Lab 1: Diffusion and Osmosis Purpose: The purpose of these experiments was to observe the acts of passive transport,

diffusion, and osmosis. It was to show how molecules in a solution have the ability to move from an area of high concentration to that which has a lower concentration. It will also show how hypertonic and hypotonic solutions affect cells, showing us how and why diffusion and osmosis occur in living things. Materials: 1) Dialysis tubing 2) String 3) 15% glucose/1% starch solution 4) Glucose test strips 5) Beakers 6) Water 7) .2M Sucrose 8) .4M Sucrose 9) .6M Sucrose 10) .8M Sucrose 11) 1.0M Sucrose 12) Paper towels 13) Syringes 14) Potato 15) Cork borer 16) Potato peeler 17) Plastic wrap 18) Cups 19) Microscope 20) Weight scale 21) Onion epidermis 22) 15% NaCl 23) Cover slip Procedure: Exercise A 1) Obtain a piece of dialysis tubing that has been submerged in water. Tie off an end to form a bag. 2) Test the solution for a presence of glucose. 3) Place a starch solution into the bag. 4) Fill a beaker 2/3 full of water and add a solution to the water. Record the color change of the solution and amount of glucose present. 5) Immerse the bag into the beaker of solution. 6) Wait 30 minutes or until a distinct color change has taken place in both the bag and solution. 7) Test the liquid remaining in the beaker for any presence of glucose.

8) Record your results in a table Exercise B 1) Obtain 6 strips of presoaked dialysis tubing. 2) Tie a knot in one end of each piece of tubing to form 6 bags. Fill them each up with different solutions. 3) Rinse and record the initial mass of each bag. 4) Place each bag into a beaker and label it to match the molarity of the solution in the dialysis bags. 5) Now fill each beaker with 2/3 of water or enough to completely submerge the bag. 6) After 30 minutes, remove bags from water and determine their mass. 7) Record your groups data in a table, then obtain data from the other lab groups in your class to complete the other table. Exercise C 1) Pour 100 mL of the assigned solution into a labeled 250-mL beaker. Slice a potato into discs that are approximately 3 cm thick. 2) Use a cork borer to cut four potato cylinders. Do not include any skin on the cylinders. You need four potato cylinders for each beaker. 3) Determine the mass of the four cylinders together, and record it in your data table. Put the four cylinders into the beaker of sucrose solution. 4) Cover the beaker with plastic wrap to prevent evaporation. 5) Let it stand overnight. 6) Remove the cores from the beakers, blot them gently on a paper towel, and determine their total mass. 7) Record the final mass as well as the class data in your data table. Calculate the percentage change as you did previously. Do so for both your individual results and class average. 8) Graph both your individual data and the class average for the percentage change in mass. Exercise E 1) Prepare a wet mount of a small piece of the epidermis of an onion. Observe under 100x magnification. Sketch and describe the appearance of the onion cells. The cells look like normal plant cells.
2) Add 2 or three drops of 15% NaCl to one edge of the cover slip. Draw this salt solution across the slide by touching a piece of paper towel to the fluid under the opposite edge of the cover slip. Sketch and describe the appearance of the onion cells. Explain what has happened.

The cells appear shriveled up.

3) Remove the cover slip and flood the onion epidermis with fresh water. Observe under 100x, then describe and explain what happened. The cells appear to be back to their

normal size, and slightly swollen up.

Results: Exercise A Data: Initial Contents 15% of glucose & 1% Bag starch Beaker Water & IKI Solution Color Initial Final Clear Orange Clear Clear Presence of Glucose Initial Final 1000 0 500 500

Analysis of Results: 1) Glucose is leaving the bag, while IKI enters the bag. This is indicated by the change of color when the IKI is entering the bag. We found glucose in the beaker, proving that glucose was leaving the bag and entering the beaker. 2) The IKI moved from the beaker into the bag, which should have caused the change in the color of the bag (if we hadnt left it overnight). The IKI moved into the bag to equalize the concentrations inside and outside the bag, so the glucose solution moved out of the bag to make the solute concentrations equal as well. 3) If the initial and final percent concentrations were given, they would show the differences and prove that the substances were moving in order to reach equilibrium. 4) Water, IKI, glucose, membrane pores, starch molecules. 5) I would expect the glucose and the IKI to move out of the bag in order to equalize the concentrations, which would change the color, but the starch wouldnt be able to move into the bag because the starch molecules are too large. Exercise B Data: Contents in Mass Percent Change in Dialysis Bag Initial Mass Final Mass Difference Mass a) 0.0M Distilled Water 13 13 0 0 b) 0.2M Sucrose 16 19.3 13.3 20.63 c) 0.4M Sucrose 16.5 24 7.5 45.45 d) 0.6M Sucrose 15.9 26.3 10.4 65.41 e) 0.8M Sucrose 22.8 27.5 4.7 20.62 f) 1.0M Sucrose 22.9 25 2.1 9.17

Contents in Dialysis Bag a) 0.0M Distilled

Group 1 0

Percent Change in Mass of Dialysis Bags Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 0 0 0 0 3.9

Class Average 0.65

Water b) 0.2M Sucrose c) 0.4M Sucrose d) 0.6M Sucrose e) 0.8M Sucrose f) 1.0M Sucrose

20.63 45.45 65.41 20.62 9.17

64 34.8 53.3 22.5 12.5

16 14 16 1 9

9.23 8.26 18.33 17.41 9.74

20.59 33.71 22.94 38.06 46.34

11.8 17.3 14.4 21.1 3.4

23.71 25.59 31.73 20.12 15.03

Percent Change in Mass of Dialysis Bags

120 100 Percent Change 80 60 40 20 0 0.0M 0.2M 0.4M 0.6M 0.8M 1.0M Distilled Sucrose Sucrose Sucrose Sucrose Sucrose Water Contents in Dialysis Bag Class Average Individual Data

Analysis of Results: 1) The molarity of the sucrose in the bag determines the amount of water that either moves into or out of the bag, which in turn, changes the mass. 2) If the bags were placed into 0.4M solution instead of distilled water, the masses of the bags would change differently depending on the solution they were in originally. The mass of the bags that were filled with distilled water and 0.2M sucrose would go down because water would leave the bag, but the mass of the 0.4M bag would stay the same because the concentrations are equal. The bags containing the 0.6M, 0.8M, and 1.0M would have an increased mass because water would move into the bag to make the concentrations more equal 3) We used it to show how much water affected the weight of the bags as it moved in. 4) Initial Mass Final Mass Mass Difference Percent Change 20 18 2 10 5) Hypotonic. Exercise C Data: INDIVIDUAL DATA

Contents in Beaker 0.2M Sucrose 0.8M Sucrose

Initial Mass 27 26

Final Mass 34 22.8

Mass Difference

Percent Change in Mass 7 25.93 3.2 12.31

Contents in Beaker 0.0M Distilled Water 0.2M Sucrose 0.4M Sucrose 0.6M Sucrose 0.8M Sucrose 1.0M Sucrose

CLASS DATA Percent Change in Mass of Potato Cores Group Group Group Group Group Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 16.2 25.93 10.34 12 12.3 27.59
Percent Change in Mass of Potato Cores

Class Average 14.3 16.17 8.42 11.15 17.85 22.5

12.4 6.4 6.5 10.3 23.4 17.4

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0.0M 0.2M 0.4M 0.6M 0.8M 1.0M Distilled Sucrose Sucrose Sucrose Sucrose Sucrose Water Contents in Beaker

Percent Change

Class Average Individual Data

Exercise E Analysis of Results: 1) Plasmolysis is the shrinking of the cytoplasm of a plant cell in response to diffusion of water out of the cell and into a hypertonic solution surrounding the cell 2) The onion cells plasmolyzed because the water surrounding them had a lower water potential, so water moved out of the cells. 3) The grasses tend to die more because the water in them moves out of the cells and into the hypertonic NaCl surrounding the cells.

Conclusion: In conclusion, this experiment was able to show us the way substances diffuse across a membrane in living organisms. In exercise A, we were able to see how starch molecules were unable to diffuse out of the bag into the water surrounding it because they were far too big to exit through the semi-permeable dialysis tubing. In exercise B, we were able to see how water diffused into the bag after 30 minutes, making the bag heavier. In exercise E, we were able to see how the onion cells reacted to a hypertonic solution, as well as hypotonic solution when they became turgid once again. In experiment A, we had an experimental error, as we left the dialysis tubing in the water overnight, instead of for 30 minutes. This affected the color change, as it was supposed to turn blue, but remained clear. However, this did not affect the amount of glucose; therefore we can assume results are accurate. Also, since we needed the class data from other groups, their own experimental errors could be added to ours.