20/03/08

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
1) What did the alpha-particle scattering experiment prove about the nature of atoms? Give your answer in terms of the size of an atom relative to the size of a nucleus. 2a) What does the hydrogen emission spectrum prove about the nature of the atom? b) What it is the source of the spectrum? c) Which other process that you have done in the lab causes a visible emission spectrum? d) Which process that you have done in the lab that also causes colour, is an absorption spectrum? 3a) Define relative atomic mass (RAM). Your answer must include reference to the atom to which all others are compared, and the exact mass involved. b) Using your answer to a) define i) relative isotopic mass ii) relative molecular mass iii) molar mass 4) Why is the RAM of an element never an exact whole number? 5 a) Define 1st ionisation energy. b) Define 2nd ionisation energy. 6) Draw a graph of ionisation energy vs. number of electrons removed for the lithium atom, continuting until all electrons have been removed. What does this graph prove the existence of? Why would you need to use a logarithmic scale on the ionisation energy axis? 7) Draw a graph of 1st ionisation energy vs. atomic number (H - Kr). How does 1st ionisation energy change going across any period? Why is this? 8) Draw a graph of 1st ionisation energy vs atomic number (Li - Ne). Why is there a drop between the group 2 and group 3 element? Why is there a drop between the group 4 and group 5 element? 9 a) Draw 'electons in boxes' to represent the electrons present in s & p orbitals of i) oxygen ii) nitrogen b) Use 1s, 2p etc. notation to state the electron configuration of i) fluorine ii) aluminium iii) krypton 10) How would you expect the 1st ionisation energy of a d-electron to compare with an equivalent electron in a p or s-orbital? Why?

11 a) Define 1st electron affinity (E.A.). b) Define 2nd electron affinity. 12) The 1st electron affinity of chlorine is exothermic. i) What interaction between which charged particles is occurring which causes this process to be exothermic? ii) The second E.A. is always endothermic. Explain this in terms of electrostatic repulsions. 13) A Born-Haber cycle is a theoretical way of calculating the enthalpy change of a reaction using I.E.s , E.A.s, atomisation energies and lattice energies. For the formation of MgCl2 from it's elements, which I.E.s and E.A.s would need to be known? 14) In transition metal chemistry the elements can often exist in more than one positive oxidation state. a) How does this differ to group 1 of group 2 elements? Why do these only exist in one positive oxidation state? b) For example, Fe(II) and Fe(III) are both relatively stable. Write out an expression for the 3rd I.E. of Fe. What can you say about it's value? 15) Write out an expression for the 1st E.A. of fluorine. a) Why is this be particularly exothermic? b) How does this tie in with the electronegativity of fluorine. In your answer you must i) define electronegativity ii) state the relative electronegativity of fluorine iii) explain the electronegativity. 16) Metallic character increases down any group. i) What does 'metallic character' mean in terms of holding on to electrons tightly or loosely? ii) Why does metallic character increase down any group? iii) What does this tell you about the 1st I.E. of elements going down a group? iv) Which element, therefore, has the lowest 1st I.E.? v) Describe the change in non-metallic / metallic behaviour down group 4. Your answer must include referece to i) type of bonding in the element ii) type of bonding in compounds. CHALLENGE 17) Why do Fe(III) compounds tend to be slightly more stable than Fe(II) compounds? Use electrons in boxes notation in your answer.