AP/ European History -- Western Heritage Kagan Chapter 11 The Age of Reformation ISociety and Religion A- Social and

nd Political Conflict 1- began in Germany 2- each city-state or province had its own ruler each wanted power 3- each was like a small kingdom 4- People found that their lives were constantly changing due to secular and religious landlords B- Popular Religious Movements and Criticism of the Church 1- Criticism of the Church a- Renaissance Papacy and its corruption made people wonder about their faith b- Many people felt their was a spiritual crisis c- People became knowledgeable about the world around them d- They traveled and gained knowledge from books 2- The Modern Devotion a- In Northern Europe b- Brothers of the Common Life (aka the Modern Devotion) c- The brothers fostered religious life outside formal church offices and apart from formal religious vows d- The Brothers were educators e- They had been seen as the source of humanism f- They used the vernacular ( language of the people) to communicate with them and share the rich literary traditions 3- Lay Control Over Religious Life a- Benefice System comes to an end ( The church allowed the selling of ecclesiastical posts to the highest bidder) b- Sale of indulgences becomes frowned upon c- Church is losing land and power IIMartin Luther and the German Reformation to 1525 A- Who was he? 1- son of German miner 2- early in his career he studied law 3- he had a religious experience while traveling which led him to become an Augustinian monk 4- later he became a professor at the University of Wittenberg B- Justification by Faith alone 1- according to Luther only belief and faith is God was necessary for Salvation 2- main theme of his religion 3- This teaching of Luther was documented in 1515 C- The Attack on Indulgences 1- indulgences was a remission of the temporal punishment due to sin 2- people fearful of eternal damnation would purchase these 3- the Church allowed the sale of indulgences for various reasons

4- these small cash payments for the indulgences would help deceased relatives as well 5- Pope Leo X allowed the practice money from the sale of indulgences would help rebuild St. Peters Basilica in Rome 6- This was key point in Luthers Ninety-five Theses -- 1517 a- They were posted on the door of Church in Wittenberg (custom of the day) b- Luther explained that these were the things the Catholic Church needed to change 7- John Tetzel chief seller of indulgences for the Pope Luther complained about him 8- John Eck was sent by the Church to debate Luther about his theses a- during the debate Luther explains that he does accept all the tenets of Catholicism b- Luther challenged Papal Infallibility c- He defended certain beliefs held by the heretic John Huss d- Luther is denounced as a heretic D- Election of Charles V 1- Charles I of Spain was elected Holy Roman Emperor 2- He became Emperor Charles V 3- He agreed to allow some freedom to the German electors 4- The plans Charles agreed to helped the Reformation spread E- Excommunication and the Diet of Worms 1- 1520 Pope Leo X sent Luther a Bull of Excommunication 2- 1521 Luther presented his views at the Diet of Worms 3- Charles V presided over the Diet 4- Luther was ordered to recant but refused 5- He was made an outlaw for his refusal by the Edict of Worms 6- Augsburg Confessions explains Luthers beliefs (1530) F- Imperial Distractions: War with France and the Turks 1- Charles V was at war with his enemies disputes over land 2- Charles did not have time to fight Luther 3- Charles needed German troops to fight in Austria so he made agreements to allow the German leaders to enforce the Edict of Worms 4- This is the beginning of princely power to choose the religion of his people ( later in the Peace of Augsburg -1555) G- How the Reformation Spread 1- Luther translated the New Testament into German 2- People could now read the Bible for themselves and not rely on priestly interpretation 3- The German rules welcomed the changes brought by Luther This gave them power in their own cities 4- Luthers ideas helped the German rules bring religious reform H- The Peasants Revolt 1- Peasants saw a need to end feudal laws especially serfdom 2- They found their ideas in the teachings of Luther

3- They expected Luther to side with them he did not 4- Lutherans did not want to side with the peasants against the German princes 5- Luthers movement did not bring the social and moral change that the peasants dought IIIThe Reformation Elsewhere A- Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation 1- Switzerland a- a loose confederation of 13 canton (states) b- some cantons remained Catholic and some cantons became Protestant 2- The Reformation in Zurich a- Ulrich Zwingli b- Zwingli was the leader of the Swiss reformation c- He was a humanist who favored the ideas of Erasmus over Luther d- He opposed the sale of indulgences and celibacy e- He believed that only Scripture held the answers to faith f- Set up his ministry in Zurich 3- The Marlburg Colloquy a- Philip of Hesse wanted to unite Swiss Protestants and Germans Protestants b- Philip brought Luther and Zwingli together at Marlburg c- He was unsuccessful d- Both religious leaders felt they had the best religious philosophy 4- Swiss Civil Wars a- Civil wars erupted as the cantons took side in the religious debates b- Two major battles Protestants won the first battle Catholics the send c- Zwingli was wounded in the second battle when he was found he was executed d- Zwingli son-in-law, Henrich Bullinger took over the Swiss Reformation and eventually united with John Calvin B- Anabaptists and Radical Protestants 1- Anabaptists a- ancestors of the Mennonites and the Amish b- they rejected infant baptism c- insistence that only Adult Baptism is valid for the sacrament d- Only an adult can understand scripture and then accept a faith e- Luther and Zwingli favored infant baptism their belief was the congregation stood in the place of the child and accepted for the infant 2- Conrad Grebel and the Swiss Brethren a- Grebel was the founder of the Anabaptist movement b- Grebel performed adult re-baptisms in Zurich c- Grebels groups was called the Swiss Bretherm

d- They separated from society and tried to form perfect communities like the first Christians 3- The Anabaptist Reign in Munster a- adherents came from all social classes b- Lutherans, Zwinglians, and Catholics opposed them c- 1529 Rebaptism became a crime within the Holy Roman Empire d- Anabaptists took control of the city of Munster and forced Lutherans and Catholics to accept rebaptism or move e- Munster became an Old testament theocracy f- They practiced polygamy due to many widows unable to care for themselves and their families g- Lutherans and Catholics united to put down this rebellion of these anti-Christian leaders h- Menno Simmons founder of the Mennonites and reformed its beliefs 4- Spiritualists a- opposed institutional religion b- they felt god spoke to each person spiritually 5- Anti-trinitarians a- they wanted a common-sense, ethical, and practical religion b- opposed the concept of the Holy Trinity c- disagreed with Calvins beliefs in predestination and original sin C- John Calvin and the Genevan Reformation 1- Who is John Calvin? a- Frenchman b- Favored concept of Predestination c- Came to Switzerland to preach d- Wrote the Institutes of the Christian Religion strict understanding of his faith e- French Catholics opposed his ideas f- His French followers were called Huguenots 2- Political Revolt and Religious Reform in Geneva a- Calvin came to Geneva and was encouraged to settle there b- He set up new rules of governance and abolished many religious holidays c- The leaders in the city of Bern opposed the ending of religious holidays by Calvin d- Berns leaders asked Calvin to restore the events Calvin refused and was forced into exile 3- Calvins Geneva a- Calvin was invited to return to the city b- He organized his Church according to the ideas he found in Strasbourg, Germany c- He created a theocracy and divided the church into four offices d- Predestination - Calvin felt only the elect were chosen to go to heave - Good works and prayer would not get you into heaven - Calvin felt only mature individuals would understand this belief

e- Calvin set up strict rules of behavior IVPolitical Consolidation of the Lutheran Reformation A- The Diet of Augsburg 1- 1530 directed by Charles V 2- It was an assembly of Protestant and Catholic leaders 3- Purpose: to address the growing religious division within the empire 4- Charles V told all Protestants they must return to Catholicism 5- Lutherans refused to covert under leadership of Philip of Hesse B- The Expansion of the Reformation 1- Lutheranism spreads North to Sweden, Denmark 2- The rulers wanted the right to choose the faith for their people C- Reaction Against Protestantism 1- Charles V tried to enforce a compromise between Protestants and Catholics 2- Charles established puppet governments in Protestant lands 3- Protestant leaders went into exile D- The Peace of Augsburg 1- 1552 Charles V reinstated the Protestant leaders 2- 1555 agreement Made the division within Christendom permanent 3- The rulers would be permitted to choose the religion of their people (Lutheran or Catholic) 4- It did not officially recognize Calvinism or Anabaptists The English Reformation to 1553 A- Henry VIII 1- King of England was a staunch Catholic 2- He had written a defense of Catholicism and was rewarded by Pope Leo X with the title Defender of the Faith 3- Henry was married to Catherine of Aragon and they a daughter 4- Henry wanted a son B- The Preconditions of Reform 1- Henry was guided by two chief ministers against the evils of Protestantism 2- Cardinal Thomas Wolsey 3- Sir Thomas More C- The Kings Affair 1- The King wants a divorce and finds himself in love with Anne Boleyn 2- He petitions the Pope for an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon 3- Cardinal Wolsey was unable to secure the annulment for Henry 4- Thomas Cranmer and Thomas Cromwell two advisers to Henry convinced him that he could annul the marriage himself D- The Reformation Parliament 1- 1529 passed laws to change the way Catholicism existed in England

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2- They recognized Henry as head of the Church of England Act of Supremacy 3- He obtained his annulment and wed Anne Boleyn E- Wives of Henry VIII 1- Catherine of Aragon daughter Mary I divorced 2- Anne Boleyn Daughter Elizabeth I beheaded 3- Jane Seymour Son Edward VI died in child birth 4- Anne of Cleves -- divorced 5- Catherine Howard beheaded 6- Catherine Paar widow F- The Kings Religious Conservatism 1- Henry was excommunicated by Pope Leo X 2- He did not change much in the way of beliefs 3- He merely kept the practices and ceremonies of the Catholic Church 4- Becoming head of the church was all he changed he replaced the Pope G- The Protestant Reformation under Edward VI (1547- 1553) 1- Edward was too young to rule on his own he had two regents 2- During this time Protestantism became entrenched in England 3- 1547 The Second Act of Uniformity all would follow the revised Book of Common Prayer written by Thomas Cranmer 4- Changes were short lived because Edward died at age 16 and was succeed by his Catholic sister Mary 5- Mary I tried to return England to Catholicism and put many Protestants to death nickname Blood Mary VICatholic Reformation and the Counter Reformation A- Sources of Catholic Reform 1- Pope was stripped of many of his powers by reformers 2- new religious orders Theatines The Capuchins (for women Ursulines) 3- changes in the behavior of priests 4- Two Spanish mystics tried to help revive Catholicism St. Teresa of Avila and St. John of the Cross B- Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits 1- Ignatius of Loyola a- a heroic figures wounded in battle b- during his recovery he read Christian classics c- He applied the lessons he studied to his life d- Spiritual Exercises -- his program of religious and moral selfdiscipline e- Founder of the Society of Jesus 2- Society of Jesus -- the Jesuits a- they are the soldiers of Christ b- with enthusiasm they revived the church in Europe c- Today they have world wide appeal C- The Council of Trent (1545-1563)

1- Pope Paul III convinced by Charles V to call a meeting of Church leaders 2- Three sessions over 18 years 3- Reforms within the Church 4- Bishops were expected reside in their diocese and not in Rome 5- Sale of indulgences ended 6- Seminaries were established for priestly study 7- Religious leaders were expected to celibate and exemplify religious behavior VIIThe Social Significance of the Reformation A- The Revolution in Religious Practices and Institutions 1- Religion in 15th Century life a- Wealthy families ruled b- Clergy were seen everywhere ( walking with their children) c- Clergy had secular as well as religious powers d- Church had strict dietary rules e- Monasteries and Nunneries were prominent f- There were many Pilgrimages to religious shrines g- People grumbled about supporting such a decadent life style 2- Religion in 16th Century life a- Same wealthy families ruled b- There were fewer members of the Clergy c- Luthers Bibles were everywhere d- Over half of the Protestant converts returned to Catholicism B- The Reformation and Education 1- Humanism was considered the root of Protestantism and was frowned upon 2- Humanism was looked to by the Protestants as they way to learn 3- Scholasticism was the ideal for the Catholic Church ideas of Thomas Aquinas 4- Universities were established to education ministers in various faiths C- The Reformation and the Changing Role of Women 1- Protestant reformers favored clerical marriages 2- Protestant reformers opposed monasticism and celibacy 3- Protestants praised women in their primary role as mothers a- wives were still subject to their husbands b- wives were given security and protection by law 4- Husbands and wives were considered co-workers in marriage 5- Women preferred Protestantism because it gave them greater independence VIIIFamily Life in Early Modern Europe A- Later Marriages 1- men and women began to marry later in life 2- men and women needed marriage because they could not support themselves independently 3- It took longer for men and women to have the financial stability for marriage

4- they were shorter marriages 5- many women died in child birth B- Arranged Marriages 1- parents met and discussed the terms of marriage for their children 2- many young people knew their prospective spouses before they wed 3- parents did not force total strangers to live together 4- children had legal rights to refuse to be coerced into marriage C- Family Size 1- A nuclear family -- father, mother, two to four children who grew into adulthood 2- they lived in a nuclear family lived with relatives, servants, laborers, borders 3- rare was the family that did not experience child death D- Loving Families 1- children between the ages of eight and thirteen were sent into apprenticeships 2- emotional ties did not exist 3- parents felt they were helping their children secure a place in society IXLiterary Imagination in Transition A- Miguel Cervantes-Saavedra: Rejection of Idealism 1- Spanish literature reflected the religious and political history of the time 2- Catholicism and political power also influenced literature 3- Cervantes a- little formal education b- he was self-educated c- he was soldier in the Battle of Lepanto against the Turks d- spent time in prison for fixing his tax books and not reporting the truthful accounts e- wrote Don Quixote 4- Don Quixote a- a satire of chivalry b- story of a middle-aged man driven mad from his readings of chivalry c- He return home at the end of the story and dies broken-hearted d- Sancho Panza serves as Don Quixotes squire e- Cervantes admired both of his characters and this is seen in his novel B- William Shakespeare: Dramatist of the Age 1- Well known dramatist of the Elizabethan Age 2- His works are unequaled in literature 3- His works struck universal human themes 4- Many works were deeply rooted in contemporary religious themes