science of commanding, controlling, training, and executing combined arms operations from air, land, seas and space. Marines understand the logic and synergy of joint and multinational forces under the Single Battle concept. 5. Forcible Entry from the Sea: Together, the Navy and Marines provide the Nation with its primary capability to rapidly project and sustain combat power ashore in the face of armed opposition. MEFs, reinforced by maritime prepositioned assets when required, allow the US to protect its worldwide interests, reassure allies, and fortify other elements of national power.

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III. Basic Structure and Organization

The Marine Corps' minimum peacetime structure shall consist of no less than three combat divisions, three aircraft wings, and such other combat, aviation, and other land services as may be organic, therein. The Marine Corps will also maintain a fourth division and air wing in the reserve. The operating forces of the Marine Corps are currently organized into: (1) Marine Corps Forces Command (MARFORCOM) with headquarters in Norfolk, VA (2) Marine Corps Forces Pacific (MARFORPAC) with headquarters in Camp Smith, HI (3) Marine Corps Forces Special Operations Command (MARSOC) with headquarters in Camp Lejeune, NC. The operating forces comprise the forward presence, crisis response, and combat power that the Corps makes available to U.S. unified combatant commanders. The Marine Corps has established three permanent combatant-level service components in support of unified commands with significant Marine forces assigned: U.S. Marine Corps Forces (MARFORCOM), U.S. Marine Corps Forces Pacific (MARFORPAC), and U.S. Marine Corps Forces, Special Operations Command (MARSOC). The Commander, MARFORCOM is assigned to the Commander, U.S. Joint Forces Command (JFCOM). He provides the 2d Marine Expeditionary Force (II MEF) and other unique capabilities to JFCOM. Likewise, the Commander MARFORPAC is assigned to the Commander, U.S. Pacific Command. He provides I and III MEFs to PACOM. The Commander, MARSOC is assigned to the Commander, Special Operations Command (SOCOM). He provides assigned forces to SOCOM. The following is a basic outline of the Marine Corps organization and structure: 1. Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF): For operations and training, Marine Forces will be formed into Marine Air-Ground Task Forces (MAGTFs). The MAGTF is the basic structure of deployed Marines and can operate across a full spectrum of conflicts, including amphibious operations. They have no standard structure, but rather are constituted as appropriate for the specific situation/mission. The MAGTF provides a single commander the optimum combined-arms force for the situation he or she faces. As the situation changes, it may of course be necessary to restructure the MAGTF. Regardless of its size, a MAGTF is always comprised of four elements: 1.) Ground Combat Element (GCE): Infantry (battalion, regiment, or division) augmented with tank, artillery, LAV, AAV, combat engineers and reconnaissance assets. 2.) Aviation Combat Element (ACE): Contains aircraft to support the tactical situation. Tactical helicopters with fixed wing assets for close air support 3.) Combat Service Support Element (CSSE): Provides all necessary logistical support to the MAGTF including: Transportation, Engineering, Embarkation, Medical/Dental, and Headquarters and Service. 4.) Command Element (CE) Although a MAGTF is a task organization tailored to a specific mission, there are three basic types of MAGTFs: the Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU), the Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB), and Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF). All MEUs complete Special Operations Capable (SOC) qualifications prior to going afloat. There is also the designation of Special Purpose MAGTF for any unit size, including up to the whole Marine Corps. 2. Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF): The MEF is the principal war fighting element in the active force structure of the Marine Corps and is usually commanded by a Lieutenant General. The size and composition of a deployed MEF varies depending on the needs of the mission. Each MEF has one to three Marine Expeditionary Units (MEU) assigned to it that deploy throughout the globe.

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3. Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB): A MEB, usually led by a brigadier general, is built around a reinforced infantry regiment, an aircraft group and a Service Support Group. Capable of rapid deployment and employment via amphibious or airlift methods, it is the first echelon of a Marine Expeditionary Force. 4. Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU): The smallest task force unit, the MEU has approximately 2,200 personnel and is built around a reinforced infantry battalion, a composite aircraft squadron and a support group. It is commanded by a colonel and is routinely deployed with an Amphibious Ready Group. The ground element of a MEU is a Battalion Landing Team (BLT), comprised of a reinforced infantry battalion of approximately 1,200 Marines, including three Rifle Companies. The aviation unit of a MEU is a reinforced medium helicopter squadron. 5. Marine Division: There are three Marine divisions in the active force and one in the reserve. It is the largest Marine ground combat organization of a MEF and is usually commanded by a majorgeneral. 6. Marine Air Wing (MAW): The largest Marine aviation organization of the MEF, each MAW has a unique organizational structure and is commanded by a brigadier general. 7. Marine Aircraft Group (MAG): Similar to an Air Force Wing and commanded by a colonel, a MAG is the smallest aviation unit that is designed for independent operations. 8. Marine Logistics Group (MLG): Formerly called Force Service Support Group, the MLG provides responsive, quality logistics support to a MEF, other Marine, joint, and combined forces and federal agencies, as directed, through expeditionary means, forward basing, and global sourcing.

CO

Personnel and Ships

SelfSustainability 15 days

Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU)

Col

1,5003,000 2-4 amphibious ships 7,00012,000; up to 25 amphibious ships 30,00040,000

Ground Combat Element (GCE) Battalion Landing Team (BLT)

Aviation Combat Element (ACE)

Combat Service Support Element (CSSE) MEU Service Support Group (MSSG) formed from a Marine Logistics Group (MLG) Brigade Service Support Group (BSSG)formed from the Marine Logistics Group (MLG) Marine Logisitics Group - established at sea and ashore

Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron augmented to a composite helicopter squadron Marine Aircraft Group (MAG) multiple squadrons of rotary wing aircraft

Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB)

BGen

30 days

Regimental Landing Team (RLT)

Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF)

LtGen

60 days

Marine Division

Marine Aircraft Wing (MAW) - will contain all types of aircraft

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IV. Locations
Locations of Major Air/Ground Elements I MEF: Camp Pendleton, CA II MEF: Camp Lejeune, NC III MEF: Camp Courtney, Okinawa, Japan 1st Marine Air Wing: MCAS Butler, Okinawa, Japan 2d Marine Air Wing: MCAS Cherry Point, NC 3d Marine Air Wing: MCAS Miramar, CA I Marine Division: Camp Pendleton, CA II Marine Division: Camp Lejeune, NC III Marine Division: Camp Courtney, Okinawa, Japan I MLG: Camp Pendleton, CA II MLG: Camp Lejeune, NC III MLG: Camp Smedley Butler, Okinawa, Japan MEU Locations 1. West Coast/1st Marine Division: 11th, 13th, 15th MEUs; deploys to the Pacific and Persian Gulf 2. East Coast/2d Marine Division: 22nd, 24th, 26th MEUs; deploys to the Mediterranean Sea and Persian Gulf 3. Overseas/ 3d Marine Division: 31st MEU; deploys to the Western Pacific **MEUs are not standing units. The command element of a MEU is a standing command. The units that comprise the GCE, ACE, and CSSE rotate after each scheduled deployment. Each particular unit is chopped or attached to a MEU for a period of approximately 18 months Marine Corps Reserves Marine Forces Reserve (MARFORRES) is located in New Orleans, Louisiana, and serves as the headquarters for all Marine Reservists and Reserve units. MARFORRES provides policy, guidance, direction, and support to 104,000 Reserve Marines throughout the U.S. The four subordinate commands of MARFORRES are the 4th Marine Division, the 4th Marine Aircraft Wing, the 4 th Marine Logistics Group, and the Marine Corps Mobilization Command in Kansas City, Missouri.

V. Marine Corps Leadership

Marine Corps Leadership: The Marine Corps is commanded by the Commandant of the Marine Corps (CMC). He is assisted in his duties by the Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps (SMMC). They serve a fouryear term of duty by the direction of the President. The current billet holders at print are: 35th CMC: General James F. Amos, USMC. 17th SMMC: Sgt. Maj. Michael P. Barrett, USMC.

Sources:
Marine Corps Organization: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/usmc/overview.htm Marine Corps Operation: http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/service_pubs/mcdp10.pdf Student Handout Marine Air Ground Task Force Organization: http://www.lejeune.usmc.mil/mccsss/schools/los/files/lessons/TEO/C102.pdf

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WEEK 16: USMC OPERATIONS AND PLATFORMS

I. Operations
1. Expeditionary Operations An expedition is a military operation conducted by an armed force to accomplish a specific objective in a foreign country. Expeditionary operations encompass the entire range of military operations, from humanitarian assistance to forcible entry in a major theater war. The defining characteristic of expeditionary operations is the projection of force into a foreign setting. Successful expeditionary operations require Expeditionary Mindset. Tailored Forces Forward Deployment. Rapid Deployment. Expeditionary Basing. Forcible Entry. Sustainment. (MCDP 1-0, pp. 2 4-5) 2. Force Projection Forward-deployed MAGTFs, with their range of capabilities, are designed to enable the joint force commander to resolve crises and win conflicts. MAGTFs are uniquely suited to support the national security strategy by rapidly projecting the required capability into a foreign setting to abate the crisis. This capability is central to the United States ability to safeguard its national interests. Forwarddeployed MAGTFs are prepared to meet a wide array of challenges in their AO. Their presence and engagement activities help to shape the crisis area. Finally, MAGTFs respond with appropriate force or capabilities to defeat the enemy, restore order or provide humanitarian relief. The Marine Corps conducts force projection primarily through the use of MAGTFs conducting expeditionary operations employing three primary methods: (MCDP 1-0, pp. 2 5-6) Amphibious operations. MPF operations. Combination of the above methods. 3. Amphibious Operations Joint Pub (JP) 3-02, Joint Doctrine for Amphibious Operations, defines an amphibious operation as a military operation launched from the sea by an amphibious force embarked in ships or craft with the primary purpose of introducing a landing force ashore to accomplish the assigned mission. Amphibious operations require a high degree of training and specialized equipment to succeed. Marine Corps forces are specifically organized, trained, and equipped to deploy aboard, operate from, and sustain themselves from amphibious ships. They are specifically designed to project land combat power ashore from the sea. 4. Sustained Operations Ashore The Marine Corps also has the capability to operate independent of the sea to support sustained land operations ashore with the Army or coalition partners. The Marine Corps conducts sustained operations ashore to provide the joint force commander four options when fighting a land operation. (MCDP 1-0, pp. 2 12)

II. Amphibious Warfare

An amphibious operation is a military operation launched from the sea by naval and landing forces embarked on ships or craft, involving a landing on a hostile or potentially hostile shore. Amphibious Warfare along with Special Operations, Mine Warfare, and Explosive Ordinance Disposal are subsumed under the Navys new Expeditionary Warfare Division. This division identifies the naval and amphibious capabilities required by the Navy of 2010 and beyond. The Expeditionary Warfare Division ensures the Navy is capable of accomplishing the following missions: sea control and maritime supremacy, power projection, strategic deterrence, forward naval presence, and strategic sealift.

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In support of these roles, specifically power projection and forward naval presence, Expeditionary Strike Groups (ESG) have been formed. An ESG is comprised of a traditional Amphibious Ready Group and embarked Marine Expeditionary Units (MEUs) as well as Cruiser/Destroyer escorts. The ESG Commanders are either an Admiral or Brigadier General, who are embarked on one of the ships with a supporting staff. The Navy and Marine Corps team provide the nation the only vehicle for self-sustaining forcible entry into regions where U.S. access is contested. Amphibious forces must be capable of performing a wide range of missions, from providing humanitarian assistance and disaster relief to engaging in major combat operations such as occurred during Operation Iraqi Freedom. Additionally, these forces can be configured and deployed to operate at various levels of conflict and in multiple theaters simultaneously. Because they are sea-based with a command element, amphibious forces greatly expand the available response options. They are particularly well placed to provide a demonstration of U.S. commitment and resolve to friends and allies as well as adversaries. Three-ship Amphibious Ready Groups consisting of a large-deck amphibious assault ship (LHD or LHA), and amphibious transport dock (LPD), and a dock landing ship (LSD) carry the MEU and the helicopters and amphibious assault vehicles that transport Marine combat and support elements ashore. They also support the operations of the MEUs vertical/short take-off and landing aircraft, both helicopter and fixed-wing that provide the MAGTF with integrated air support. Phases of Amphibious Warfare (E.M.P.R.A.) 1. Embarkation: The embarkation phase is the period during which the forces, along with their equipment and supplies, are loaded aboard assigned shipping. 2. Movement: Different elements of the ATF (Amphibious Task Force) move from points of embarkation to the Amphibious Operations Area (AOA) during the movement phase. This stage is completed when the various elements of the ATF arrive at their assigned positions in the AOA. During the movement to the objective area, the Navy uses deceptive measures to confuse the enemy as much as possible. Some of these tactics include: dispersion of forces, movement along separate routes, and the use of radio silence combined with electronic deception. In a modern assault, a battle group would be employed to defend the ATF. With this protection, the ATF would move towards the objective area. 3. Planning: The planning phase encompasses the period extending from the issuance of the initiating directive by the establishing authority until embarkation. While planning occurs throughout the entire operation, it is normally dominant in the period before the forces embark the ship. Effective logistics and combat service support are absolutely critical to the success of any amphibious operation. All considerations that lead to a successful operation should be dealt with in the planning phase, but may be modified by the results of the rehearsal. These considerations include, but are not limited to: anticipated enemy strength, climate and terrain, communication capabilities, length of supply lines, assembly and embarkation, and target dates. 4. Rehearsal: Rehearsals are necessary to ensure the operation runs smoothly, and changes to the plan can be made based on the outcome of the rehearsals. A rehearsal may consist of an actual landing or may be conducted as a command post exercise. During the rehearsal phase, the prospective operation is practiced for the purpose of testing communications, timing of operations, evaluating combat readiness, and ensuring all echelons are familiar with the plans. 5. Assault: The action phase can consist of any type of amphibious operation. Since the assault is the most difficult and the primary type of action, it will be discussed here. The assault phase begins when the ATF arrives in the operational area and is capable of beginning the ship-to-shore movement, and it ends with the accomplishment of the ATF mission. The assault sequence is: a. Preparation of the landing area by supporting arms (gunfire support, TACAIR, and cruise missile strikes) as well as recon, minesweeping, underwater demolitions, destruction of beach obstacles, and air

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strikes. b. c. d. e.

Ship-to-shore movement of the Landing Force Air and surface assault to seize the beachhead and designated objectives Provision of supporting arms and logistics/combat service support throughout the assault Landing the remaining elements for conduct of operations as required.

NOTE: The order of these phases can be modified if an ATF is forward deployed or completing a follow-on mission. The sequence then becomes embarkation, planning, rehearsal, movement, and action. In the rapidly changing international environment, this flexibility is necessary for the success of amphibious warfare. Adjacent Operations 1. Subsidiary Landings: Conducted outside main objective area to support the main effort. This operation can occur before or after the main landing. The purpose of subsidiary landings can be to: a. Capture a specific position for use in the main landing. b. Capture an area to deny its use to the enemy in harming the main effort c. Induce a hostile reaction that will favor the main effort through deception. 2. Supporting Operations: Conducted to support the main landing in various ways. Normally conducted outside the area of operations of the main landing force. Examples of supporting operations are: a. Assistance in gaining or maintaining air, ground, or naval supremacy b. Psychological and unconventional operations Types of Amphibious Operations The five different types of amphibious operations are amphibious assault, withdrawal, demonstration, raid, and other amphibious operations. Each phase has a different objective. 1. Amphibious Assault: The purpose of the amphibious assault is the establishment of an Landing Force on a hostile or potentially hostile shore. 2. Amphibious Withdrawal: The amphibious withdrawal involves the extraction of forces by sea in ships or craft from a hostile or potentially hostile shore. A withdrawal from a hostile shore can be made as a result of a termination of an operation or the redeployment of units to different areas. This is predetermined but the amphibious withdrawal is based on the situation as well as tactical and strategic considerations. 3. Amphibious Demonstrations: Amphibious demonstrations are conducted to deceive the enemy with the exception of deluding the enemy into a course of action favorable to us. Several steps are taken to make the enemy believe that a landing force is actually taking place. It can even include a partial ship-toshore movement. 4. Amphibious Raids: An amphibious operation involving a swift incursion into, or a temporary occupation of, an objective, followed by a planned withdrawal. Raids are conducted for such purposes as: Inflicting loss or damage, creating a diversion, executing deliberate deception operations, destroying enemy information gathering systems to maintain operational security, and capturing/evacuating individuals/material. 5. Other Amphibious Operations: The capabilities of amphibious forces may be especially suited to conduct other types of operations, such as noncombatant evacuation operations and foreign humanitarian assistance.

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III. Weapons and Platforms

Aside from the personal weapons of the rifleman, here are some of the additional weapons and platforms utilized by the Marine Corps. M240G Medium Machine Gun

Maximum effective range: 1.1 miles (1.8 kilometers) on tripod mount Maximum range: 2.31 miles (3.725 kilometers) Rates of fire: Cyclic-650-950 rounds per minute / Rapid-200 rounds per minute / Sustained-100 rounds per minute

MK19 40mm Machine Gun, MOD 3

Maximum range: 2200 meters Maximum effective range: 1600 meters Rates of fire: Cyclic-325-375 rounds per minute / Rapid-60 rounds per minute / Sustained-40 rounds per minute

M2 .50 Caliber Heavy Machine Gun

Maximum effective range: 2000 meters with tripod mount Maximum range: 4.22 miles (6.8 kilometers) Cyclic rate of fire: 550 rounds per minute

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Tube Launched, Optically Tracked, Wire Guided (TOW) Missile Weapon System

Maximum effective range: 2.33 miles (3.75 kilometers)

M224 60mm Lightweight Mortar

Maximum effective range: 2.17 miles (3490 meters) Rates of fire: Maximum-30 rounds/minute / Sustained-20 rounds/minute

M-252 Mortar 81mm Mortar

Range: 5,600 meters Rate of fire: 15 rounds/min sustained

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High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV) (M998 Truck)

High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV) (M1151A1 ECV Armament Carrier)

Primary functions: The HMMWV provides a variety of wheeled vehicle platforms. These are cargo/troop carrier, armament carrier, TOW missile system carrier, shelter carrier and two ambulance variants (2- and 4-litter).

Light Armored Vehicle-25 (LAV-25)

Primary function: Provide strategic mobility to reach and engage the threat, tactical mobility for effective use of fire power, fire power to defeat soft and armored targets, battlefield survivability to carry out combat missions. Range: 410 miles (660.1 kilometers) Speed: 62 mph (99.2 km/hr) Swim speed: 6 mph (9.6 km/hr) Crew: Driver, gunner, commander and 6 troops Armament: M242 25mm chain gun, M240 7.62mm machine gun mounted coaxial to the main gun Variants: There are numerous versions of the LAV-25. Each variant is fitted with equipment, personnel, and armament specific to the mission. The variants are: LAV-AT (Anti-Tank), LAV-M (Mortar), LAV-R (Recovery), LAV-L (Logistics), LAV-AD (Air Defense), and MEWSS (Mobile Electronic Warfare Support System)

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Mine-Resistant Ambush-Protected (MRAP) Vehicle

Primary function: MRAP Vehicles are V-shaped hulled, raised chassis, armored vehicles with blast resistant underbodies designed to protect crews from mine and IED blasts as well as fragmentary and small arms threats.

M198 155mm HOWITZER

Primary function: Provides field artillery fire support for all Marine Corps Air Ground Task Force organizations. Maximum effective range: conventional ammunition-22,400 meters (13.92 miles) / rocket-assisted projectile30,000 meters (18.64 miles) Rate of Fire: Maximum-4 rounds per minute/ Sustained-2 rounds per minute Crew: 9 enlisted

M777 Lightweight 155mm HOWITZER

Primary function: Provides field artillery fire support for all Marine Corps Air Ground Task Force organizations. Maximum effective range: 30km Rate of Fire: Maximum-5 rounds per minute/ Sustained-2 rounds per minute Crew: 7 enlisted Improvements: Over 7,000 lbs lighter than the M198 due to titanium construction and hydraulic operation. It emplaces three times faster, displaces four times faster, traverses 32 percent more terrain worldwide and is 70 percent more survivable than the M198.

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M1A1 Main Battle Tank

Primary function: Main battle tank (MBT) Caliber: 120mm (M256 main gun) capable of delivering both kinetic energy (sabot) and chemical energy (heat) rounds. Commander's Weapon: M2 .50 Caliber Machine Gun Loader's Weapon: 7.62mm M240 Machine Gun Coaxial Weapon: 7.62 M240 Machine Gun Cruising Range: 289 miles (465.29 kilometers) without NBC system / 279 miles (449.19 kilometers) with NBC system Speed: Maximum: 42 miles (67.72 kilometers) per hour (Governed) / Cross Country: 30 miles (48.3 kilometers) per hour Crew: 4 driver, loader, gunner, and tank commander.

Assault Amphibian Vehicle Personnel Model 7A1 (AAVP7A1)

Description: The AAVP7A1 is an armored assault amphibious full-tracked landing vehicle. The vehicle carries troops in water operations from ship to shore, through rough water and surf zone. It also carries troops to inland objectives after ashore. Crew: 3 Cruising Range: Land at 25 MPH: 300 Miles / Water at 2600 RPM: 7 Hours Cruising Speed: Land: 20 to 30 MPH / Water: 6 MPH Maximum Speed Forward: / Land: 45 MPH / Water: 8.2 MPH Maximum Speed Reverse: Land: 12 MPH / Water: 4.5 MPH Capacity: 21 Combat Equipped Marines Armament and Ammunition: HBM2 Caliber.50 Machine Gun and MK 19 MOD3 40 MM Machine Gun Variants: There are two other versions of the Assault Amphibious Vehicle, each fitted with equipment, personnel, and armament specific to the mission. The variants are: AAVC7A1 (Command Model) and the AAVR7A1 (Recovery Model).

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AH-1W Super Cobra

Primary function: Attack helicopter Speed: 147 knots (169.05 miles per hour) in basic combat attack configuration Range: 256 nautical miles (294.4 miles) in basic combat attack configuration Ceiling: 18,700 feet (5703.5 meters) in basic combat attack configuration (limited to 10,000 feet (3050 kilometers) by oxygen requirements) Crew: 2 pilots Armament: One 20MM turreted cannon with 750 rounds; four external wing stations that can fire 2.75"/5.0" rockets and a wide variety of precision guided missiles, to include TOW/Hellfire (point target/anti-armor), Sidewinder (antiair) Sidearm (anti-radar).

UH-1N

Primary function: Utility helicopter Speed: 121 knots (139.15 miles per hour) at sea level Ceiling: 14,200 feet (4331 meters) (limited to 10,000 feet (3050 meters) by oxygen requirements) Range: 172 nautical miles (197.8 miles) Crew: 2 pilots, 2 crewmen Armament: M-240 7.62mm machine gun or the GAU-16 .50 caliber machine gun or the GAU-17 7.62mm automatic gun. All three weapons systems are crew-served, and the GAU-2B/A can also be controlled by the pilot in the fixed forward firing mode. The helicopter can also carry two 7-shot or 19-shot 2.75" rocket pods.

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AH-1Z Viper

UH-1Y Venom

Upgrades: The H-1 Upgrades Program (UH-1Y/AH-1Z) replaces the current two-bladed rotor system on the UH-1N and AH-1W aircraft with a new four-bladed, all composite rotor system that is coupled with a sophisticated, fully integrated, state of the art cockpit. The UH-1 and AH-1Z also incorporate a new performance-matched transmission, a four-bladed tail rotor and drive system, and upgraded landing gear. Additionally, structural modifications to the AH1Z provide the aircraft with six weapons stations, two more than the AH-1W. The advanced cockpit, common to both new aircraft, reduces operator workload, improves situational awareness, and provides growth potential for future weapons and joint interoperability. The cockpit integrates on-board planning, self-contained navigation, and night targeting and weapons systems in mirror-imaged crew stations.

CH-53D/E Sea Stallion/Super Stallion Helicopter

Primary function: Transportation of equipment and supplies during the ship-to-shore movement of an amphibious assault and during subsequent operations ashore. Manufacturer: Sikorsky Aircraft Speed: D - 130 knots (149.5 miles per hour) / E - 172.5 miles per hour (150 knots) Range: 690 miles (600 nautical miles) Armament: Two XM-218 .50 cal machineguns Crew: 3

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MV-22 Osprey Tiltrotor

Primary function: Amphibious assault transport of troops, equipment and supplies from assault ships and land bases. Description: The V-22 Osprey is a multi-engine, dual-piloted, self-deployable, medium lift, vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) tiltrotor aircraft designed for combat, combat support, combat service support, and Special Operations missions worldwide. It will replace the Corps' aged fleet of CH-46E and CH-53D medium lift helicopters. Range: 200nm Pre-Assault Raid with 18 troops or Land Assault with 24 troops / 50 nm (x2) Amphibious Assault / 50 nm External Lift Operations with 10,000 lb load Cruise Airspeed: 240 kts (MV-22)

F/A-18A/C/CN/D Hornet

Primary function: Intercept and destroy enemy aircraft under all-weather conditions and attack and destroy surface targets. F/A-18D can also be used for multi-sensor imagery reconnaissance Cruise speed: High subsonic to supersonic Combat radius: Fighter mission - 400 nautical miles (460 miles) / Attack mission: 575 nautical miles (661.25 miles) Armament: Nine external wing stations, comprising two wingtip stations for an assortment of air-to-air and air-toground weapons, including AIM-7 Sparrows, AIM-9 Sidewinders, AMRAAMs, AGM-84 Harpoons and AGM-65 Maverick missiles; two inboard wing stations for external fuel tanks or air-to-ground stations; two nacelle fuselage stations for Sparrows or AN/AAS-38 Forward Looking Infrared Radar (FLIR) pods; and a center station for fuel tank or air-to-ground weapons. Air-to-ground weapons include GBU-10 and -12 laser guided bombs, Mk 80 series general purpose bombs, and CBU-59 cluster bombs. AN M61 20mm six-barrel gun is mounted in the nose and has a McDonnell Douglas director gunsight. Crew: F/A-18A/C/CN- 1 pilot F/A-18D- 2 (pilot and weapons and sensors officer)

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EA-18 Growler

Primary function: Airborne Command and Control (C2W) support to Fleet Marine Forces to include electronic attack (EA), tactical electronic support (ES), electronic protection (EP), and high speed anti-radiation missile (HARM). Speed: 1,181 mph Ceiling: 50,853 ft (15,500m) Range: 1,458 miles Armament: AN/ALQ-99 High and Low Band Jamming, AN/ALQ-218 Detection Pods, High Speed Anti-Radiation Missile (HARM), Joint Stand-Off Weapon (JSOW). Crew: 2

EA-6B Prowler

Primary function: Airborne Command and Control (C2W) support to Fleet Marine Forces to include electronic attack (EA), tactical electronic support (ES), electronic protection (EP) and high speed anti-radiation missile (HARM). Speed: Maximum - .99 mach / cruise - .72 mach Ceiling: 40,000 feet (12,186 meters) Range: Unrefueled, combat configuration - 850 nautical miles (977.5 miles) / Refueled -unlimited (crew fatigue factor - approximately 8 hours) Armament: ALQ-99 Tactical Jamming System (TJS); High Speed Anti-Radiation Missile (HARM) Crew: 4 - pilots and electronic countermeasures officers

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KC-130J Hercules

Primary function: Versatile four-engine, tactical aerial refueler for fixed, rotor, and tilt wing arircraft. And assault support. The KC 130J increases speed by 20% and range by 35% over earlier variants. It also features an improved air-to-air refueling system and a state of the art flight system. Crew: 2 pilots, 1 navigator/systems operator, 1 flight engineer, 1 first mechanic, 1 loadmaster (total of 6)

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IV. Emerging Concepts and Technologies

Concepts enable decision-makers the ability to identify capabilities and changes to doctrine, organization, training, and education to create a force for the future. Future operational concepts are general descriptions of how military forces intend to fight in the future. Services and the joint community have relied increasingly on operational concepts as the engines for their combat development processes. These concepts also furnish the intellectual basis for experimentation and force development. Increasing technological advancements will expedite the creation of capabilities articulated in emerging concepts. Technologically advanced systems will enhance the United States military forces ability to exploit critical vulnerabilities and rapidly defeat centers of gravity. These centers of gravity will be located and identified using modern sensors and sophisticated intelligence collection and analysis. Some of the advanced systems that will provide the enhanced capability to conduct operations are advanced sensors and information systems; tilt rotor aircraft; vertical and short take-off aircraft; air-cushion vehicles and other hovercraft; high-speed shallow-draft ships; and the advanced amphibious assault vehicle. (MCDP-1, p. 2 13) Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle (EFV)

F-35 Lightening (Joint Strike Fighter) STOVL (Short Take-Off, Vertical Landing)

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WEEK 17: NAVAL SPECIAL WARFARE

I. Warfare Definition
Special Operations is characterized by the use of small units with the unique ability to conduct military actions that are beyond the capability of conventional military forces. These operations often require covert, clandestine, or low visibility capabilities. Special operations differ from conventional operations in degree of physical and political risk, operational techniques, mode of employment, independence from friendly support, and dependence on detailed operational intelligence and indigenous assets.

II. History and Traditions

Emerging from the foundation set by Scouts and Raiders, Naval Combat Demolition Units, and Underwater Demolition Teams, modern SEAL Teams were first commissioned in January of 1962 by President John F. Kennedy. SEAL Teams One and Two were established to conduct counter guerilla warfare and clandestine operations. Their requirement was solidified by actions in Vietnam where they advised Vietnamese forces, conducted Direct Action missions, and helped rescue downed pilots. Naval Special Warfare (NSW) forces have participated in every major conflict since then including: Operation JUST CAUSE in Panama, Operations DESERT SHIELD/STORM in Iraq and Kuwait, Operation RESTORE HOPE and TF RANGER in Somalia, and other conflicts from South America, to the Balkans to Haiti to OEF and OIF. Organized as the maritime component of US Special Operations Command (USSOCOM), Naval Special Warfare has become a leading operational asset in the current war on terror. The backbone of NSW has consisted of SEALs (Sea, Air and Land) and SWCC (Special Warfare Combatant-Craft Crewmen) personnel, volunteer operators put through rigorous training programs like BUD/S and SWCC School respectively. To read more about the history of Naval Special Warfare, go to http://www.navsoc.navy.mil/History.html.

III. Operations and Capabilities

SEAL Teams SEAL Teams are comprised of 3 Troops with 2 platoons assigned per Troop (6 platoons/Team), a Command and Control Element, and a support element that is deployable en masse to stage overseas for extended periods of time. SEAL Officers lead these various units; their first leadership assignment is a Squad Commander after completing the training pipeline. While leading experienced, combat proven enlisted SEALs is challenging for newly trained officers, senior enlisted provide backing and sound advice for young JOs. SEAL Officers then progress to Platoon Commander (LT) and Troop Commander (LCDR), all challenging assignments leading SEALs. The SEAL elements are trained to infiltrate their objective areas by fixed and rotary winged aircraft, Navy surface ships and submarines, vehicles, underwater, or on foot. Their ability to conduct clandestine, high-risk missions and provide real-time intelligence offers decision makers excellent situational awareness and provides multiple options to conduct warfare. SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team (SDVT) This team is specifically trained to use the Mk-8 SDV as an underwater, clandestine insertion and extraction platform. The Mk-8 is launched out of a DDS (Dry Deck Shelter) attached to several Navy submarines. SDV Teams train for the same missions as other SEAL Teams, but focus specifically on

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insertion and extraction using this specialized platform. SEAL Officers lead SDV Platoons and conduct some of the most challenging missions in NSW. Special Boat Team (SBT) Special Boat Teams are manned by SWCC, an all enlisted force commonly known as boat guys. Junior Surface Warfare Officers with their SWO qualification pin are eligible to become Special Boat Team Operators after their first tour. Although SWCCs are not SEALs, they have an extremely important role in NSW. The primary mission of SBTs is the insertion and extraction of SEAL elements. They are also involved in coastal and riverine missions. The platforms they use include the Mk-V and the 11 meter Rigid-hull Inflatable Boat (RIB). Junior SEAL officers and/or SWCC Chiefs often command 8-man SBT detachments like the 11m MCADS (Maritime Craft Aerial Delivery System) an airdropped boat package for quick over-the-horizon interdiction operations.

IV. Naval Special Warfare Missions

Direct Action Short-duration strikes and other small-scale offensive actions taken to seize, destroy, capture or recover in denied areas. Direct Action involves ambush, combat swimmer ship attacks, combat search and rescue; close quarters combat (CQC), and visit board search and seizure (VBSS). Special Reconnaissance Acquiring information concerning the capabilities, intentions and activities of an enemy. Special Reconnaissance involves counter-sniper operations, hydrographic reconnaissance, and listening and observation posts. Unconventional Warfare Operations conducted by, through and with surrogate forces that are organized, trained, equipped, supported and directed by external forces. Unconventional Warfare involves training foreign guerrilla forces or other clandestine operations. Counter Terrorism Counter Terrorism involves the prevention, deterrence, and response to terrorism. Foreign Internal Defense NSW offers training and other assistance to foreign governments and their militaries to enable the foreign government to provide for its countrys national security. Foreign Internal Defense involves training the security forces of other nations in areas such as internal peacekeeping/law enforcement, border defense, counter-drug operations and military strategy.

IV. Navy SEAL Training

The training of Navy SEALs consists of two major training periods BUD/S and SQT. BUD/S (Basic Underwater Demolition/SEALs) is the first step towards becoming a SEAL. The training takes place in Coronado, CA and lasts at least 6 months consisting of three phases each 7 weeks long, with officers and enlisted training together. BUD/S is comprised of First Phase, highlighted by Hell Week and Hydrographic Reconnaissance; Second Phase, where students become proficient in open and closed circuit diving; and Third Phase, the culmination of BUD/S with an emphasis on small arms training, demolitions and tactics. Each phase is designed to severely test the candidates leadership and physical and mental abilities. In addition to the daily physical challenges at BUD/S, officers are expected to lead throughout the training. After finishing BUD/S, graduates must complete SQT (SEAL Qualification Training), which lasts up to 12 months or more. Training involves extreme environment survival techniques, urban warfare, High Altitude Low Opening (HALO) parachute training, and many other skill sets. After completing SQT, sailors will receive the NSW warfare designator, also referred to as the Trident. New SEALs then report to their

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command and could be deployed overseas to combat shortly thereafter or enter the Troop training cycle, an 18-month work-up in preparation for deployment.

V. SWCC Training
Special Warfare Combatant Craft Crewmen training consists of four phases in Coronado, CA and is only available to enlisted personnel. The first phase is Awaiting Instruction Phase (AIP) a 6-week rotational phase aimed at improving mental toughness and physical conditioning of SWCC candidates. The second phase is SWCC orientation lasting 3 weeks. This phase formally introduces candidates to the SWCC lifestyle and familiarizes trainees with all aspects of the physical requirements. The third phase is Basic Crewman Training (BCT) and lasts 5 weeks. During this phase, candidates are tested weekly with timed runs and swims in the pool, bay, and ocean as well as obstacle course runs. They are also taught basic navigation and small boat seamanship. This phase culminates in a 3-day event called The Tour, where candidates apply all of their training to date over three days in various weather conditions and with little sleep. The final phase of SWCC training is Crewman Qualification Training (CQT) and lasts 20 weeks. During this phase, candidates learn intermediate levels of seamanship and navigation and begin learning about various weapon systems. Furthermore, they become proficient in marksmanship, communications, engineering, waterborne patrolling, mobility, and combat casualty care.

VI. Naval Special Warfare Craft:

Mark VIII SEAL Delivery Vehicle (SDV) Mission The electrically powered Mk VIII SEAL delivery vehicle is designed to deliver up to six combat swimmers and their equipment. The Mk VIII is a `wet' vehicle, meaning that when it submerges the hull is completely flooded, the swimmers wearing underwater breathing apparatus (UBA). The vehicle is carried in a dry deck shelter aboard a US submarine. Payload Equipment for up to six combat swimmers Speed 6 kts. Range 70 miles Crew 6 (Two operators, Four passengers)

Mark V Special Operations Craft Mission Used to carry Special Operations Forces (SOF), primarily SEALs and combat swimmers, into and out of operations where the threat to these forces is considered to be low to medium. They also support limited coastal patrol and interruption of enemy activities. Range 500+ NM Speed 50 knots (max), 35 knots (cruise) Payload 5 + 16 troops, 4 zodiacs, multiple heavy weapon mounts

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11M NSW RIB (Rigid-Hull Inflatable Boat) Mission High speed, high buoyancy extreme weather craft used to carry Special Operations Forces (SOF), primarily SEALs, into and out of maritime operations. They also support coastal patrol and interdiction of enemy activities. Fully interoperable with MK V SOC Combat Boat. 200+ NM 45+ Knots 5 + 8 troops, 2 zodiacs, 2 heavy weapon mounts

Range Speed Payload

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Mine-Resistant Ambush Vehicle (MRAP) Mission Ground mobility vehicle used to carry SEALs in a variety of terrain. The vehicle is designed to protect the crew from explosive events. Range 420 miles Speed 60+ mph Payload 8 personnel and gear

VII. Future Capabilities

Naval Special Warfare continues to execute some of the most dynamic missions for the DOD. Future officers will work in diverse environments from Helmand Province in Afghanistan to the Horn of Africa, and need to be culturally attuned to a variety of regions. The focus of NSW and USSOCOM is persistent engagement with our partners and allies around the world. The Commander, USSOCOM, wants a special operator that can work in a joint and interagency environment, act as a diplomat for our country, and continue to represent the best quality warrior in the military.

Sources:
http://www.sealswcc.com/seal-default.aspx SEAL SWCC History and Information http://www.sealswcc.com/swcc-default.aspx http://www.navsoc.navy.mil/history.htm Navy SEAL Information The US Navys Elite Fighting Force by Mir Bahmanyar with Chris Osman, 2008. Navy SEALs A History of the Early Years by Kevin Dockery, 2001.

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WEEK 18: EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL

I. Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD)

The mission of Navy EOD is: To provide the Fleet with the capability to detect, identify, render safe, recover, evaluate, and dispose of explosive and/or hazardous ordnance items that have been fired, dropped, launched, projected, or placed in such a manner as to constitute an increased danger to operations, installations, personnel, or material. The EOD core competency encompasses the ability to render safe the following types of Unexploded Ordnance (UXO): Ground Ordnance (projectiles, rockets, grenades, landmines) Air Ordnance (bombs, missiles, aircraft explosive hazards, and dispensed munitions) Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs) (chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons) Underwater Ordnance (mines, torpedoes, and depth charges)

II. EOD History & Overview

The Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) community was officially organized as a warfare community in July of 1978 as the Special Operations Community, but the core missions and skills of EOD teams were employed and practiced far before the communitys birth. A need for ordnance disposal skills was recognized during WWII, as German and Japanese military operations left behind large quantities of dudfired ordnance. Mine Disposal School was founded in May, 1941. Bomb Disposal School was founded in January 1942 by (then) LT Draper Kauffman; based, in large part, on the British Bomb Disposal model. The first two Navy EOD commands were established in 1953. Today, all four services have EOD Technicians, all of whom are trained at the Naval School Explosive Ordnance Disposal (NAVSCOLEOD). Navy EOD is organized somewhat differently than the other services in that EOD is its own warfare community in the Navy; in the other services, it is a component of larger communities. Additionally, Navy EOD Technicians must go through rigorous training that enables them to operate in more environments. Navy EOD exists today as the only special operations capable (Land, Sea, Air) Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technicians. The Navy EOD community is primarily focused around the core competencies of EOD; Underwater Mine Countermeasures (UMCM), Combat Expeditionary Support (CES), Special Operations Forces (SOF) support, Anti-Terrorism/Force Protection (AT/FP), and Navy Dive and Salvage Support Operations. Navy EOD units can deploy as a shipboard detachment with a Carrier or Expeditionary Strike Group, or as a land-based asset assigned to an Army or Marine Corps unit. Additionally, Navy EOD units are special operations capable, specifically and uniquely tasked with support to Naval Special Warfare (NSW) and Army Special Forces (SF).

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III. EOD Competencies & Missions

There is a common misperception that Navy EODs operational environment includes only underwater operations. This perception is far from the truth; diving is only one mission area in which Navy EOD Technicians have expertise. Today, most Navy EOD deployments are land based with ground combat units performing offensive operations: Mine Countermeasures (MCM) MCM is made up of three components: EOD personnel (UMCM), surface units (SMCM), and air units (AMCM). EOD personnel are specifically tasked with detecting and diving on armed underwater ordnance and conducting Render Safe Procedures (RSPs). Additionally, EOD personnel render safe dud-fired mines, torpedoes, and depth charges, and conduct searches for and RSPs on limpet mines. Special Operations Forces (SOF) Support Navy EOD Technicians lend their expertise to SOF units to ensure they achieve mission success. The skills learned in the EOD training pipeline lend themselves to participation in these types of operations. Navy EOD Technicians will participate in advanced training with the SOF unit they are assigned to in order to support the entire spectrum of operations with which that unit may be tasked. Anti-Terrorism/Force Protection (AT/FP)/U.S. Secret Service Support AT/FP is a natural extension of the counter IED skills EOD Technicians learn. Many EOD Officers assigned to afloat staffs serve as, or work in close conjunction with, the AT/FP Officer. EOD Technicians regularly perform U.S. Secret Service support in order to mitigate and eliminate explosive hazards. Additionally, some EOD Shore Detachments work in conjunction with local, state, and federal bomb disposal agencies to combat terrorist threats. Expeditionary Diving and Salvage Expertise in diving is a vital skill needed for the disposal of underwater ordnance. All Navy EOD Technicians are Navy Divers and are trained in open-circuit SCUBA and the Mk-16 Mod 1, a computerized re-breather with low magnetic properties. Though they fall under EOD command, some Navy Divers are not EOD qualified, but instead get advanced training as Second Class Divers, First Class Divers, Diving Medical Technicians, and Master Divers, specializing in surface supplied diving, open/closed circuit SCUBA, and diving medicine. These Divers may be assigned to a Mobile Diving & Salvage Unit, to an EOD Mobile Unit, or another EOD command.

IV. EOD Organization

The Type Commander (TYCOM) for Navy EOD is the Commander, Naval Expeditionary Combat Command (NECC). Under the NECC, Navy EOD forces are divided into 2 Groups, EODGRU ONE in San Diego, CA and EODGRU TWO in Norfolk, VA. Each group contains 4 or 5 Mobile Units (EODMU), which are comprised of companies and platoons, and a reserve Mobile Unit, referred to as an EOD Operational Support Unit (EODOSU). The EOD platoon consists of one officer and six to eight enlisted EOD Technicians. Each Group also contains a Training & Evaluation Unit (EODTEU) and a Mobile Diving & Salvage Unit (MDSU). There are other EOD major commands that do not fall under one of the two Groups, but instead fall under the NECC as a separate entity.

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WEST COAST COMEODGRU ONE (Coronado, CA) EOD Training & Evaluation Unit 1 (Point Loma, CA) EODMU 1 (Coronado, CA) EODMU 3 (Coronado, CA) EODMU 5 (Guam) EODOSU 7 (San Diego, CA) EODMU 11 (Whidbey Island, WA) Mobile Diving and Salvage Unit 1 (MDSU-1) (Pearl Harbor, HI)

EAST COAST COMEODGRU TWO (Little Creek, VA) EOD Training & Evaluation Unit 2 (Ft. Story, VA) EODMU 2 (Little Creek, VA) EODMU 4/CTF 56 (Bahrain) EODMU 6 (Little Creek, VA) EODMU 8 (NAS Sigonella, Sicily) EODOSU 10 (Ft. Story, VA) EODMU 12 (Little Creek, VA) Mobile Diving and Salvage Unit 2 (MDSU-2) (Little Creek, VA)

*Additionally, each Mobile Unit has multiple Shore Detachments attached to it. These Shore detachments provide a fixed regional response capability and are usually located in proximity to a DOD installation. EOD MAJOR COMMANDS NAVSCOLEOD, Naval Diving & Salvage Training Center (NDSTC), Commander Task Force 56, Center for EOD & Diving, Commander Naval Riverine Force, EOD Technology Division, and the Joint IED Defeat Organization.

V. EOD Training Pipeline

All Navy EOD students, both officer and enlisted, participate in the same training pipeline, broken into four phases: EOD Diver, NAVSCOLEOD, Jump School, and EOD Tactical Training. 1. EOD Diver COI, Naval Diving & Salvage Training Center (NDSTC) All Navy EOD personnel begin training at NDSTC in Panama City, FL. There, EOD students complete the 9-week EOD Diver Course of Instruction (COI) and learn to safely use open circuit SCUBA rigs and the closed circuit Mk-16 Mod 1 SCUBA re-breather. 2. Naval School, Explosive Ordnance Disposal (NAVSCOLEOD) From Dive School, EOD students proceed to NAVSCOLEOD, at Eglin AFB, FL. The Navy provides EOD training to all four of the services. This school lasts nine months for Navy personnel, due to their additional two months of training in underwater ordnance. The school is very academically and physically intensive, especially when Navy students reach the Underwater Ordnance Division. Navy students must demonstrate capability in the following divisions in order to graduate: Core I Demolition Tools & Methods Core II Ground Ordnance Division Air Ordnance Division Improvised Explosive Devices Division Weapons of Mass Destruction Division Underwater Ordnance Division

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Upon graduation from NAVSCOLEOD, all personnel (officer and enlisted) are designated as Basic EOD Technicians. 3. Jump School Newly graduated Basic EOD Technicians leave NAVSCOLEOD and report immediately to parachute training at Ft. Benning, GA, or Otay Mesa, CA. EOD Technicians reporting to Ft. Benning will complete the Army Parachute COI, a three-week course leading to a static line parachuting qualification. EOD Technicians reporting to Otay Mesa, CA will complete the four-week Navy Parachute COI with Tactical Air Operations, leading to both a static line and military free-fall qualification.

4. EOD Tactical Training Regardless of which parachute COI the new EOD Technicians participate in, upon completion they report to EOD Tactical Training at EODTEU-1 in San Diego, CA. There they will receive training in small arms, Helo Rope Suspension Technique (HRST) operations, Special Insertion and Extraction (SPIE) rigging, cast and recovery operations, rappelling, land warfare techniques, and advanced combat first aid. Once Tactical Training is completed, the EOD Technician reports to a Mobile Unit for assignment to a platoon.

VI. EOD Warfare Qualification

Officer When the Special Operations community was realigned as the EOD Community beginning in 2007, the Personnel Qualification Standards (PQS) (not to be confused with the training pipeline) for enlisted and officer EOD Technicians became different, much as it is throughout the rest of the Navy. Enlisted EOD Technicians retain the old qualification path. Basic EOD Technicians complete two years of PQS, demonstrate proficiency, and complete a board to earn their Senior EOD Technician qualification. Successful completion of an additional three years of PQS, demonstrated proficiency, training, and scenario-based boards will result in qualification as a Master EOD Technician. The warfare qualification process is now different for officers. Like their enlisted counterparts, EOD officers graduate NAVSCOLEOD as Basic EOD Technicians. However, EOD officers no longer complete Senior and Master EOD qualifications. Instead, new EOD officers must complete a three-year program of PQS, demonstrated EOD proficiency, demonstrated leadership, and complete a scenario-based oral and performance based qualification board while leading an EOD platoon. Successful completion of these requirements leads to qualification as an EOD Officer. The EOD Officer Qualification badge looks exactly the same as the Master EOD Technicians, except it is gold rather than silver/pewter.

VII. Navy Diver Classifications

Not all Sailors who are part of the Navy EOD Community are EOD Technicians. The Navy Diving community is a subset of the EOD Community. Since all Navy EOD Technicians begin their training pipeline as Navy Divers, there is a tight bond of common expertise between EOD Technicians and Navy Divers. The term Navy Diver is not a monolith. Navy Diver refers to a Sailor who has successfully completed one of several COIs offered at NDSTC (of which the EOD Diver COI is just one). Navy Divers who are not Navy EOD Technicians can earn the following designations:

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SCUBA Diver Basic Diver attends a one-month school at NDSTC. They are restricted from decompression dives. Second Class Diver Attends 4-month long training at NDSTC. 2/C Divers gain proficiency in SCUBA, MK-20, and MK21, hyperbaric chamber operations, and diagnosis of diving related casualties. First Class Diver Former 2/C Divers who complete the 4-week 1/C Diver COI are then qualified to supervise the dive. They have more advanced expertise in supervising hyperbaric chamber operations and diagnosing and treating diving related casualties. Master Diver Master Divers must be a Chief Petty Officer. These 1/C Divers return to NDSTC and complete Master Diver evaluations in which they are evaluated in a series of scenarios by a panel of senior Master Divers. Most candidates will fail to become Master Divers on their first attempt and will have to return a year later to try again. Master Divers are the Navys diving experts. Regardless of their pay grade, they are addressed as Master Diver. *Most enlisted Divers progress from 2/C Diver through 1/C Diver. Very few are selected as Master Divers. Dive Medical Officer (DMO) A Medical Officer who specializes in diving related illnesses. Dive Medical Technician (DMT) All DMTs are Hospital Corpsmen (HM) while all other enlisted Divers are rated as Divers (DV). These Divers complete the 2/C Diver COI and then complete a special DMT COI that further teaches them about the medical aspects of diagnosing and treating diving illnesses. Diving Officer (BDO) An officer who completes the 4-month Basic Dive Officer (BDO) COI becomes a diving officer. These officers are trained in SCUBA, Mk-20, Mk-21, as well as diving and hyperbaric chamber operations and supervision. They are directly responsible to the CO for the safe and efficient running of the command diving program. Many BDOs also complete the Salvage Officer (SO) COI, qualifying them to plan and lead salvage operations.

VIII. EOD-Specific Tools and Equipment

The following list is by no means all-inclusive of the equipment Navy EOD Technicians and Divers use. Rather, these are examples of some of the most commonly used pieces of equipment.

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Foster-Miller TALON Bomb Robot Weight: Payload capacity: Arm lift: 115-156lbs 100lbs 10lbs at full extension 20lbs total lift Battery life: 8.5 hours Cameras: 3 IR-illuminated Controlled from briefcase-sized Operational Control Unit (OCU)

iRobot EOD Packbot Bomb Robot Weight: Payload capacity: Arm lift: 68lbs 46lbs 10lbs at full extension 30lbs total lift Battery life: 2-12 hours Cameras: 4: 2 color, 1 drive, 1 surveillance Controlled from briefcase-sized Operational Control Unit (OCU)

MK-16 Mod 1 Underwater Breathing Apparatus (UBA) The Mk-16 SCUBA re-breather produces no bubbles; exhaled CO2 is recycled with low acoustic and magnetic properties. It is electronically driven, the UBA uses 3 oxygen sensors which monitor the partial pressure of oxygen in the Divers breathing loop and automatically adds O2 if the ppO2 is not within preestablished parameters. The Diver monitors rig performance through a primary and secondary electronics display. Divers utilizing the UBA are capable of diving to 300 Feet of Sea Water (FSW). The MK-16 can use two diluent gases: N2O2 for dives 150 FSW or shallower, or HeO2 for deeper dives.

Percussion Actuated Non-electric (PAN) Disruptor Device used to render safe IEDs remotely without detonating them. The benefit of such a tool is that it allows Render Safe Procedures (RSPs) to be conducted while the EOD Technician is a safe distance from the IED.

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MED-ENG EOD IX Bomb Suit This suit provides extensive blast and fragmentation protection. It comes in multiple layers: trousers, groin protector, torso, and helmet. The IX Bomb suit also incorporates a fan and full body cooling system.

MK-21 Surface Supplied UBA Fulfills the Navys hardhat, surface supplied diving requirements for deep-sea diving & salvage. The rig is comprised of a Kirby-Morgan Superlite 17 helmet, an umbilical containing a gas hose, communications wire, and a pneumofathometer to determine depth. Unlike older surface supplied rigs, the diver is not enclosed in a full suit; instead he/she wears only the helmet with the attached umbilical. For normal dives, max depth is 190 FSW on air, 300 FSW if the Diver is breathing HeO2.

Sources:
Navy EOD website: http://www.eod.navy.mil/index.htm Navy Diver information: https://www.npdc.navy.mil/ceneoddive/eods/ Contains information on platforms: http://www.foster-miller.com/lemming.htm EOD memorial website: http://www.eodmemorial.org/

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WEEK 19: Restricted Line and Staff Corps I. Fleet Support Officers
Officers in Fleet Support Community serve in roles that support the operating fleet, primarily through shore billets. Fleet Support officers are experts at line management ashore of complex facilities with technical missions and miltiple tenant commands at one base. This community has gone through significant changes since it was created. In October, 2001, two new Restricted Line communites were established, information Professional and Human Resources, which were initially filled by Fleet Support officers.

II. Restricted Line Communities

Engineering Duty Officer EDOs apply technical expertise, practical engineering judgment, and business acumen to the research, development, design, acquisition, construction, life cycle maintenance, modernization, and disposal of ships and submarines and their associated warfare support systems. EDOs work in Fleet Maintenance & Industrial Management (50%), Acquisition (20%), and Systems Engineering (30%). Aerospace Engineering Duty Officer AEDOs provide professional management and technical direction in the entire air weapon system acquisition process from design to production and later product improvements of Naval aircraft, spacecraft, and weapons. Over one-third of AEDO billets are flying billets. AEDOs test and evaluate new aircraft, weapons systems, and weapons in various stages of development. Throughout a career, the AEDO will have billets in: (1) operational support activities; (2) headquarters; (3) research, development, test, and evaluation; and (4) manufacturing and production. Aerospace Maintenance Duty Officer AMDOs provide full time direction in the development, establishment, and implementation of maintenance and material management policies and procedures for the support of naval aircraft, airborne weapons, attendant systems and related support equipment. The community includes approximately 500 officers. In addition to working in fleet maintenance organizations throughout the fleet, AMDOs are very much involved in all aspects of material acquisition and support as top-level Program Managers in NAVAIR and as Commanding Officers of the Naval Aviation Depots. AMDOs and AEDOs are combined into a new, single competitive category at the Captain level. Naval Intelligence Naval Intelligence provides tactical, operational and strategic intelligence support to U.S. naval forces, joint services, multi-national forces, and executive level decision-makers. Naval Intelligence Officers have a wide variety of technical and non-technical academic backgrounds, Including political science, modern history, physical and natural sciences, and the liberal arts. There are approximately 1,350 Naval Intelligence Officers. Information Warfare Formerly known as Cryptology, there are over 800 Navy Information Warfare officers, who perform Naval Information Operations functions as directed by the Chief of Naval Operations afloat and ashore, and National Signals Intelligence tasks assigned by the Director, National Security Agency at NSA facilities ashore. These functions include: -Information Operations (IO, comprised of Electronic Warfare-EW, Operational Security-OPSEC, Military Deception-MILDEC, Computer Network Operations-CNO, and Psychological Operations-PSYOP) support on board ships, submarines and aircraft and ashore -Signals Intelligence/EW tasks assigned under CNO authority (generally afloat) and DIRNSA (ashore) -Information Operations to maximize friendly use of the

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electromagnetic spectrum and to minimize adversary IO efforts Public Affairs Officers The Public Affairs community is responsible for "Telling the Navy Story." Navy Public Affairs comprises three functional areas: 1. Media Operations: PAOs work with media outlets to communicate with the American public. 2. Internal Communications: PAOs produce publications, briefings and video news programs to communicate with Sailors, their families, reservists, retirees and civilian employees. 3. Community relations: PAOs reach out to the American public through "hands-on" programs like public tours, Congressional and VIP visits and embarks, speaking engagements, open houses and special events. PAOs serve at sea, ashore, and in joint assignments, and are always deployed where Navy news is being made. All PAOs join the community through lateral transfer. Today there are about 190 officers in this community, the smallest in the Restricted Line. Navy Oceanographers The Naval Oceanography community collects, analyses, and then distributes data about the ocean and the atmosphere to Navy forces operating all over the world. Naval oceanographers are first on the scene - either literally in survey ships, or figuratively through computer prediction programs - in any military operation. There are approximately 430 Oceanography officers. They assist the war fighter in taking tactical advantage of the environment. They support the operational fleet from a variety of platforms. This can range from local area weather forecasting in support of aircraft carrier operations to optimizing the use of a sonar system in accordance with prevailing underwatersound conditions. Information Professionals The Information Professional Community is responsible for offensive and defensive Navy information operations to support requirements of theatre and operational commanders and national policy makers. They provide expertise in information, command and control, and space systems through the planning, acquisition, operation, maintenance, and security of systems that support Navy operational and business processes. Presently, there are billets for 535 officers. Human Resources The Human Resources community plans, programs, and executes life-cycle management of the navys most important resource its people. The primary focus will be on the human resources system: the combined elements of manpower, personnel, training, and recruiting. There are billets for 570 officers in this community, under the direction of the Chief of Naval Personnel.

III. Staff Corps Communities

There are five Navy Staff Corps communities: Medical, Supply, Civil Engineer, Judge Advocate General, and Chaplain. Medical Community All officers in the Medical, Medical Service, Dental, and Nurse Corps are licensed medical professionals and are organized under the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. Medical Corps The Medical Corps consists of commissioned doctors who are responsible for maintaining the general health of personnel in the naval service. These doctors provide medical services, and administer hospitals, sick bays, and other medical facilities in the Navy. For squadrons of small ships, a medical officer may serve the entire squadron. Large ships usually have their own medical officer. Medical Service Corps This is the most highly diversified Corps within the Medical Community. Officers in this corps are

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specialists in clinical, scientific, and administrative health care fields. The Medical Service Corps now has approximately 2,600 officers. Health care scientists and clinical care specialists make up about 60 percent of the total Corps, serving in 22 different specialties including aerospace physiology, psychology, physical therapy, optometry, biochemistry, and radiation health, while health care administrators comprise the remaining 40 percent. Dental Corps Commissioned dentists provide dental services on shore and onboard large ships. Dental Corps officers are responsible for surgery, orthodontics, preventing and controlling dental disease, and supervising dental hygiene. Many small ships do not have dental officers. Nurse Corps As professional registered nurses, Nurse Corps officers use nursing expertise to accomplish the health services mission. Today, there are approximately 5,200 active duty and reserve Nurse Corps officers. They care for many patients whose illnesses and injuries are no different from those found in civilian facilities. They also care for those with battle injuries or conditions resulting from fleet operations, chemical/biological warfare, or parasite-infested environments. Supply Corps Supply Corps officers handle the supply phases of naval logistics. The broad responsibilities of the Supply Corps are closely related to those of many executive positions in private industry and embrace such areas as financial management, inventory control, transportation, procurement, data processing, and personnel services, including feeding U. S. naval forces and operating the Navy's Exchanges. The 2,900 Supply Officers are the business managers of the Navy and they are responsible for the supply support of the ships of the active fleet and hundreds of naval shore installations. The most important responsibility of the Supply Corps is the worldwide, integrated Navy Supply System, which gets the Fleet what it needs, where and when it needs it. Civil Engineer Corps Naval Officers of the CEC supervise and execute construction projects, infrastructure repairs, facility support contracts, real estate management, nature resource management, environmental remediation, and many other aspects of facilities engineering. As engineering managers in highly visible positions supervising numerous skilled personnel, they perform functions that are usually reserved for the most senior engineers in the private sector. CEC Officers work in one of three areas: construction contract management, public works, or the Seabees. Contract management officers are involved in all aspects of construction contracts. In public works, they are responsible for the operation and maintenance of complex facilities and utility systems found at shore activities. The Seabees consist of highly skilled personnel, schooled in both construction and defensive combat. Seabees may be deployed around the world to perform contingency construction, provide humanitarian relief, support amphibious operations, or accomplish important construction tasks. Judge Advocate General Corps The JAG corps was established in 1967 and is composed of lawyers who provide legal services to commands, service members, and their families. The Judge Advocate General directs an organization of more than 730 judge advocates in addition to other enlisted and civilian personnel, and provides legal and policy advice to the Secretary of the Navy in all legal matters. Chaplain Corps Officers in the Chaplain Corps are ordained ministers of various denominations and religions recognized by the Department of Defense. They provide religious ministries to naval service personnel and families, including worship services, religious education, pastoral counseling, and basic promotion of spiritual and moral welfare. Chaplains work on shore, on ships, and in the field with all branches of the naval service. Lateral transfers into the Chaplain Corps are not allowed.

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Medical Corps

Dental Corps

Nurse Corps

Medical Service Corps

Civil Engineer Corps

Chaplain Corps (Christian)

Chaplain Corps Chaplain Corps (Jewish) (Muslim)

Supply Corps

Judge Advocate General's Corps

IV. The Limited Duty Officer and Chief Warrant Officer Programs
Limited duty officer and chief warrant officer are two separate programs which provide the Navy with officer technical managers and technical specialists who exercise leadership in key positions throughout the service. Both programs provide the opportunity for outstanding senior enlisted personnel to compete for a commission without need for a college degree. Combined, these two communities make up more than eleven percent of the officer corps. Limited Duty Officers (LDOs) As officer technical managers of the Line or Staff Corps, LDOs progressively advance within broad technical fields related to their former enlisted ratings. They fill leadership and management positions at the ensign through captain level that require technical background and skills not attainable through normal development within other officer designators. LDOs serve as, but are not limited to serving as, division officers, department heads, OICs, XOs and COs, ashore or afloat. LDOs wear identical rank structure to that of Unrestricted Line officers. Navy Band Officers in the Navy Band are Limited Duty Officers who started their careers by enlisting in the Navy Band. Enlisted personnel must be at least an E-6 in order to apply. Upon commissioning, they are assigned to one of fourteen bands, and will rotate every two to three years. Senior billets are those with the Navy Band, Washington, and the US Naval Academy Band. Chief Warrant Officers(CWOs) Today, as commissioned officers of the line or staff, Navy CWOs possess the authority and are qualified by extensive experience and knowledge to direct the most difficult and exacting operations within a given occupational specialty. Although intended primarily as technical specialists, CWOs may also serve as division officers, department heads, OICs, X0 and CO, ashore or afloat. Like Staff Corps officers, CWOs wear special insignia above the rank devices on their shoulder boards and sleeves to indicate their field of expertise. The ranks of CWO start at CWO2 and end at CWO5.

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Chief Warrant Officer Rank Structure of the United States Navy CWO5 CWO4 CWO3 CWO2

V. Differences between Unrestricted Line, Restricted Line, and Staff Corps Officers
Unrestricted Line officers serve in all warfare communities in the United States Navy and are eligible for command opportunities both at sea and ashore. These are the primary officer communities in the Navy. Restricted Line Officer communities provide highly specialized, technical services that directly support the missions of the United States Naval Service. Restricted Line officers are not generally eligible for command at sea; however, they may command auxiliary vessels and various shore activities. Restricted Line officers wear rank insignia identical to those of Unrestricted Line officers. Officers in the Staff Corps provide various highly specialized services necessary to Naval bases, service members, and their families. Staff Corps officers may command auxiliary vessels and various shore activities, and may also attain command within their own corps. Unlike Line officers, Staff Corps officer wear their grade (rank) insignia on the right collar, and their corps insignia device on the left collar. The corps insignia replaces the star worn by line officers on sleeves and shoulder boards.

Sources:
Restricted line information: http://www.public.navy.mil/bupers-npc/boards/activedutyofficer/Pages/ RestrictedLine.aspx Staff Corps information: http://www.public.navy.mil/bupers-npc/boards/activedutyofficer/Pages/ StaffCorps.aspx List of Staff Corps billets: http://dictionary.sensagent.com/list+of+united+states+navy+staff+corps/en-en

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WEEK 20: COMPUTER NETWORK OPERATIONS I. Foundation Information Operations

Complimentary to kinetic action in war, Information Operations (IO) are essential for information superiority and success in conflict. IO is the integrated employment of the core capabilities of Electronic Warfare (EW), Computer Network Operations (CNO), Psychological Operations (PSYOP), Military Deception (MILDEC), and Operational Security (OPSEC), in concert with specified supporting and related capabilities, to influence, disrupt, corrupt or usurp adversarial human and automated decision making while protecting our own. With the increase in global connectivity and availability of technology, Computer Network Operations (CNO) has become increasingly important and will be the focus on this chapter.

II. History
US Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM) was established by the Secretary of Defense in October 2009 as the first joint command charged with operational command of the cyber domain. It falls directly under US Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM) and reflects a shift in military strategy as a response to international threats in the digital realm. FLTCYBERCOM (10 th FLEET) is the Naval component of that command. FLTCYBERCOM Mission: To serve as central operational authority for networks, intelligence, cryptology/SIGINT, information operations, cyber, electronic warfare, and space in support of forces afloat and ashore; operate a secure, interoperable Naval network; coordinate Navys operational requirements for intelligence, information operations, networks, cryptology/SIGINT, and space capabilities.

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III. Operations
Warfighters in the Air, Land, and Sea environments heavily rely on the Global Information Grid (GIG) for information communication and dissemination. CNO is comprised of computer network attack, computer network defense, and related computer network exploitation enabling operations which take place in, and around, the GIG in both physical and cyber space: Cyberspace A global domain within the information environment consisting of the interdependent network of information technology infrastructures, including the Internet, telecommunications networks, computer systems, and embedded processors and controllers. Cyberspace Operations The employment of cyber capabilities where the primary purpose is to achieve objectives in or through cyberspace. Such operations include computer network operations and activities to operate and defend the Global Information Grid. Global Information Grid (GIG) The globally interconnected, end-to-end set of information capabilities, associated processes and personnel for collecting, processing, storing, disseminating, and managing information on demand to warfighters, policy makers, and support personnel. The Global Information Grid includes owned and leased communications and computing systems and services, software (including applications), data, security services, other associated services and National Security Systems. Computer Network Attack (CNA) Actions taken through the use of computer networks to disrupt, deny, degrade, or destroy information resident in computers and computer networks, or the computers and networks themselves. Computer Network Defense (CND) Actions taken to protect, monitor, analyze, detect, and respond to unauthorized activity within the Department of Defense information systems and computer networks. Computer Network Exploitation (CNE) Enabling operations and intelligence collection capabilities conducted through the use of computer networks to gather data from target or adversary automated information systems or networks.

IV. Computer Network Defense

Information Assurance (IA) is a measure or combination of measures that protect and defend information and information systems by ensuring availability, integrity, authentication, confidentiality, and non-repudiation. This includes providing for restoration of information systems by incorporating protection, detection, and reaction capabilities. Computer Network Defense Consists of: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Availability Timely, reliable access to data and information systems for authorized users, and precludes denial of service or access. Integrity Protection of information against unauthorized modification or destruction. Authentication Verifying the identity of an individual or entity and the authority to access specific categories of information. Confidentiality The protection of both sensitive and classified information from unauthorized disclosure. Non-repudiation Assurance to the sender of data with proof of delivery and to the recipient of the senders identity, so that neither can later deny having processed the data.

The United States classifies and protects its information so that only the right people see the right data at the right time. The United States government classification system is established an executive order issued

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by the President. The current executive order lays out the system of classification, declassification, and handling of national security information generated by the U.S. government and its employees and contractors, as well as information received from other governments. The desired degree of secrecy about such information is known as its sensitivity. Sensitivity is based upon a calculation of the damage to national security that the release of the information would cause. The United States has three main levels of classification: confidential, secret, and top secret. Each level of classification indicates an increasing degree of sensitivity. Thus if one holds a top-secret security clearance, one is allowed to handle information up to the level of top-secret including secret and confidential information. If one holds a secret clearance, one may not then handle top-secret information, but may handle secret and confidential classified information. Unclassified Unofficial or potentially official information which does not require the application of security safeguards, but the disclosure of which may be subject to control for other reasons. Confidential National security information or material that requires protection and the unauthorized disclosure of which could reasonably be expected to cause damage to national security. Secret National security information or material that requires a substantial degree of protection and the unauthorized disclosure of which could reasonably be expected to cause serious damage to national security. Top Secret National security information or material that requires the highest degree of protection and the unauthorized disclosure of which could reasonably be expected to cause exceptionally grave damage to the national security.

Regardless of sensitivity level, information that is classified may be given only to people with the appropriate clearance and a valid need to know the information. Having a Top Secret clearance does not give one access to all documents classified at that level. In addition, dissemination of information is often compartmentalized, requiring special additional clearance requirements to reduce the number of people who have access to extremely sensitive data. Special clearances are required for access to cryptographic and nuclear secrets. The GIG consists of multiple networks of different classification. The DoDs Non-secure Internet Protocol Router Network (NIPRNET) consists of millions of computers connected to the internet with complete access to the World Wide Web. The DoD also maintains a separate network called the SIPRNET (Secret Internet Protocol Router Network) which is not connected to the Internet, but uses the same technology as the internet. The SIPRNET is used to store and transmit classified information up to the secret level. Likewise the DoD maintains other separate networks that use the same technology as the internet but are also separated into different data classifications. An applicable tactic the DoD uses to protect its networks is a layered defense called Defense in Depth. Defense in Depth is the stationing of mutually supporting defense positions designed to absorb and progressively weaken attack, prevent initial observations of the whole position by the enemy, and to allow the commander to maneuver the reserve.

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In the cyber environment, it keeps its applications up to date with security patches and other fixes to prevent the application from harming the network or allowing data to be shared with the wrong parties. Further, it restricts certain applications that are known to either be very vulnerable or those that are commonly used to exploit DoD networks. For the same reasons, the DoD dictates the operating system (host) allowed on each network. Then, it places physical technology in the inside and perimeter of each of its networks to act as a gate keeper, allowing only authorized network traffic in and out of the network. With physical access to communications and computer equipment, enemies of the DoD could easily penetrate our defenses and get unauthorized access to data. Finally, the DoD puts policies and procedures in place to prevent unauthorized access to data and to ensure that each DoD mission is performed as expected.

V. Computer Network Attack

Attacking a network may be for many reasons including: financial gain, intelligence gathering, sabotage, mission disruption, or gaining a foothold within a network for future actions. While many of these attacks have a technical component that will not be covered in this chapter, most attacks start with a person who has a computer and an account on a DoD network. Some common attacks are listed below, with associated defenses to protect against these attacks. NOTE: The most vulnerable parts of the network are the people who use the system. ______________________________________________________________________________ Attack: Social Engineering Description: An attacker finds information from public sources that, when pieced together, can be used to break into a system. Defense: Recognizing available personal public information and controlling it. Example: An acquaintance gets access to your Facebook page, sees personal information, USNA information, or summer training information, and can now collate open source intelligence (OSINT) based off of that information or pose as you while contacting a website help desk to get access to other websites. ______________________________________________________________________________ Attack: Phishing Description: A high-tech scam that uses e-mail or websites to deceive you into disclosing your credit card numbers, bank account information, Social Security Number, passwords, or other sensitive information. This is not only personally dangerous, but also places DoD networks at risk.

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Defense: Pay close attention to e-mails or web sites asking for personal or system information. Rarely are these legitimate e-mails. Verify all requirements for personal information over the phone, in person or using an independent means of verification. Rather than hitting reply (which may not go to the person you think) or simply clicking on the link, actually find their e-mail address and type it. Example: You get a legitimate looking e-mail from Navy Federal Credit Union noting that, for security reasons, you need to update your account. When you go to that link it asks you your name and account number, possibly the last 4 digits of your social security number, and for verification it asks you your Mother's maiden name or other personal information. From this data, the attacker has access to a wealth of information. ____________________________________________________________________________ Attack: Spoofing and Redirection Description: Unauthorized use of legitimate Identification and Authentication (I&A) data, however it was obtained, to mimic a subject different from the attacker. Impersonating, masquerading, piggybacking, and mimicking are forms of spoofing. Defense: Always look to see if the link matches the expected link. Type in the complete URL of the website; don't click on links in e-mail. Example: You get an e-mail that looks like it comes from the Commandant that says to click on a link for a recent policy update. When you click on the link, it takes a while to open. When it does, the policy is either blank or clearly not from the Commandant. Although you ignore it, an attacker has loaded a program on your system which logs every keystroke, so they now have access to all of your passwords and key documents. ______________________________________________________________________________ Attack: Software Vulnerability/malware Description: A single program can have millions of lines of code making it very difficult to secure every line. Hackers use vulnerabilities in existing programs, or create their own programs, to break into systems and gain access to unauthorized data Defense: Keep your security patches and antivirus signatures up to date. Example: You notice that your virus checker takes about two minutes to load. Not wanting to wait, you disable your virus checker and use the internet. You have likely "infected" your system with programs designed to allow an attacker to gain full access to your system and data. ______________________________________________________________________________ Attack: Password Cracking Description: Passwords are stored as encrypted characters for most applications. If an attacker has access to the location where these passwords are stored they can break them either by brute force (going through every combination) or by pre-computing all possible combinations and looking up the encrypted characters and matching it to the pre-encrypted password. Defense: Make password cracking far more complex by using passwords of greater than 14 characters, using phrases or letters from the first word of every phrase rather than a single word; ensuring your password makes use of upper and lower case letters, numbers and special characters; using a different password for different applications so that if one is compromised, the attacker does not have access to all of your systems.

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Example: In Microsoft Windows, a password of 14 characters of a-z, A-Z and 0-9 can be cracked in less than a minute due to readily available lookup tables. Assume a password of 14 of the same characters. By adding 2 special characters (!@#$%^&*(), that password could increase the same password cracking effort to months or even years. ______________________________________________________________________________ Attack: Intercepting Traffic Description: All network traffic that is not encrypted can be fully read by an attacker with readily available free software; including passwords, personal data and key mission data. Defense: Ensure you are using "secure", meaning encrypted, network traffic any time you are putting personal information, passwords or sensitive information into forms on the network. If given a message that a site certificate may not be valid, click into the information to discover who signed the data (most military sites are signed by DoD, VeriSign for non-DoD Sites). If not a valid site, do not click on that link or put in the personal information. Example: You go to your Navy Knowledge Online site, and get a message that the certificate may not be valid. You click into the certificate and see that it has been signed by abc.com not the Department of Defense as noted below. That site is likely a "phishing" site, trying to gain information that you would normally put into the real Navy Knowledge Online. NOTE: https:// not http:// is an indicator of a secure website. ______________________________________________________________________________ Attack: Security Hopping Description: An attacker has access to one machine; they use that information to gain access to other machines on the same network or different networks using the same passwords. Defenses: Use different passwords for different systems; Never disable the security features of your USNA accounts, since these accounts are connected (outside the Academy) to Navy and DoD networks. Example: You disable your virus checking for two minutes while going to a web site. Without your knowledge software loaded to your computer, an attacker takes control of your machine and a common printer to which that computer is attached. The attacker the connects to another computer connected to that networked printer and continues this process until he connects to a Navy computer outside the Academy. If enough people in this chain bypass security measures, it doesn't take long for the attacker to have control of thousands of Navy computers with valuable logistics and ship movement information. ______________________________________________________________________________ Attack: Improper use of a CAC Description: A Common Access Card (CAC) provides physical and/or electronic identification. All DoD employees are issued a Common Access Card. Your midshipman ID is a CAC. In addition to key personal information like your fingerprint, Social Security number, birthday, and military service information, it also contains private encryption keys embedded in the gold seal. These encryption keys (or certificates) enable users to log onto certain sensitive DoD sites that would be otherwise denied to those without Common Access Cards. Losing a CAC puts the entire DoD network at risk since only a single point of entry is needed for an intruder to attack it and jump to "secure" sites throughout the entire DoD. Defenses: If you loose your CAC (even if you find it later in a public place where an attacker could have copied it), you should report it immediately.

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Sources:
USNA Annual Training: Information Assurance US Strategic Command: US Cyber Warfare Command http://www.stratcom.mil/factsheets/Cyber_Command/ Defense in Depth (PDF File): www.nsa.gov/ia/_files/support/defenseindepth.pdf

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