Final Exam Study Guide 1. What was the first legislature, or representative assembly, in the English colonies called?

2. Why did the American colonists resent British taxes? 3. What was the meeting of the colonial delegates in Philadelphia in September 1774 about? 4. What was this meeting called? 5. What were the people of Shays Rebellion protesting about? 6. Why did Shays Rebellion occur? 7. How is the Iroquois Confederation similar to the American Constitution? 8. What reasons did the Anti-Federalists object to the constitution? 9. What is a Totalitarian State? 10. In what colonies would you find the crops tobacco and rice primarily grown? 11. What did Thomas Paine argue about in his pamphlet Common Sense? 12. What are your natural rights according to John Locke? 13. What was the Social Contract that Locke and Rousseau both wrote about? 14. What did the Federalists support? 15. What is Federalism? 16. What is a Parliament? 17. What role does a Prime Minister hold in a Parliamentary System of Government? 18. How did the Mayflower Compact establish a direct democracy? 19. What is popular sovereignty? 20. What must occur for a bill to become a law? 21. How does Congress check the power of the Supreme Court? 22. What is the first step in the amendment process? 23. What are two ways an Amendment can be proposed? 24. What are two ways an Amendment can be ratified? 25. What is the McCulloch v. Maryland case about what was the ruling? 26. What was the ruling in Brown v. Board of Ed. Of Topeka, Kansas? 27. What case did Brown v. Topeka overturn? 28. What did the Marbury vs. Madison case establish? 29. What does this power allow the Supreme court to do? 30. What does the case of Tinker v. DesMoines establish? 31. What was this case about? 32. What does the Hazelwood case establish? 33. What was this case about? 34. When people support States Rights, why do they believe the governments power should be limited? 35. What does WIC stand for and what is the purpose of WIC? 36. What does the phrase rule of law mean? 37. In the North Carolina constitution of 1776, how is the Governor chosen? 38. In the case of Leandro v. North Carolina, what did the North Carolina Supreme Court rule about the state Constitution? 39. What did the 14th Amendment guarantee? 40. Where do the largest portion of North Carolina county revenues come from? 41. What are the areas of public safety?

42. In the North Carolina Constitution of 1776, how were the members of the House and Senate chosen? 43. Why did the North Carolina constitution of 1776 not give the governor much power? 44. How was the Constitution of North Carolina revised in 1868? 45. What is intergovernmental revenue? 46. What does North Carolina use intergovernmental money for? 47. What is a Municipal or city manager responsible for? 48. What are the eligibility requirements to vote in North Carolina? 49. What are the steps in a criminal case? 50. Why is voting important? 51. Why is it important for you to serve on a jury? 52. How can you, as a citizen, participate in the government through the internet? 53. What is the best way to get an unfair or outdated law changed? 54. What is a grassroots website? 55. Why is information from the internet considered biased or possibly misleading? 56. What type of law covers accidental injury due to negligence? 57. What reasons would congress use a joint resolution? 58. What are the state courts called that handle murder, armed robbery drug trafficking, and other major crimes? 59. What type of jurisdictions allows both a state and a federal court to hear a case? 60. What is the purpose of a lawyers opening statements? 61. Who represents the prosecution for the State? 62. What happens if the Senate and the House pass similar, but not identical, laws? 63. What happens in a filibuster in the Senate? 64. What does cloture force the Senate to do? 65. What power does the Senate have over the President? 66. What is required for Congress to override a Presidential veto? 67. What are PACs and what is their purpose? 68. Why are interest groups important? 69. What type of crimes are kidnapping, tax evasion, and counterfeiting? 70. What does the writ of habeas corpus mean? 71. What is the definition of civil law? 72. What is criminal law? 73. What is administrative law? 74. What is constitutional law 75. What is common law? 76. How are precedents used? 77. How do bills at the state and federal level become laws? 78. Why are lobbyists important to lawmakers? 79. What is the purpose of criminal penalties? 80. What is the goal in a juvenile case? 81. Who patrols rural roads in North Carolina? 82. What is an ex post facto law? 83. What are statutory laws? 84. What is the difference between a referendum and an initiative?

85. What happens after a bill is introduced? 86. What type of interest group is the League of Women Voters? 87. What are lobbyists? 88. How does specialization help a business? 89. What is a trade off? Give an example 90. Why would a business invest in human capital? 91. What is a mixed economy? 92. What are capital goods? 93. How does division of labor improve productivity? 94. What is an entrepreneur? 95. What is the difference between a corporation and a partnership? 96. What is the purpose of selling stock? 97. What is a traditional economy? 98. What is a Command System of Economy? 99. What type of Government has a command system of economy? 100. What is consumer sovereignty and how does it influence business? 101. What are private property rights? 102. What is scarcity? 103. How does scarcity influence supply and demand? 104. What is productivity? 105. How does productivity influence supply? 106. What is the difference between a factor market and a product market? 107. What types of markets offer goods and services between the producers? 108. If there are more suppliers in an industry how does this affect the market supply? What happens to prices? 109. In which direction does an increase in supply or demand move on a graph? 110. In which direction does a decrease in supply or demand move on a graph? 111. What is marginal utility? 112. What is the purpose of a cost-benefit analysis? 113. What are diminishing returns? 114. What government agency deals with false advertising? 115. What type of money is left over after all taxes and necessities have been paid for? 116. What is the term for all the money the government has borrowed and not yet paid back? 117. What is the law of supply? 118. What is it called when real GDP goes down for 6 straight months? 119. What are alternating periods of growth and decline in the economy called? 120. What is fiscal policy? 121. If the government increases spending and reduces taxes during a recession, what might happen? 122. What might happen if prices for sugar cane go up because of a hurricane? 123. What is a natural monopoly? 124. What are automatic stabilizers? 125. What determines the unemployment rate? 126. What is inflation?

127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172.

What are things that we should do voluntary obligations? What are your civic responsibilities? How can you demonstrate effective citizenship? In what way do many people in North Carolina volunteer? How can you contribute to the common good of your community? As an informed citizen what things should you know? What are charter schools? What is conservation? What is a towns infrastructure? What is the difference between urban and rural? Where do county governments get money for county projects? What is zoning? Who collects income tax and what is the purpose? If you do not perform your duties, what might happen? What is civics? What is the common policy for immigration today? In the Business Cycle, what happens at the Peak? What happens during expansion? What happens in the Trough? What happens during contraction? What happens during recovery? What is deficit spending? What is the Federal Reserve? How do Banks get money? Who appoints the Board of Governors to the Federal Reserve? What do the Board of Governors do? How can the Federal Reserve slow or stop inflation? How does the Federal Reserve control the money supply and why? What is a protective tariff and what is the purpose of this tariff? What are anti-trust laws? What is a copyright? What is a patent? Why does a free enterprise system not allow monopolies? Why would decreasing a tariff be harmful to the economy of a country? What are progressive taxes? What are regressive taxes? What is the office of Homeland Security and when was it created? Why is the American legal system considered adversarial? What is recidivism? Who is an incumbent in an election? What does the term E Pluribus Unum mean? What is the War Powers Act? How can a state or government give an incentive to a business? What happens in a recall election? How many justices are there in the Supreme Court? What is the majority opinion?

173. What is a concurring opinion? 174. What is a dissenting opinion? 175. What does it mean to cross-examine a witness? 176. What is espionage? 177. What does the 10th amendment establish? 178. What is the purpose of the necessary and proper clause? 179. What does the Supremacy Clause state? 180. What is public policy for a government? 181. What does it mean to remand a case? 182. What is appellate jurisdiction and which types of courts have appellate jurisdiction? 183. Give an example of concurrent powers of state and federal government? 184. What is the Franking privilege? 185. What is gerrymandering and why does it occur? 186. What are the four factors of production? 187. What are Bills of Attainder? Why are they illegal? 188. How does technology help with productivity? 189. What are your civic responsibilities? 190. What are your civic duties? 191. How is the American political system a Republic? 192. How is the American political system a Democracy? 193. How is the presidential election an indirect method of election? 194. What is the indirect method of election called? 195. What is the difference between winning a plurality and winning a majority in an election? 196. What types of propaganda might be used to get people to vote for a candidate? 197. What is the selective service and who has to register with it? 198. What is the Consumer Price Index? 199. What is the Sherman Anti-trust Act? 200. Review over these other Supreme court Cases cases: a. Dredd Scott b. Plessy v. Ferguson c. Korematsu d. Mapp v. Ohio e. Engle v. Vitale f. Giddeon v. Wainwright g. En Re Gault h. State v. Mann (NC) i. Swann v. Board of Ed. Charlotte (NC) j.

Cheat Sheet 1. Constitution created a Republica republic is a system where people elect leaders to represent them in the Government. All states must create a representative form of government. 2. Colonist wanted separation from England because they felt their inalienable rights were being denied them. 3. Colonists were tired of high taxes without having a voice in government (no taxation without representation) 4. Northern colonies made their money from shipping, while southern colonies made their money by farming. Only white land owners were allowed to vote. 5. The ideas that were the foundations of the American way of government came from the enlightenment and philosophers who had revolutionary ideas that gradually became accepted by democratic societies everywhere. 6. The Articles of the Confederation were very weak (created a weak National government) the Constitution strengthened the power of the National government greatly. After winning their independence the thirteen states of the United States lived under the A of C. This lasted only ten years because of the weak central government left too much power in the hands of the states. 7. The first 10 amendments to the constitution are known as the Bill of Rights. The purpose of the Bill of Rights is to insure that the strong National Government did not infringe on the freedoms of those under that government. 8. The Federalist supported a strong National Government. Anti-Federalist (Republicans; Democrats; Democratic Republicans) sought to protect the rights of individuals and the States against abuses of the Federal government. 9. The Legislative branch makes law. Our federal legislative branch is made up of the House and Senate. The Legislative Branch is called Congress and they make laws for our country. The Speaker of the House will become president if the president and the vice president both die. 10. The Executive branch enforces law. The top executive in the federal government is the president. The top executive in the state is the governor. The president is elected by the Electoral College, if he receives 270 votes. 11. The President appoints federal judges with the approval of the Senate 12. The Judicial branch interrupts law. The Supreme Court and other Federal courts make up the Judicial branch. 13. The jury decides the guilt of a suspect. 14. The US Constitution can only be changed by amendment. 15. When the Constitution and State law conflict, the Constitution is the supreme law of the US. The US Constitution holds supreme power. 16. Most significant Supreme Court cases deal with the clarification of the rights of citizens. Judicial Review (Marbury v Madison, 1803) allows the Supreme Court to get rid of any laws that violate citizen's rights. 17. Most things that are true about concerning the Federal government are also true about State governments though the names may be different. Examples include: the chief executives are the President and the Governor. They have similar powers. State constitutions mirror the Federal Constitution but are only applied in the state where the constitution is from.

18. One person may sue another in a civil trial. In a criminal trial the defendant is prosecuted by the state. 19. The fourteenth amendment to the constitution extends the Bill of Rights to protect citizens from their states. 20. State Governments make the bulk of their revenue from income tax (48% for income, 22% for sales). 21. Revenue is money brought in by the government. Expenditures are things that the government spends money on. 22. Political parties on the local, state and federal level work independently of one another for the most part. A platform is a list of issues and where the party stands on these issues. 23. Having a pluralality of votes means that you have the most votes but less than a majority (51%). 24. The US has always had a two party system. The Republican party is generally more conservative and the Democratic party is generally more liberal. 25. Law in America has its foundation in the legal traditions from Europe and ancient times. This is called common law. 26. Lobbies and Special Interest Groups use money to support candidates that will champion legislation that their group supports. 27. The four factors of production are land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurial skills (sometimes called management). 28. Free Market, Command, Mixed, and Traditional Economies are all different because of the different way that the factors of production are managed. The US has a market economy (aka free market or free enterprise) that is controlled by the buyer and his/her consumer spending. Other key elements of the market economy and private ownership, supply and demand, profit motivated, capitalism, and free enterprise. The government regulates some aspects of a free market economy to prevent people from limiting competition. 29. Scarcity means that all resources are limited. Scarcity causes all consumers and producers to make choices. The study of how those choices are made is called economics. 30. Supply and demand of scarce goods and services affect prices. The buyer represents demand and the seller represents supply. 31. Opporunity cost is the price of making one choice over another. 32. Market economies go through phases of growth and decline called the business cycle. A recessionary period is a time of low economic activity and high unemployment. An inflationary period is a time of high economic activity and low unemployment. 33. The Federal Reserve controls the money supply by raising and lowering the discount rate, which controls the interest rate. 34. A change or addition to the Constitution is called amendments and there 27 of them 35. Police must have a search warrant before entering a suspect's house. 36. Extradition means to send a suspect back to the state where the crime was committed

37. Federalism finds state and federal governments working together to rule the citizens. 38. A duty is something that we have do to as citizens while a responsibility is something that we should do. 39. Most large companies are owned by stockholders 40. Sole proprietorships make up the largest percentage of American businesses