Anthropology 1000 Final Exam Review Diseases of Development: diseases that spread quickly due to denser populations/settlements; sewage

and human excrement stays near place of livelihood. Health problem caused or increased by economic development activities that affect the environment and people s relationship with it. Mode of Production: Use Rights: a system of property relations in which a person or group has socially recognized priority in access to particular resources such as gathering, hunting, and fishing areas and water holes. Original Affluent Society: Hunters & Gatherers original affluent society. Redistribution: a form of exchange that involves one person collecting goods or money from many members of a group who then at a later time and at a public event returns the pooled goods to everyone who contributed. Reciprocity: basis of non-market economies. Share something without expectation of getting anything in return Segmentary Society: a type of political organization in which smaller units unite in the face of external threats and then disunite when the external threat is absent. Organic Societies: social bonding between and among groups with different abilities and resources Melanesia: Melanesian Big Man: charismatic leader, prince among men. Only can command those within his personal sector and not outside of it. Large family in order to extend and improve his renown Polynesia: Structured more like a pyramid with one central head: / Polynesian Big Man: ascribed status Theocratic Authority: A form of government in which a god or deity is the state s ruler or divine guidance Tabua: a sperm whale tooth. Important in Fijian society. Important in negotiations between rival chiefs, given as gifts. Kula: a trading network, linking many of the Trobriand Islands, in which men have long-standing partnerships for the exchange of everyday goods such as food as well as highly valued necklaces and armlets. Polygyny: a marriage of one husband with more than one wife Polyandry: a marriage of one wife with more than one husband Polygamy: a marriage involving multiple spouses Totem: an object serving as a representation and emblem of a family or clan Potlatch: a grand feast in which guests are invited to eat and receive gifts from the host Cross Cousins: The offspring of either one s father s sister or one s mother s brother Parallel Cousins: The offspring of either one s father s brother or one s mother s sister Status: a person s position or standing in a society Power: the capacity to take action in the face of resistance through force if necessary Influence: the ability to achieve a desired end by exerting social or moral pressure on someone or some group Tribute: a gift given as due or in acknowledgement of gratitude / a stated sum or valuable consideration paid by one state to another in acknowledgment of subjugation or the price of peace, security, protection, etc.

Taxes: No kinship between rulers and people; taxes are not gifts and are characteristic of states Foraging: obtaining food available in nature through gathering, hunting or scavenging Pastoralism: a mode of livelihood based on keeping domesticated animals and using their products, such as meat and milk, for most of the diet. Market Exchange: the buying and selling of commodities under competitive conditions in which the forces of supply and demand determine value Socialization: Stratification: class stratification Cultural Constructionism: a theory that explains human behavior and ideas mainly as shaped by learning Emic: refers to data collected that reflect what insiders say and understand about their culture and insiders categories of thinking Etic: refers to data collected according to the research s questions and categories, with the goal of being able to test a hypothesis. Gender: culturally constructed and learned behaviors and ideas at tribute to males, females, or blended genders Ethnicity: a shared sense of identity among a group based on a heritage, language or culture Race: a classification of people into groups on the basis of supposedly homogeneous and largely superficial biological traits such as skin color or hair characteristics Roma: Romani, ethnic group in South Asia Caste: a form of social stratification linked with Hinduism and based on a person s birth into a particular group Dalit: the preferred name for the socially defined lowest groups in the Indian caste system, meaning oppressed or ground down Varna/Jati: Caste group amongst Hindus Pidgin: a contact language that blends elements of at least two languages that emerges when people with different languages need to communicate Pristine State: Pristine States developed without influence from other states Secondary State: developed after contact with historically pre-existing states Palace Temple Market Complex: Monopoly of Force: vested in political elite: a standing army, full-time military Hydraulic Hypothesis: tries to explain why pristine states have irrigation systems, high population density, intensive agriculture, sedentary urbanism (cities). Irrigation first cause of pristine state formation - Agricultural production needs a system of water control to support the population. The water system needs a central authority to manage it. Control over production and overall political control Horticulture: a mode of livelihood based on growing domesticated crops in gardens, using simple hand tools

Agriculture: a mode of livelihood that involves growing crops with the use of plowing, irrigation, and fertilizer Transnational Migration: a form of population movement in which a person regularly moves between two or more countries and forms a new cultural identity transcending a single geopolitical unit. Revitalization Movements: a socioreligious movement, usually organized by a prophetic leader, that seeks to construct a more satisfying situation by reviving all or parts of a religion that has been threatened by outside forces or by adopting new practices and beliefs. Globalization: the increased and intensified international ties related to the spread of Western, especially United States, capitalism that affects all world cultures Initiation Rites: a process in which someone loses their former identity and emerges with a new one Berdache: a blurred gender category, usually referring to a person who is biologically male but who takes on a female gender role Diaspora: a dispersed population/group of people living outside their original homeland Psychosocial stress: Pentecostalism: movement within Christianity that places special emphasis on a direct personal experience with God through baptism in the Holy Spirit Shaman: male or female healer who has a direct relationship with the supernatural 2-6 2) How does a bilateral kindred differ from a unilineal descent group? - Bilateral traces kinship through both parents while unilineal descenet tracks descent through one parent. 3) Describe, compare, and contrast 'big-man' and 'chief' as political leaders. How do they gain (and lose) their positions? How much authority do they have? What do people expect of them? - Big man is achieved status. Big men are found in egalitarian, segmentary societies, use gifts to gain allies and enhance/maintain their position. Gain prestige through big giveaways such as Moka ceremony. Chief is an ascribed status. Chief has absolute authority. 4) Why was warfare frequent in many indigenous chiefdoms? Hint: What are the "fatal flaws" of chiefly political authority? What is the "younger brother problem"? - High population density and low resources cause problems. Younger brother wants more power than given to him. Younger brother: everyone in same generation; still born into a higher rank so has enough leverage to overthrow the brother. 5) Citing examples from assigned readings, discuss the problems and ethical dilemmas of doing anthropological fieldwork in modern urban society in contrast to a remote small-scale society - Unable to intervene and help the subjects 6) Define, compare, and contrast rank and class as forms of social inequality. - Rank is genealogical inequality (inequality is individual and ascribed by birth); - Class is economic inequality; layering of society into strata based on income and assets

7) Westerners often equate the Muslim custom of female veiling/head covering with the oppression of women. Based on what Barbara Miller says (p.297) and on what your professor presented in class, briefly explain why this interpretation is inaccurate. - Veil is for protection of family honor. Kuwaiti women head-covering distinguish them as wealthy. Various other reasons - Saudi Arabia and Iran: by law, mandatory. 8) 9) On pages 228-229, Barbara Miller discusses race and racial stratification from the perspective of modern cultural anthropology. Paraphrasing her arguments, briefly explain why race is a socialcultural rather than a biological reality. - Racism is linked to class formation. Stereotyping discrimination keeps people in their own classes. South Africa: racism because they thought they were an inferior race. Race vs. Ethnicity. - Race is a social construct, Ethnicity is not (actually cultural differences) 10) Discuss how and why different modes of exchange tend to correlate with different types of political systems. - Bands are egalitarian; distribution equally and redistribution. - Chief redistribution, hierarchical - States depend on market exchange, hierarchical structure - Tribes: people voluntarily give gifts to the big man - Chiefdoms: must play tribute 11) According to Robert Sapolsky s article in Annual Editions, what is SES and how does it affect health and life expectancy? - Social Economic Status. People with lower SES have shorter life span, more susceptible to diseases. Poor have less access to healthcare and more susceptible to harmful lifestyle 13) You have encountered, in readings, class presentations, and films, several cases where introduced Western technology, markets, and/or other institutions caused profound changes in indigenous societies. Citing specific examples, describe and compare any TWO cases and try to formulate some generalizations about the impact of Western introductions or interventions on indigenous societies. (Hint: Look at the Unit 7 introduction in Annual Editions.) - Kun San! From video; given horses and rifles that led to the overkill of available game. Pygmies received cigarettes and alcohol from villages. Extremely high rate of alcoholism. 16) Why does Jared Diamond (summarized in Miller, p.102) argue that the origin of agriculture was a terrible mistake ? - Social inequality, disease, destruction of environment, air pollution. Agriculture is nonsustainable. One crop being harvested which depletes soils nutrients, not cycling units. Horticulture is on a garden scale, rotating gardens and different parts of soils are being stressed. Fertilizer to revive soil.

18) Discuss two examples from assigned readings (at least one from Annual Editions) in which anthropological methods were used to address modern real world problems. In each case, what did an anthropological perspective contribute to the analysis of these problems? - Used to discuss healthcare in US cities. Studying stay-at-home mom s, develop successful product 20) - Study of music from different cultures that have been mixed together. Can see changes in music based on interactions between other societies. Can t stop globalization