Rapport Egypte en

The regional solid waste exchange of information and expertise network in Mashreq and Maghreb countries
Tunisia
Algeria Morocco
Syria Lebanon Palestinian territories Jordan

Libya
Egypt
Saudi Arabia
Mauritania
Sudan
Yemen
COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
EGYPT
supported by
July 2010
The Regional Solid Waste Exchange of Information and Expertise network in Mashreq and Maghreb countries
COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN
EGYPT
July 2010
Developed with the support of Dr. Tarek Zaki and in close coordination with the SWEEP-Net national coordinator in Egypt Mr. Amine Khayal
COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EGYPT
acknowledgements
The present report owes very much to the contribution and comments of Mr. Amine Khyal, the national coordinator of SWEEP-Net and the head of the central department of solid waste, at Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA). The author gratefully acknowledges the comments on this report from Dr. Sherif Arif, the senior environmental consultant of SWEEP-Net, and the collaboration, assistance and support of my colleagues at New center for Integrated studies of Land and Environment (NILE), who provided substantive and editorial inputs towards completion of the report.
Contents
0. Country profile 1. Executive summary 2. Introduction 2.1. Environmental and socio-economic overview 2.2. Waste management overview 3. Current solid waste management situation 3.1. Policy, legal and institutional framework 3.2. Strategy, action plans and priorities 3.3. Planning and investments 3.4. Finance and cost recovery 3.5. Private sector participation 3.6. Public awareness and community participation 3.7. Capacity building and training requirements 3.8. Networking 4. Industrial and hazardous waste management 5. Medical waste management 6. Options for improvement and development 7. Technical assistance partners and donors 8. Opportunities of networking and partnership 9. Needs for technical support and capacity building 10. Case studies, best practices and lessons learned 11. Analysis and priorities for action Annexes 7 9 10 11 11 14 14 15 17 19 19 20 21 22 23 26 27 29 29 32 33 35 37
The regional solid waste exchange of information and expertise network in Mashreq and Maghreb countries
COUNTRY PROFILE ON THE SOLID WaSTE MaNaGEMENT SITUaTION in
Tunisia Morocco Algeria
egypt
Population : Municipal solid waste (MSW) generation: Per capita MSW generation: urban areas rural areas
July 2010
Mauritania
Lebanon Syria Palestinian Territories Jordan Egypt
Yemen
Background Information
78.2 million (2010) 19.7 million tons (2009) 0.7 1.0 kg/day 0.4 0.5 kg/day 3.4% 40,000 T/year 6.2 MT/year 0.2 MT/year 23 MT/year
15% Others
MSW generation annual growth: Medical waste generation: Industrial waste generation: Hazardous industrial waste generation: Agricultural waste generation:
13% Plastics 4% Glass
Waste composition
10% Paper/Cardboard 2% Metal
Technical Performance
Municipal waste - MSW collection coverage : in rural areas in urban areas - MSW final destination: - Composted: - Recycled: - Landfilled : - Open-dumped: - Number of sanitary landfills - Under study: - Under construction: - Built: - Operational: Hazardous and industrial waste - Number of treatment units/centers of industrial wastes (physical chemical treatment) - Under construction: - Built: - Operational: - Types of treatment of medical waste: - - 1 Incineration: 151 units Sterilization (Autoclave): 48 units - 3 5 0 - 35% 40 - 90% 9% 2.5% 5% 83.5%
56% Organic
Legal Framework
Egypt doesnt have a solid waste management (SWM) law. SWM legal framework is scattered in many pieces of legislation. The two most significant pieces of legislations are Law No. 38/1967 on General Public Cleaning and Law No. 4/1994 for the Protection of the Environment and their amendments. The main updates of legislations within 2005-2010 are*: - Law No.10/2005 establishing a solid waste collection fee system ; - Prime Minister Decree No. 1741/2005 amending the Executive Regulations of Law 4/1994 and covering regulations for the selection of sites for recycling and landfilling and equipment requirements for waste collection and transfer ; - Law No. 9/2009 amending Law 4/1994 and regulating collection, treatment and disposal of hazardous waste ; - Presidential Decree No. 86/2010 regulating the closure of existing dumping sites and the landfill at Greater Cairo and allocation of five new sites outside the residential and commercial belt of Greater Cairo.
*Earlier information is available in Egypts Country profile, METAP Regional Solid Waste Management Project (Country Report - Egypt, METAP, 2004)
w w w . s we e p - n e t.o rg c o n tac t : c o n tac t @ s we e p - n e t.o rg
COUNTRY PROFILE ON SOLID WaSTE MaNaGEMENT SITUaTION IN
egypt
Institutional Framework
The Central Government sets up policies, legislations, enforcement means, cost-recovery mechanisms; programs for capacity building and awareness, etc. A steering committee of Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs (MSEA), Ministry of Local Development and Ministry of Finance handles implementation issues. Governorates are responsible for all SWM activities either directly or by contracting private sector companies. Municipalities are responsible for implementation of the system, monitoring, inspection and training. NGOs provide MSW treatment, recycling, community development and public awareness.
Private Sector Involvement

For cleaning and transfer
Nine private companies (including three international companies) are involved in waste collection in big governorates. The informal sector zabbaleen and small private companies perform door to door collection in other locations.
For treatment and recycling

International companies integrated solid waste management (ISWM) contracts involve sorting, recycling and composting of organic waste. Informal sector zabbaleen practice solid waste sorting, recovery and re-use. Currently, two projects receive carbon credits: a composting and sorting facility for the southern zone of Cairo and a landfill gas capture and flaring project at Borg El-Arab and El-Hammam landfills.
Policy and Planning

Solid Waste Management
The National Strategy for Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management (2000). Egypts Country Report published by METAP (Mediterranean Environmental Technical Assistance Program) Regional Solid Waste Management Project (2004). A strategic framework for the municipal solid waste recycling sector (2006).
For disposal:
ISWM services are responsible for disposal in sanitary landfills or controlled dumping sites.
Hazardous Waste Management

The National Strategy for Healthcare Facility Hazardous Waste Management. An Integrated Strategy for Hazardous Substances and Waste Management (in the course of preparation).
Options for Improvement

Establishing a national solid waste management law ; Establishing an efficient cost recovery mechanism ; Supporting SWM projects that reduce emissions of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) to receive carbon credits, using the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)/ Prototype Carbon Fund (PCF) and Global Environment Facility (GEF) mechanisms ; Adapting new waste utilization technologies (e.g. biogas and waste-to-energy projects) ; Extending SWM services in the rural areas as a priority and involving NGOs and local contractors ; Removing old accumulations in cities and villages and their disposal in environmentally and health safe locations ; Construction of sanitary landfills and closing the open dumping sites ; Developing and implementing a national policy targeting reduction of waste generation ; Providing technical support to increase the efficiency of waste recycling plants and adapting the principle of extended producer responsibility ; Capacity building of the governorates in planning, contracting, implementation, monitoring and follow up of SWM services ; Integrating the informal sector in the privatization of the solid waste sector ; Increasing public awareness to overcome wrong waste handling practices ; Need for national program for source separation.
Private Sector Participation

A strategy on private sector participation (PSP) in SWM is in the course of preparation.
Finance and Cost Recovery arrangements

SWM financing
It is the responsibility of the Governorates to allocate their respective SWM budget. Governorates budgets are limited and their budgetary allocations for MSWM depend on their resources and priorities. A limited portion of the waste handling fees are collected through the electricity bill.
SWM costs:
Total cost from collection to disposal: 100-110/ton LE in Greater Cairo and Alexandria, and less than 60 LE/ton in other Governorates. The cost recovery: about 70 LE/ton. Total cost recovery: 200 million LE per year.
supported by
Contracts with the private companies have been recently modified to improve SWM in Greater Cairo. Total cost from collection to disposal under the new contracts: 250 LE
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMaRY
The present report has been prepared for the Regional Solid Waste Exchange of Information and Expertise Network in Mashreq and Maghreb Countries (SWEEP-Net). The report contains updated information on the SWM sector in Egypt, since Mediterranean Environmental Technical Assistance Programme (METAP) published Egypt Country Report in January 2004. The report discusses the present status of the solid waste management (SWM) sector, with special focus on: associated policy, legal and institutional framework, strategy and action plans, private sector (formal and informal) involvement, NGOs and donors participation, finance and cost recovery. It gives an overview of industrial and hazardous waste management, medical waste management, and highlights the possible options for improvement and development. It also analyzes and identifies priorities in the short term 1 - 3 years and medium term 3 - 5 years. Moreover, a case study was presented for the Nasreya industrial hazardous waste treatment center at Alexandria, as an example of best practices in the sector. Furthermore, the report discusses the emerging need for building a national network, as a part of SWEEP-Net, to consolidate information on SWM from different institutions and practitioners. Such contribution may have a regional dimension as other countries may transfer and/or adapt this system.
A national workshop had been held on the 10th of May 2010, to introduce SWEEP-Net to national representatives of institutions and practitioners involved in SWM. The workshop was attended by representatives of key ministries, governorates, private sector companies, an NGO, consultancy firms and freelance consultants. The goal, objectives, partner countries and institutions, supporting partners, main mission, network members and its organization and the expected activities of SWEEP-Net were presented. A session was dedicated to a discussion of a proposed roadmap/action plan to setup the national SWM network, as part of the regional network.
There is an emerging need for building an Egyptian national network, as a part of SWEEP-Net, to consolidate information on SWM from different institutions and practitioners.
The present report highlights the goal of initiating the national network, its objectives and expected outputs, primary core team, and means of funding. Moreover, the anticipated technical support and capacity building requirements from SWEEP-Net are presented.
2. INTRODUCTION
Table 1: Key Sector Data
Population` GNI per Capita (US$) Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Generated Material Composition of MSW (%) 78.2 (2010)1 1,800 (2009) 19.7 MT/year (2009)2 Organic Paper/Paperboard Plastic Glass Metal Other Composition of MSW by Generator (%) Domestic and commercial Industrial Other Per Capita MSW Generation (kg/p/d) MSW Collection Coverage
1
50 60% 8 - 12% 10 - 15% 3 - 4% 1.5 - 2% 7 - 27% 80% 5% 15% 0.4 to 0.5 0.7 to 1.0 0 - 35% 40 - 90% 9% 2.5% 5% 83.5% -
Rural Urban Rural Urban Composted Recycled Disposed in Landfills Disposed in Dumps Other technologies
Management of Waste (Percent)
Estimated Annual Public Expenditures Growth in MSW Generation Medical Waste Generation Industrial Waste Generation Hazardous Waste Generation Agricultural Waste Generation
68.55 Billion USD 3.4% 40,000 Tons/year 6.2 MT/year 0.2 MT/year 23 MT/year
1- Egyptian Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics 2- Waste Management Central Department, Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) 3- Financial Statement of the Draft of States General Budget for Fiscal Year 2008/2009, page 28
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2.1. Environmental and Socio-Economic Overview

Egypt has an area of 1.01 million Km2. The natural divisions of Egypt are the Delta, Upper Egypt, the Mediterranean coast, the Canal cities, Eastern and Western Deserts, the Sinai Peninsula and the Red Sea coast. Egypt is positioned in the dry equatorial region except its northern areas located within the moderate warm region with a climate similar to that of the Mediterranean region. It is warm and dry in the summer and moderate with limited rainfall increasing at the coast in winter. Egypt is the second most populous country in Africa, with 78.2 million inhabitants (May 2010) and an average annual growth of 1.9% (2009 est.). The majority of the population resides along the Nile Valley and Delta. The urban population comprises 43% of the total population. Egypts economic profile is changing, partly due to healthy economic reforms and significantly due to a rise in foreign direct investment. However, in the fiscal year 2008-09, the global recession forced economic reforms to take a backseat. Due to this, the countrys GDP grew only at 4.7% in the year 2009 and the rising rate of inflation has become a severe threat for the Egyptian economy after 2008. About 18% of the population still lives below the poverty line (up to 40 percent in rural Upper Egypt) .
2.2. Waste Management Overview

The total annual municipal solid waste generation in Egypt has increased more than 36% since 2000, to the current level of 20.5 million tons per year (2010). Figure 1 and Table 2 show the estimated breakdown of MSW generation at the different regions/governorates. egion by r on ti 10% ra Upper Egypt ne e
Figur e 1:
MS W
31% Delta
47% Greater Cairo 5% Canal & Sinai & Red Sea
7% Alexandria &Matruh
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Table 2: Municipal Solid Waste Generated in Different Governorates

Area Greater Cairo Governorate Cairo Giza Helwan Qalyubia 6th October Alexandria + Matruh Canal+Sinai+ Red Sea Alexandria Marsa Matruh Ismalia North Sinai Port Said Red Sea South Sinai Suez Delta Beheira Dakahlia Damietta Gharbia Kafr El-Sheikh Monufia Sharqia Upper Egypt Al-Minya Aswan Asyut Beni Suef Fayoum Luxor New Valley Qena Sohag Total Generated Waste (Ton/Day) 11000 4000 4000 3500 2500 3700 250 600 200 650 450 350 400 3000 4500 900 3000 2500 2000 1800 1000 650 700 750 600 250 100 1000 900 55250 Generated Waste (MT/year) 4 1.6 1.6 1.4 0.91 1.35 0.1 0.21 0.073 0.23 0.16 0.12 0.14 1.1 1.64 0.3 1.1 0.91 0.73 0.65 0.36 0.23 0.25 0.27 0.22 0.09 0.03 0.36 0.32 20.453
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Although the Egyptian government commenced several initiatives to develop the waste management sector with the start of the new millennium, their efforts resulted in little improvement. Less than 65% of that waste is managed by some form of public or private sector collection, disposal or recycling operation4. The remainder accumulates on city streets and at illegal dumping sites. Moreover, the management of this waste remains, for the most part, both inefficient and inadequate. This is causing serious environmental and public health problems. In fact, the improper disposal of solid waste in waterways and drains has lead to the contamination of water supplies which hinders Egypts natural resources, heritage, and the health and welfare of its people. Figure 2 shows the projected waste generation 2001 2025, as given in Egypts Country Report of 20045. The waste generation is projected to exceed 30 MT yearly by 2025.
Pr oje ct
ed
W MS
eration 2001-2025 gen
0 2025 2020 2015 2010 2005 2001 0
10
20
30
40
50
Figur e 2:
Projected total MSW generation (MT) Projected per capita MSW Generation (kg/capita/year)
100
200
300
400
4- Egypt State of Environment Report, 2008 5- METAP, Country Report - Egypt, page 5, 2004
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3. CURRENT SOLID WASTE MaNaGEMENT SITUaTION

3.1. Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework
Policy framework Strategic studies and national plan related to waste management in Egypt are presented in section 3.2. Legal framework Egypt doesnt have a municipal solid waste management law. The legal framework of SWM is scattered in many pieces of legislation. However, the most significant pieces of legislation are: Law 38/1967, its Executive Regulations and subsequent amendments are dealing with General Public Cleaning. Law 4/1994 is dealing with the Protection of the Environment. Law 10/2005 is establishing a solid waste collection fee system, where citizens pay according to their income level and residence area. Prime Minister Decree 1741/2005 amended the Executive Regulations of Law 4/1994. Article 11 covers regulations for the selection of sites for recycling and landfilling and equipment requirements for waste collection and transfer. Law 9/2009 amended Law 4/1994 for the protection of the environment and regulates collection, treatment and disposal of hazardous waste (Articles 29 33). Moreover, Article 37 (2) of this law prohibits open burning of garbage and solid waste and prohibits placement, sorting, and treatment of wastes in areas other than those specified out of residential, industrial and agricultural areas and waterway. A new Presidential Decree (86/2010) was issued on April 15, 2010, regulating the closure of existing dumping sites and landfill at Greater Cairo, rehabilitation of its sites, and allocation of five new sites, for sorting, recycling and final disposal of municipal solid waste, outside the residential and commercial belt of Greater Cairo. Annex 1 illustrates the legal framework of SWM. Institutional framework The responsibility of SWM is divided between the Ministry of State for Environment Affairs (MSEA)/EEAA, Ministry of Local Development, Ministry of Housing, Utilities & Urban Development, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Water Resources & Irrigation and Ministry of Agriculture & Land Reclamation. Moreover, Ministries of Finance, Investment, Trade & Industry, Communications & Information Technology and Interior are important stakeholders. EEAA emanates the policy directives and acts as a general facilitator. EEAA ensures implementation of the provisions of environmental legislation, and associated regulations and decrees, and assists governorates in identifying sites for waste facilities. The governorates, municipalities, or the cleansing and beautification authorities in large cities such as Cairo and Giza, are responsible of handling the implementation and operation of the system directly
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or through contracted international companies, local private companies, NGOs and informal sector zabbaleen. The responsibilities of local municipalities or cleansing and beautification authorities include: issuing licenses for private companies, the informal sector zabbaleen and NGOs; street cleansing, collection of waste from vacant lots, gardens waste, market waste, waste generated from canal cleansing activities, etc; operating existing composting plants, either directly or through contracting a private company; final disposal by supervising dumping sites operation either directly or through a private company. Some Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) have a limited role in the field of solid waste services. Their activities are directed to improving the livelihoods of the zabbaleen and encouraging environmentally sound solid waste collection, transfer, sorting and recycling activities. Moreover, they lead pilot projects for source segregation of household waste in limited areas of Egypt. Annex 2 illustrates the institutional framework.
3.2. Strategy, Action Plans and Priorities

The Egyptian Environmental Policy Program (EEPP) was prepared within 1999 - 2002 to support policy, institutional, and regulatory reforms in the environmental sector6. One of the objectives of this program was to improve efficiency and performance of the SWM sector through a combination of strategic planning, improved administration, enhanced public awareness, with a specific focus on supporting private sector participation. The National Strategy for Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management was issued by MSEA/EEAA in June 2000. The purpose of the strategy was to build an infrastructure to support a national Integrated MSW management (IMSWM) system. The objectives of the strategy are to: eliminate the uncontrolled accumulations of solid waste; and provide safe and efficient storage, collection, transfer, and management (waste reduction, composting, recycling of materials, combustion/waste-to-energy, and sanitary landfilling) for all urban and rural areas. The strategy adopted the following main polices: The central government is the facilitator for implementing the strategy. The governorates and municipalities role are planning, monitoring and control. Enhancing the principle of the private and public sectors and community participation in the different SWM stages in a cost-effective manner, paving the way for attracting investments in that field. The polluter pays principle and full cost recovery have to be applied to enhance private sector participation and system sustainability. Promoting recycling by encouraging recycling industries and developing markets for recycled products. Increasing public involvement and awareness in the different dimensions of planning, development and implementation of the strategy. A policy was adopted to introduce economic incentives for municipal solid waste management (MSWM) services by including a tax break for at least 5 years and exemption from custom duties for the equipment used in waste management services.
6 - USAID, International Resources Group, Ltd., Final Report Under Environmental Policy and Institutional Strengthening Indefinite Quantity, September 1999 - September 2002
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Egypts Country Report5, prepared in 2004 for METAP, covers the policy directives, planning, cost recovery and financing, community participation, and functional waste management objectives given in the strategy. The strategy of the year 2000 had initiated some positive changes in the SWM sector, such as: privatization of service by contracting international companies, in Alexandria and parts of Cairo and Giza, to provide ISWM, and national companies in some other governorates to handle SWM; introducing a partial cost recovery mechanism; and setup tax and customs exemptions to attract investment to the sector. Moreover, extensive effort had been made by MSEA and the Ministry of Local Development to rehabilitate/upgrade the existing dumping sites to controlled dumping sites in Cairo, Giza and Qalyubia Governorates. MSEA in cooperation with the Military Forces National Service Agency had removed 15 million cubic meters of accumulated waste and transferred it to controlled dumping sites. The volume of the remaining accumulated waste that needs to be removed is 25 million cubic meters. Annex 3 shows the strategy initiatives, action plans and priorities. However, many of the recommendations of the strategy did not find their way to proper implementation, though some scattered efforts and attempts for improvements were initiated. Analysis of the relevant performance indicators of the strategy targets and detected gaps are summarized in Table 3. Table 3: Analysis of SWM Strategy Targets, Relevant Performance Indicators and Gaps
National Strategy of the Year 2000 Pursued Target Performance Indicator 5 Years 90% 80% 70% 60% % of landfill vs. total disposed % of landfill vs. total generated 50% 20% % SW separated at source % Reduction referred to normal growth 100% % of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 0.35% 40% 50% 5% 15% 5% 1% Zero% 65% 0.10% 35% 15% 49% 100% 35% 0.25% 80% 10 Years 99% 90% 80% 70% 90% Present Status of Implementation2 The Gaps
Minimum collection coverage: Collection efficiency Large cities Capitals of governorates Small provincial towns Large villages Sanitary landfill disposal Recovery: Composting Recycling Source separation (wet, dry & hazardous) Source reduction Cost recovery Funding 75% 65% 50% 30 - 40% 10% 24% 25% 30% 35% 80%
A strategic framework for the municipal solid waste recycling sector in Egypt, with a particular focus and action plan for plastic recycling, was designed in 2006, as part of METAP- Regional Solid Waste Management Project (RSWMP) for EEAA. The strategy covered the regulatory issues, waste recycling activities of major recyclable materials, projections for the future (Years 2008 and 2013) and identification and assessment of feasible options to enhance the recycling sector activities.
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The strategy adopted the following recommendations: promoting source separation of municipal solid waste; establishing central recycling centers on the national level; introducing and implementing the principle of extended producer responsibility; establishing national standards for the recycling industries and products. Regrettably, none of the strategy recommendations were adopted till now. The National Strategy for Healthcare Facility Hazardous Waste Management and its executive plan was developed by the MSEA and received Ministry of Health approval (Hazardous Materials and Wastes Committee) in accordance with the provisions of Article 25, Executive Regulations of the Environment Law 4/1994. Moreover, MSEA issued technical guidelines on designing and operating hazardous waste landfills in highly arid areas, in participation with an expert team from Basel Convention Regional Center at Cairo. Furthermore, MSEA issued a package of technical guidelines to classify, code, temporarily store, transfer, license handling, treatment, and safely dispose hazardous wastes. An Integrated Strategy for Hazardous Substances (HS) and Waste Management (WM) is in the course of preparation and will provide7: A basic vision and aspiration in setting objectives and targets concerning HS and WM for the country as a whole and for the various sectors and how to meet these objectives. Basic instruments of policy implementation which may include: - Setting up a comprehensive regulatory framework(s) - A strategic action plan on required investments and actions leading to sustainable development - Other tools necessary for policy implementation and enforcement.
3.3. Planning and Investments

To adopt the national strategy for IMSWM of the year 2000, MSEA/EEAA prepared an executive implementation plan, in the year 2005, to improve the MSWM sector by developing the efficiency of collection, transfer and recycling, in addition to rehabilitation of existing controlled dumping sites and establishing new sanitary landfills. The following table shows an estimated cost for implementation at each governorate, with a total investment of about 2 billion LE. The plan was submitted to the Ministerial Committee for Examining the Phenomenon of Acute Episodes of Air Pollution, headed by the Prime Minster. In the Ministerial Committee meeting dated December 5, 2005, a decision was taken that each Governorate should self-finance its share of the required investment of the plan, and to support private sector participation. However, the Governorates were unable to allocate budgets for implementation.
7- Standard Twinning Project FICHE, Development of Integrated Hazardous Substances and Waste Management System for EEAA(2007 2012)
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Table 4: Required Investments for the Implementation Plan to Improve MSWM Sector (2000)
Program Cost / million LE Removing Accumulations Improving Controlled Dumping Sites Establishing Transfer Stations Establishing Recycling Centers Establishing Sanitary Landfill Improving Efficiency of Collection & Transfer Total Million LE
Governorate
Cairo Alexandria Giza Kalyobiya Dakahilya Gharbeya Monofiya Beheira Kafr ElShiekh Sharkia Damietta Fayoum Bani Souwaif Menia Assiut Sohag Qena Luxor Aswan Ismailia Port Said Suez Red Sea Matrouh North Sinai South Sinai New Valley Total
-15 --60 52 6 8 6 10 3 3 3 10 3 4.5 4.5 2 6 7 6 10 7.5 --7.5 -234
13 17 30 19.5 56.5 31.5 33 47 27 48.5 26 20.5 22 28.5 28.5 35 30.5 2 17 17.5 7 7.5 14 26 31 15 15 666
13 5 30 19.5 16 16 10 13 10 10 10 4 5 6 6 7 7 3 3.5 3 2.5 2.5 2 5 4 3 2 218
30 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 5 10 10 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 220
40 -10 10 ---------------5 5 -----70
30 -30 30 30 30 30 40 30 30 -15 30 30 30 30 30 15 15 30 --30 15 30 30 10 655
126 42 110 89 172.5 139.5 89 118 83 108.5 64 62.5 65 84.5 72.5 86.5 82 27 46.5 62.5 25.5 30 58.5 51 70 60.5 37 2,063
Presidential directions were made, in February 2010, to the Prime Minister and the Ministerial Committee responsible for SWM to handle the problem of escalation of waste accumulation. The action plan proposed by MSEA and committee members addresses the following. Collection planning New contracts with the informal sector zabbaleen based on door-to-door collection of household waste; New contracts with the international companies.
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Waste treatment planning Selection and approval of five new locations outside Greater Cairo residential and commercial belt to establish new sanitary landfills; Design and construction of two new transfer stations to be determined, with a design capacity of 2,000 tons/day and operational capacity of 1,000 tons/day in the first stage; Construction of composting plants at the locations of the new landfills for recycling the organic waste and allowing further waste treatment technologies (e.g. biogas and waste-to-energy). Inspection and control Increasing the number of inspectors from 542 to 746; Establishing 30 new monitoring and control units; Automation of the monitoring and control system in cooperation with the Ministry of Communications using the PDA system; Implementing capacity building programs for inspectors. Annex 4 illustrates solid waste management planning and investment programs.
3.4. Finance and Cost Recovery

The central government doesnt allocate a budget for MSWM. It is the responsibility of the governorates to allocate their respective SWM budget. However, their budgets are limited and their budgetary allocations for MSWM depend on their resources and priorities. The Egyptian Peoples Assembly issued Law 10/2005 for solid waste collection fee on the electricity bill, which amends Law 38/1967 on Public Cleanliness. The law resulted in partial cost recovery. At present, the total cost per ton for collection and street sweeping, transportation, treatment and disposal is 100 110 LE in Greater Cairo and Alexandria, and less than 60 LE in other Governorates. The cost recovery per ton, for collection and disposal, is about 70 LE, representing about 60 -65% of the cost recovered, and a gap exists of about 35 40%. Recently, new contracts were approved, based on the following cost per ton: collection, 115 LE; treatment and disposal, 88 LE; and transport, 0.74 LE per kilometer, with a transport distance of 50 60 kilometer. Thus the total cost per ton will increase from 100 110 to about 250 LE. On applying those new contracts, the gap between the available budget and the cost incurred will increase to about 70% which will be an additional burden on the system. Thus, finding new cost recovery mechanisms to reduce this gap should be a priority. Moreover, the polluter pays principle should be adopted, which requires clear enforcement mechanisms. Annex 5 illustrates the current and expected finance and cost recovery system. Two projects are currently receiving carbon credits through CDM: The Egyptian Company for Solid Waste Utilization (ECARU) through managing a composting and sorting facility for the southern zone of Cairo, and Veolia Environmental through Alexandria landfill gas capture and flaring project at Borg El-Arab and El-Hammam landfills. The potential of realizing additional revenues from the existing 49 governmentowned composting facilities should be explored and enacted.
3.5. Private Sector Participation

As set forth in the national SWM strategy (2000), the government rushed for the privatization of the sector. Fifteen-year contracts, with face values between 55 and 80 million LE per year, were signed in 2002 with four international waste management companies to provide ISWM service in Alexandria and parts of Greater Cairo. Those companies were Onyx, Ama-Arab, FCC and Spains Enser Western Cairo Cleaning & Collecting Services. The latter company was pulled out in 2006.
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Some local private companies, such as Misr Service, Europa 2000 and Elfostat2, were contracted to collect and transfer household and commercial waste as well. In other Governorates, the municipalities can delegate SWM services to small private companies, NGOs or to the informal sector zabballeen to perform collection, sorting and recycling. Moreover, the authorities started privatizing their 49 composting plants including 88 production lines, by leasing non-operating facilities to private sector companies. The Egyptian Company for Solid Waste Utilization (ECARU), Ama-Arab and Misr Service lease 10, 4 and 1 composting production lines, respectively2. The first waste-to-energy project in Egypt, to be implemented by the private sector in Helwan Governorate, is in the pre-tendering phase. The project involves an advanced waste sorting line and two waste-to-energy units. It will handle 2,400 tons of waste, representing 70% of the daily generated waste in the governorate. The private sector participation is thought to be successful in Alexandria and the municipality in Qena Governorate. In other Governorates, the delegation of SWM services to international companies is facing some difficulties: Conflicts rose between some international companies and authorities in charge of administrating the contracts over interpretations of the contracts, late payments to the companies, and the values of social insurance premiums for employees that companies had to pay, etc. Citizens prefer the door-to-door collection system of household waste, which is generally provided by the informal sector zabbaleen and some private companies. Zabbaleen and NGOs working with them were ignored in the planning phase of privatization. After privatization of the SWM sector, some unsuccessful attempts were made to contain them within the private companies. Currently, in Greater Cairo and Alexandria, the cost per ton for collection and street sweeping, transport, treatment and disposal is 100 110 LE and only 60 LE in other governorates, as indicated in section 3.3. These low contract values lead to poor services that dont meet citizens expectations. Moreover, the quality of the services by the private sector depends on the service provider, location of implementation, coordination with local authorities, community awareness, etc. After the first wave of privatization, the process is now stagnant. The Government introduced investment laws to facilitate importing and manufacturing solid waste equipment. However, these laws were not sufficiently coordinated among concerned ministries and consequently were not attractive to investors. At present, the World Bank PPIAF Program (Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility) supports the development of a private sector participation (PSP) strategy in the SWM sector in Egypt. The study will cover the following: evaluation of the existing PSP experience in the sector and lessons learnt; analysis of the current policy and legal framework; evaluation of the current procedures and management capacity for PSP planning, transaction, structuring, tendering and implementation, monitoring and supervision; and recommendations for a strategic plan to enhance PSP efficiency.
3.6. Public Awareness and Community Participation

Even though EEAA, governorates and municipalities officials are well aware of the national strategy for IMSWM, access to strategy by the institutional practitioners is not ensured and thus capacity building and awareness programs are needed. Moreover, the majority of the public lack environmental ethics and awareness on the proper disposal of solid waste and the dangers that stem from disposal in open dumps. Public awareness and community participation are considered as a key factor for establishing an effective SWM system.
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Awareness actions within the SWM sector Currently, there is no formal communication strategy to raise awareness and community participation within the SWM sector; MSEAs efforts are scattered and limited. Awareness actions to citizens The active participation of NGOs, public associations, clubs, youth centres and schools in the creation of a generalized public conscience on SWM issues is of crucial importance. Annex 7 illustrates examples of public awareness and community participation programs and activities with reference to SWM. The prior formation of a public awareness and communications team in Alexandria Governorate facilitated the SWM privatization. This team established goals and strategic programs to support the Governorate. The team aided in developing a unit that coordinated efforts between a range of agencies, organizations and citizens involved in SWM. It is important to mount a strong public awareness campaign on the impact of different types of wastes on human health and environment and to inform citizens of their legal responsibilities and associated penalties for violations. The public should also be informed in advance of the fees they are expected to pay and any plans to change the method of collection or the magnitude of the service. Awareness programs on HHW and electrical and electronic waste e-waste management are urgently needed. Furthermore, public awareness campaigns should be directed to encourage at-source segregation of wastes, reduction of generated quantities of waste, and promote information on recycling activities, its environmental side effects and potential benefits.
3.7. Capacity Building and Training Requirements

There is currently insufficient SWM capacity, both with regard to the number of personnel available as well as the expertise of the existing staff. Annex 8 illustrates examples of the required training and capacity building programs. EEAA provided numerous training workshops on ISWM and hazardous waste management for the personnel working in those fields, and the staff of the environmental management units at the governorates, municipalities, etc. Another series of training workshops in the field of inspection and monitoring of SWM services were directed at governorates employees. Moreover, custom designed training programs on selection of transfer station and sanitary landfill locations were directed to the staff of the engineering departments at the governorates and Cairo and Giza cleansing and beautification authorities. Furthermore, workshops and on-the-job training on recycling activities were provided to interested staff at the governorates, cleansing authorities, NGOs and zabbeleen. A national capacity building program and action plan are needed to integrate the technical, conceptual and social skills required to facilitate multi-stakeholder participation. Analysis of capacity building needs is required for different institutions and other stakeholders, in terms of their current capacity, including tools, and the necessary capacity for implementing a sound national ISWM program. Through this process, the capacity building needs of each organization and its personnel would be identified in accordance with their responsibilities. Moreover, compiling a database of waste related capacity building programs, processes and tools (e.g. procedures, manuals and guidelines), nationally and internationally is needed.
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3.8. Networking
In Egypt, there is broad experience in the field of municipal solid waste recycling in general and specifically in the composting industry. A group of experts have broad knowledge in these fields; in addition to a national private company, the Egyptian Company for Solid Waste Utilization (ECARU), which has large national, regional and international experience in sorting municipal solid waste and composting its organic portion. Egypt can actively provide technical expertise to SWEEP-Net in the fore-mentioned fields. Furthermore, Egypt has a wide base of universities, research institutes and experts that have extensive experience in the field of hazardous waste management and can provide assistance to SWEEP-Net partner countries in that field.
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4. INDUSTRIaL aND HaZaRDOUS WaSTE MaNaGEMENT

Industrial and hazardous waste generation There are no accurate measures of the annual industrial hazardous waste generated in Egypt. However, according to Basel Convention, Country Fact Sheet, Egypt8, the total amount of hazardous wastes generated is 200,000 ton/year. Moreover, 6.2 million tons of industrial waste is generated annually2. Policy framework The national strategies/policies for reduction and/or elimination of hazardous waste (HW) generation are8: Strategies related to the environmentally sound management of HW have been adopted - National Strategy for Waste Management; - National Strategy for Cleaner Production; - National Environmental Action Plan 2002-2017. Policies adopted for hazardous waste generators include: - Reduction of hazardous waste at source; - Identification of hazardous waste; - Safe on-site storage of hazardous waste; - Labeling of hazardous waste; - Reporting on generation of hazardous waste; - On-site treatment of hazardous waste. Legal framework The legislation and guidelines on Hazardous waste management are the following. Egyptian Environmental Law No. 4/1994 and its executive regulations present the overall legal framework for hazardous waste management. Law 9/2009 amended Law 4/1994 and regulates collection, treatment and disposal of hazardous waste (Articles 29 33). MSEA in coordination with concerned ministries drafted a future vision and plan for the sound and safety management of hazardous wastes in accordance with procedures highlighted by the law 4/1994 and its executive regulations. EEAA has recently adopted some guidelines for the overall hazardous waste management system in addition to that adopted by the Basel Convention, these guidelines covers: transportation, on-site interim storage, identification & characterization, permitting system, recycle and final disposal. The legal framework is not free of deficiencies, among them: The absence of the obligation of a periodic registration, surveillance and control of all the staff working in handling hazardous wastes; The lack of the contractor or importer obligation to keep a wastes record illustrating the nature, type, quantities, sources, location of dumping or treatment methods, number of collecting times and transportation methods,
8- Basel Convention, Country Fact Sheets, Egypt, article 1 (1) a Annex I : Y1-Y45
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The lack of the contractor obligation to maintain integrated accurate information network showing the locations assigned for disposal of wastes and; The absence of incentives in the law to motivate establishments to reduce their rates of waste generation and to practice recycling ; The slack way that Environmental Legislation is enforced in Egypt. Industrial and hazardous waste management The first treatment facility for hazardous waste in Egypt, under the Naserya project (a joint effort between EEAA, Governorate of Alexandria and the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland), was formed in Alexandria in 2000. The project consists of a landfill of 14,000 square meters area designed in accordance with the international standards, a physical-chemical treatment plant for inorganic liquid hazardous waste and a solidification unit, inorganic hazardous waste storage area and organic hazardous waste transfer station. The annual capacity of the physical-chemical treatment plant is 4,000 cubic meter. The problems facing hazardous waste management are9: Insufficient hazardous waste treatment units and insufficient trained staff. Lack of awareness of hazardous waste management. Absence of environmental auditing on hazardous waste producing plants. Absence of an institutional structure (e.g., Ministerial Committee, etc.) consisting of the stakeholders responsible of hazardous waste management. Lack of technical and financial support to hazardous waste management plant at Nassreya Alexandria, particularly for the provision of oil/water separating unit to handle the waste from petroleum plants in Alexandria. Need of training on integrated management of hazardous waste. E-waste management Electric and electronic equipment contain over 1,000 different substances including toxic heavy metals and organics which can pose serious environmental pollution problem upon irresponsible disposal. E-waste has been identified as the fastest growing waste stream in the world. E-waste status in Egypt10 : The number of mobile phone subscribers increased from 4.3 Millions in 2001 to approximately 24 Millions in 2007, and to 44 Millions in 2009. The number of internet subscribers reached 13 Millions in March 2009. Growth in the ICT sector in Egypt exceeds 20% during 2007 and 2008 and expected to be 15% for 2009 due to the global financial crisis.
9- EU, Egypt, Country Strategy Paper, 2007-2013, Annex 3: Egypt Environment Profile 10- Hani Moubasher, Basel convention Regional Center for training and Technology Transfer for the Arab States, BCRC-Egypt E-waste Activities - 2006-2009,
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Import of used personal computers and CRT monitors has increased dramatically since 2001 (the number increased approximately 6-8 times in five years). In 2007, the Minister of Trade and Industry issued a decree prohibiting importing personal computers that are older than 5 years (it was 10 years before). In 2010, another decree was issued that reduced it to 3 years. Few collection programs for end of life mobile phone batteries were initiated by local mobile operators but not publicly propagated. No records regarding e-waste generation rates are available. An e-waste forum initiated by Egypt Cleaner Production Center and the regional organizations CEDARE and BCRC-Egypt was established. An inter-ministerial committee with members from the private sector and national and regional organizations is formed and is currently discussing a roadmap for e-waste management in Egypt. Problems Facing E-Waste Management10: Awareness for e-wastes and its possible impacts; generation rates and impact scenarios should be the alarming vehicle for awareness. Legislative framework for e-waste management that incorporates responsibilities to importers, manufacturers, and owners. Need to enhance and collect accurate data on quantities and types of e-waste generated and appear in waste streams. Need to enhance participation of the concerned stakeholders in e-waste management. Need to develop a proper collection, transportation, recycling, and exporting or disposal system. Need to build local capacity/experts on e-waste management. Need to identify recycling technologies for known e-waste stream.
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5. MEDICaL WaSTE MaNaGEMENT

At the national level, the Environmental Health Department within the Ministry of Health (MoH) is in charge of healthcare waste management issues. EEAA cooperates with Ministry of Health to implement the integrated management program for hazardous wastes generated from healthcare activities. A national scientific committee that includes members from MoH, EEAA and Universities provides technical and scientific guidance and advice. Guidelines for preparing a plan for medical waste management in healthcare units were prepared. Moreover, the national guidelines for infection control11 prepared by MoH include two chapters covering medical waste management (segregation at source, collection, transfer, and final disposal processes) and safe sharps disposal. Moreover, MSEA issued an operational manual guide for medical waste incinerators. The legal framework is quite comprehensive in the area of medical waste management. Law 4/1994 for the protection of the environment outlines the regulation, in addition to MoH decrees 82/1996, 413 & 343/1996 and 192/2001. As a result of the expansion in using incineration systems for disposal of medical waste, MSEA validated and set maximum limits for emissions from medical waste incineration units and published them in the amended copy of the Executive Regulations of Law 4/1994 to avoid air pollution. The level of compliance to these regulations is on the whole good in urban areas (approx. 80% of all healthcare facilities). It drops significantly in rural areas where only 25% of all healthcare facilities manage healthcare waste in a safe and appropriate manner12. Funds allocated both from the Government and the private sector are not sufficient to carry out all the tasks that are required to manage healthcare waste in a safe and sustainable way throughout the country. The annual total waste generated from healthcare facilities is 160,000 tons; of which 40,000 tons are infectious medical waste2. The difference is non-medical waste of similar composition to household waste. MoH supports Health Directorates in each governorate with vehicles to transport medical infectious wastes form the point source to the disposal facility. Disposal is commonly conducted by incineration systems (151 units) or by shredding and autoclaving sterilization (48 units) in health care facilities. Moreover, six private companies are currently working in integrated medical waste management (Annex 10).
11- Gehad Abo-El Atta, Essential Steps for Preparing a Plan for Medical Waste Management in Healthcare Units, 2004 12- WHO, Healthcare Waste Management, Detailed Information on Selected Country: Egypt
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6. OPTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT aND DEVELOPMENT

The SWM sector suffers from several problems. Options for improvement and development of the sector are :
Strategy and Planning

Developing and implementing a national policy aiming to reduce waste generation. Establishing a national program for source separation.
Legal Framework
Establishing a national SWM law.
Private Sector Participation

Adapting suitable mechanisms to enhance private sector participation in the ISWM system, which is a main policy of the national strategy. Finding a suitable mechanism to integrate the informal sector zabbaleen in the privatization process.
Finance and Cost Recovery

Application of the polluter pays principle, which is another policy of the strategy, in addition to the extended producer responsibility principle, recommended by the strategic framework for enhancing solid waste recycling. Allocating an annual budget by the central Government for the SWM sector until a sufficient cost recovery mechanism is achieved. Budgetary allocation of investments to remove waste accumulations, improve collection and transfer, establish transfer stations, recycling centers and sanitary landfills. Supporting SWM projects that reduce emissions of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) to receive carbon credits, using the CDM/PCF and GEF mechanisms. Exploring and enacting the potential revenue deriving systems from the existing 49 government-owned composting facilities after their rehabilitation.
Management and Monitoring

Establishing a monitoring and evaluation system, in each governorate, for the SWM with specific roles and responsibilities. Improving managerial and marketing staff skills. Applying accurate techniques for measuring the annual generated quantities of the different types of waste.
Training and Capacity Building

Implementation of capacity building and training programs for the governorates staff in planning, contracting, implementation, monitoring and follow up of SWM services. Establishing a national capacity building program and action plan to integrate the technical, conceptual and social skills required to facilitate multi-stakeholder participation. Implementation of training programs for human resource development of the labor responsible for maintenance and repair of equipment.
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SWM Enhancement
Increasing the efforts of removing the accumulated solid waste in rural and urban areas. Extending SWM services in the rural areas as a priority and involving NGOs and local contractors Reducing the gap between the current performance and the strategy targets by: improving the collection coverage; closing the existing dumping sites and establishing sanitary landfills for disposal; enhancing waste recovery procedures; and adapting source separation and source reduction mechanisms.
Waste Valorisation
Developing the recycling sector by establishing central recycling centers on the national level and setting up national standards for the recycling industries and products. Adapting new waste utilization technologies such as biogas and waste-to-energy projects Establishing recycling centres for e-waste, using proper treatment technologies.
Public Awareness
Establishing a communication strategy and action plan to raise awareness and community participation. Launching public media campaigns to raise awareness on hazardous household waste and e-waste. One of the components of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) of the joint EU-Egypt Action Plan (AP), is a program (2011-2013) focusing on the implementation of the national strategy for integrated municipal solid waste management, through the introduction of efficient and cost-effective systems for dealing with large volumes of solid waste, with the objective of improving the safety and quality of life for the populations concerned. Approximately 20 million Euro are allocated towards the start of the programming period13. The specific objectives of the program are: improved SWM including collection, recycling, disposal and treatment of domestic, industrial and agricultural waste; sustainable country-wide waste management policies and related institutional structures; and increased coordination with all relevant stakeholders, including private sector.
13- An indicative program
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7. TECHNICaL aSSISTaNCE PaRTNERS aND DONORS

Egypt receives financial assistance from many foreign governments and multilateral agencies. Many of Egypts donors collaborate either in technical areas or in programs and project finance. Donor agencies have a significant role in supporting Egypts efforts in the solid waste sector. Such support takes many forms including provision of some financing, policy advice and technical expertise in planning and implementation of specific projects. Annex 11 illustrates a chronological survey of the projects financed by international donor agencies.
8. OPPORTUNITIES OF NETWORKING aND PaRTNERSHIP

SWEEP-Net had the initiative of creating a regional network for SWM. This network would support entities working in SWM and promote development of environment-friendly waste management. Taking this into consideration, there is an emerging need for building a national network to consolidate information on SWM from different institutions and practitioners which at the end will be Egypts contribution to SWEEPNet. Such contribution may have regional dimension to other countries that may transfer and/or adapt this system. In General, it is too difficult to axis data and information related to the SWM sector in Egypt. Further planning and studies should build on the projects already accomplished in that field, as each one of these projects has made considerable contribution to the problem of SWM in Egypt. Developing a national network is a national priority that reflects a national critical demand. The proposed national network would consolidate solid waste management related policies, planning, strategies, programs, documentation, etc. in a reliable common environment accessible to SWM practitioners and stakeholders in Egypt. The network would enhance the knowledge and skills of SWM institutions and practitioners through dissemination of information and promotion of exchanges and partnerships among SWM entities at the national and regional levels. The network will address technical assistance and support that could facilitate the investment opportunities in Egypt and regionally. The goal of initiating the national network is to provide a quick and easy access to SWM information for main areas of interest (polices, institutional framework, action plans, finance & cost recovery, private sector participation, informal sector, NGOs working in waste management, recycling, composting, reuse, recovery, community participation & awareness, etc.).
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The objectives of the network are: Establishing SWM think tank (steering committee, terms of reference, members, regular meetings, etc). Preparing, sharing, maintaining a database of contacts, areas of expertise and any relevant information about institutions and practitioners involved in SWM. Sharing technical expertise, information, educational resources and opportunities between network members and organizations. Establishing Egyptian SWM knowledge hub. Developing a set of indicators to assess the network progress. Creation of a shared electronic environment. The expected outputs of the network are: Enhancing connections and communication between members, information providers, donor representatives, other stakeholders and the regional SWEEP-Net. Disseminating information and relevant reports.
Figure 3: Proposed Network Structure (Org. Chart)
Network Coordinator
Network Consultant
Information Officer
MSEA Representative(s)
Governmental Representatives
SWM Service Providers
Consultants
NGO Team
MSEA Sectors
Ministry-1,2, Rep.
SWMSP1
Consultancy Firms
NGO-1 Rep.
Governorate 1, 2, Rep
SWMSP2
Free Lancers
NGO-2 Rep.
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Regular meetings discussing common solid waste issues, planning network activities, sharing success stories, etc. Creation of a website serving the network purposes, activities and supporting the members with all needed information and references. This website should be linked to SWEEP-Net. Providing awareness programs for improving the SWM sector (such as source separation and source reduction) within this website. Adding discussion forums or blogs on the internet for members to post their thoughts or questions where others can give their input. Providing technical assistance, technical support and training programs. The core team of the national network can basically start with limited number of members, then based on needs and with the development of the network, the team can be expanded. The proposed core team consists of: a network coordinator; a consultant; an information officer; representatives of MSEAs sectors; and representatives of other related ministries, governorates, municipalities, beautification and cleansing authorities, private companies, research institutes, consultants, NGOs, etc. The main roles of those representatives are being the bridgehead for communications with their organizations. The proposed initial structure of the network is shown in the Figure 3.. On discussing the legal status of the network, stakeholders recommended to be hosted by the organization of the national coordinator of SWEEP-Net in Egypt, MSEA. Before network startup, full terms of reference governing the network shall be published including: Guiding Principles in which ethical values and principles of collaboration between members are written down; Operational Guidelines that define the workflow, processes, structures, memberships, responsibilities, etc in addition to the copyrights and ownership of shared/produced information, that should be agreed before network startup. There is no defined funding model for the network at the moment; however, the support for covering the cost of planned activities in Egypt can be obtained from one or more from the following entities: national donors (e.g. ministries, major industrial firms interested in waste management, telecom operators interested in e-waste management, etc.); and international donors. A detailed operational plan should be developed prior to network startup. Within this plan, the normal dayto-day activities are listed. This plan should include: objectives; activities and actions; required outcomes; time plan; and responsibilities. As there will be different stakeholders and contributors interested in different SWM fields (e.g. municipal waste, e-waste, industrial hazardous wastes, medical waste, etc.), focus groups shall be created inside the network in order to cope with this situation and to avoid sharing of irrelevant information with some members, thus wasting their time and effort. Targeted information shall be created based on the definition of focus groups.
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9. NEEDS FOR TECHNICaL SUPPORT aND CaPaCITY BUILDING

SWEEP-Net has been established to support entities working in SWM and promote development of environment-friendly waste management. The anticipated technical support and capacity building requirements from SWEEP-Net are: Providing logistical support to the national network to the extent possible. Designing and regularly updating training manuals and/or guidelines that cover the different disciplines of the SWM sector. Providing technical assistance and support for workshops and seminars to be presented by the national network. Providing technical support for training activities and further refinements of the manuals developed by the national network experts. Providing technical support to fill the gaps identified by the national network in the SWM sector. Providing technical support for developing a central national database that covers the SWM sector activities. Providing technical support for the national network to prepare and implement programs for raising awareness and capacity development. Pursuing initiatives, and providing technical support for the national network where needed.
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10. CaSE STUDIES, BEST PRaCTICES AND LESSONS LEaRNED

Example: Industrial Hazardous Waste Management
Project: Nasreya Industrial Hazardous Waste Treatment Center at Alexandria Background: EEAA, Governorate of Alexandria and the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland are the counterparts in Nasreya hazardous waste management project, located nearby Bourg El Arab. The agreement for phase I of the project was signed in February 1999, between the Governments of Finland and Egypt. Alexandria Governorate formed a Hazardous Waste Management Unit (HWMU) to operate the center in 2000. Phase II of the project was commenced in October 2003 and the center operation began on June 29, 2005. Training courses were provided to the HWMU personnel in Finland and Switzerland in November 2000, September 2003, and April 2006 for capacity building. The facility is designed for treatment of inorganic hazardous waste and consists of: a landfill area of 14,000 square meters designed in accordance with the European standards; evaporation ponds with an area of 5,000 square meter for leachate from the landfill; solidification and stabilization unit, physicalchemical treatment unit; inorganic hazardous waste storage area; organic hazardous waste transfer station; and a laboratory. The center provides collection and transportation of hazardous waste, using two special trucks designed for transporting hazardous waste, and carries all safety equipment and labeling required by law 4/1994 for the protection of the environmental and its amendment, Law 9/2009. The polluter pays principle had been adopted from the beginning of operations. However, direct investment costs are not compensated by the treatment price. In 2009, Nasreyas landfill received 2,130 tons of waste for treatment, as industries were slacking in sending their waste to the center. This may be due to: lack of awareness; insufficient enforcement of law 4/1994 and its amendment law 9/2009; and opposition to the high cost for treatment. The centre organizes training programs to representatives from industry, authorities and NGOs, on handling, transportation and treatment of hazardous waste. Moreover, tailored training programs are provided to inspection and enforcement civil servants. The programs cover legislation, identification of hazardous waste, treatment methods, etc. The center lacks technical and financial support, particularly for the provision of the oil/water separating unit that handles the waste from petroleum plants in Alexandria7. Lessons learned: The early decisions of the governorate to establish the hazardous waste management unit that will operate the center and to provide extensive training courses to its staff were the cornerstones for the success of the project. Need for strong awareness campaign directed to the industrial sector on the activities and services provided by the center. Human resource development and capacity building is essential for the staff working in hazardous waste management.
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Recommendations: Initiating a mechanism for the continuous technical and financial support for the center. Enforcement of law 4/1994 for the protection of the environmental and its amendment Law 9/2009 to persuade industries to treat and dispose their hazardous waste. Increase awareness of the industrial sector about the activities and services provided by Nasreya center. Extending the activities of the center to include collection, treatment and disposal of e-waste and acid batteries. References: 1. Nasreya Industrial Hazardous Waste Treatment Center, (http://www.nasreya.com/english/for%20more%20details%20About%20Project.htm) 2. Waste Management Central Department, Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency, (EEAA)
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11. aNaLYSIS aND PRIORITIES FOR aCTION

11.1 Short Term 1-3 Years
Modifying the contracts with the private companies, in Cairo and Giza, to a system for accounting based on cost/ton, and increasing the contract values. Separating the monitoring units from the contracting authorities in order to control fines and assure its automatic recording. The monitoring system will record any violations as photos and send them to the service companies. Closing all the open and controlled dumping sites as well as the landfill present at a part of El-Wafaa Wal-Amal. Establishing five new sanitary landfills outside Greater Cairo residential and commercial belt. Establishing two transfer stations and recycling centers. Improving collection and treatment of MSW. Encouraging source separation of waste. Adapting new technologies to generate the revenue to meet the budget deficit. For example, waste-toenergy and biogas projects can be implemented. Supporting e-waste management activities (assessment of annual generation, establishing a legal framework, raise awareness, etc). Improving the current infrastructure as shown in Table 5.
11.2 Medium Term 3-5 Years

Completing the removal of accumulated waste at the governorates. Closing all open-dumping sites in the governorates and establishing controlled dumping sites as a transition stage till sanitary landfills are set up. Improving collection and treatment of MSW. Accurate measure of the annual generated quantities of the different types of waste. Achieving good results for source separation of waste. Establishing an e-waste management program. Providing sustainable solutions for the projected infrastructure.
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Table 5: ISWM Priorities for Action

ISWM Component Policy/Legal/ Institutional Status - Out-dated contracts with private companies - Scattered laws and regulations for SWM Financing/Cost Recovery A gap of roughly 35% exist between finance and cost recovery Priority For Action 1-3 years - Modifying the contracts with the private companies in Greater Cairo - Establishing a national SWM law in order to organize the sector - Searching for external funding and national budgetary allocation Priority For Action 3-5 years - Modifying the contracts with the private companies in all governorates - Implementation of the SWM law - Searching for external funding and national budgetary allocation
- Adapting new technologies - Adapting new technologies to generate revenue such to generate revenue such as, as, waste-to-energy and waste-to-energy and biogas biogas projects projects Private Sector Participation 9 Service companies, including 3 international companies, currently working in Cairo, Giza and Alexandria Re-initiating the involvement of the private sector, both nationally and internationally in priority Governorates Establishing and implementing a communication strategy to raise awareness and community participation - Providing training programs for labor - Placement of collection bins for different types of waste - Providing suitable transportation and handling equipment for the waste - Establishing transfer stations, recycling centers and landfills Rehabilitation of composting plants, capacity building of employees at the plants, and adaptation of environmental management systems. - Assessment of annual generation of e-waste - Establishing a legal framework - Raising awareness and community participation - Capacity building and training Enhancing the involvement of the private sector, both nationally and internationally in all governorates Enhancing awareness and community participation
Public Awareness/ Poor media coverage Community of the issue and limited Participation community participation
Infrastructure
Lack of suitable infrastructure for implementing ISWM programs
Establishing a suitable repair and maintenance program in order to improve sustainability
Green House Gases Emissions and Management
2 companies are receiving carbon credits
Applying for carbon credits.
E-Waste Management
Lack of e-waste generation assessment, legislative framework, management program and awareness
Establishing an e-waste management program for collection, transportation, recycling, and exporting or disposal
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annexeS
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annex 1: SWM Legal Framework14

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ELEMENTS Type of Instrument Environment and other Laws Name of Instrument Law 38/1967 on General Public Cleaning. Executive regulations (MoH134/1968) Waste types addressed Solid waste from residential, commercial and industrial establishments and wastewater Functional responsibilities addressed Policy/regulatory, enforcement/monitoring Waste management system components addressed Waste collection, transfer and disposal Institutional roles addressed Ministry of Housing Financing and cost recovery provisions General budget, fee on building inhabitants of not more than 2% of their rent and fines collected for violation of the law Other
Law 31/1976 amending Law 38/1967 Law 43/1979
Domestic, municipal and industrial wastes Domestic, municipal and industrial wastes
Policy/regulatory Operations and types Policy/regulatory, enforcement/monitoring
Waste collection, transfer and disposal Waste collection, disposal Delegates responsibility for physical and social infrastructure to city councils Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Ministry of Health and Population Waste collection, treatment, disposal Peoples Assembly EEAA (mainly), Ministry of Housing (for selecting disposal sites) Collection fee depending on area of residence and income level
Law 48/1982 for the Protection of the River Nile and Waterways against Pollution Law 4/1994 for the Protection of the Environment Law 10/2005 for Public Cleanliness amending Law 38/1967 Law 9/2009 amending Law 4/1994 for the Protection of the Environment Decree Ministry of Housing Decree 134/1968, implementing Law 38 / 1967
Municipal, industrial waste
Policy/regulatory
Waste disposal
Domestic, municipal and hazardous wastes All solid waste types
Policy/regulatory
Enforcement, monitoring
Policy/regulatory
Waste collection fee on the electricity bill Enforcement, monitoring
Hazardous waste management
Policy/regulatory
Hazardous waste collection, treatment and disposal Regulations for identification and selection of sites for municipal waste recycling and landfilling and equipment requirements for waste collection and transfer Transferred jurisdiction for general cleaning from the Ministry of Housing to local administrative units
Domestic, municipal and industrial wastes
Policy/regulatory operations and types
Waste disposal
Presidential Decree 272/1982 (PD 272/1982), Article 1 Presidential Decree 284/1983
Municipal solid waste
Domestic and municipal waste
Policy/regulatory Operations and types Operations and types Policy/regulatory Policy/regulatory and types
Collection of garbage and solid Establishing Cairo and Giza wastes and their disposal in Beautification and Cleansing special areas Authorities Waste collection, transfer, treatment, disposal Waste collection Regulations for selection of sites for recycling and landfilling and equipment requirements for waste collection and transfer Waste collection entities Local Council Collection of SWM fee on the electricity bill
Prime Ministers Decree 338/1995 Cabinet Decree, 2000 Prime Ministers Decree 1741/2005 amending Decree 338/1995
Domestic, municipal and hazardous waste All solid waste types Municipal waste
14 - Based on and including updates, Table 2: SWM Legal framework, Country Report: Egypt, METAP, page 9, 2004
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ELEMENTS Type of Instrument Decree Name of Instrument Governor of Cairo Decree 4775/2009 Waste types addressed Municipal waste Functional responsibilities addressed Policy/regulatory Waste management system components addressed Waste monitoring unit Institutional roles addressed Transferring the units from Cleansing and Beautification Authorities to the General Department for follow-up at Cairo Municipality Transferring all dumping sites and the landfill out of Greater Cairo Recycling, treatment Ministry of Housing, Local Council, EEAA Ministry of Housing, Local Council, EEAA Financing and cost recovery provisions Other
Presidential Decree 86/2010 Other (Policy, Bill, draft regulation, etc.) EEAA Guidelines for selection sites for recycling and treatment facilities EEAA Guidelines for Landfill
Municipal waste Municipal waste
Policy/regulatory Policy/regulatory
All solid waste types
Policy/regulatory
Waste disposal
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annex 2: Institutional Framework 15

Institution Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation Function and mandates National Setting national policies, legislations, strategies, action plans, implementation, guidelines for planning, contracting and management, training and human resource development, monitoring and inspection for agricultural waste in cooperation/coordination with MSEA/EEAA All of the above for construction and demolition waste in cooperation/ coordination with MSEA/EEAA All of the above for industrial waste in cooperation/coordination with MSEA/EEAA All of the above for healthcare waste in cooperation/coordination with MSEA/EEAA All of the above for all types of waste in cooperation/coordination with MSEA/EEAA All of the above for all types of waste Local Governorates Setting regional strategies and action plans, implementation of the system, training and human resource development, monitoring and inspection Implementation of the system, training and human resource development, monitoring and inspection Implementation of the system, training and human resource development, monitoring and inspection ISWM projects including collection, transportation, sorting, treatment, recycling and disposal of municipal and healthcare waste SWM projects including collection, transportation, sorting, treatment, recycling and/or disposal of municipal and healthcare waste Household waste collection, transportation, sorting and recycling SWM projects including collection, transportation, sorting and/or recycling of municipal waste, projects for improving the livelihoods of the Zabbaleen
Ministry of Housing, Utilities & Urban Development Ministry of Trade & Industry Ministry of Health Ministry of Local Development MSEA/EEAA
Municipalities Cleansing and Beautification Authorities International Private Companies National Private Companies Informal Sector Zabbaleen NGOs
15- Based on Table 5.1: Solid Waste Management Stakeholders, Arab Republic of Egypt, Country Environmental Analysis (19922002), Water and Environment Department, The Middle East and North Africa Region, the World Bank, page 66, published in April 2005
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annex 3: Strategies, action plans and priorities16

Waste Management components Policy/Institutional Nature of Strategy/ Priority Introduction of economic incentives for the MSW management services. This included a tax break for at least 5 years and exemption of custom duties for equipment used in waste management services. The Peoples Assembly issued a law for collection of cleaning fees depending on area of residence and income level. Articulation of Strategy/Priority Ministerial Decree
Finance/Cost Recovery Private Sector Participation
Law 10/2005
The Government of Egypt issued international tenders The establishment of a ministerial to privatize solid waste services in a Alexandria and SWM committee to facilitate and Cairo. follow-up privatization efforts at the different governorates. Some NGOs work in SWM (collection, transfer, sorting and/or recycling) and adopt programs for improving the livelihoods of the Zabbaleen. Moreover, pilot projects for source segregation of household waste were implemented in limited areas of Egypt. The informal sector Zabbaleen perform door-todoor collection of household waste, transfer, sorting and/or recycling. There is need to integrate the informal sector in the privatization mechanism of the sector. Siting of facilities gives effect to need for composting expressed in national SWM strategy.
Community
Waste Management The number of constructed composting plants are 88. System/ Technologies The Government of Egypt had identified 53 landfill sites, of which 41 accepted by inter-ministerial national committee, and 12 to be finalized. However, only 6 landfills are operating now and 3 under construction. Solid waste recycling is considered to be a priority in solid waste management. The Social Fund for Development is financing micro recycling projects either through 100% grant or loan with subsidized interest. Establishing Nasreya hazardous waste treatment center in Alexandria consisting of a physicalchemical treatment unit, for inorganic waste, and a solidification unit to match landfill criteria for hazardous waste. First greenhouse gas emission reductions purchase in Egypt for a municipal solid waste composting project at Cairo Southern Zone composting and sorting facility. The facility features waste sorting for recovery of recyclables and aerobic composting of organic waste, reducing the amount of methane and other greenhouses gases caused by landfill. Landfill Gas Capture and Flaring Project at Borg El Arab and El Hammam landfills, registered by the Executive Board of the UNFCCC. The project reduces the fugitive emissions of methane, a greenhouse gas which contributes to global warming and climate change.
Social Fund for Development.
Hazardous waste handling, transfer, treatment and landfilling.
Selling 325,480 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas emission reductions to the Carbon Fund for Europe, managed by the WB.
Estimate total emission reductions to be realized are 3,715,266 tCO2eq over the crediting period starting the 1st January 2006 ending the 31st December 2015.
16- Based on and including updates. Table 4: Strategies and Priorities, Country Report: Egypt, METAP, page 15, 2004
43
annex 4: Solid Waste Management Planning and Investment Programs17

Planned investments* Institutional level National Action Municipal solid waste management program (EEAA - Ministry of Local Development Ministry of Finance - Governorates) Agriculture waste management program (Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation) Governorate Integrated Solid Waste Management Project for First Priority Governorates Integrated Solid Waste Management Project for Second Priority Governorates Integrated Solid Waste Management Project for Third Priority Governorates Sector/ locality Health Care/ National MSW/Cairo MSW/Cairo MSW/Cairo Project Healthcare waste management program (Ministry of Health) Integrated Solid Waste Management Project for Cairo East District Integrated Solid Waste Management Project for Cairo North District Recycling, Composting & Sanitary Landfilling Project for Cairo South District General Cleansing Project for El-Marg and Part of El-Nahda Integrated Solid Waste Management Project for Giza Urban District I Integrated Solid Waste Management Project for Giza Urban District II Integrated Solid Waste Management Project Alexandria Integrated Solid Waste Management Project Aswan Integrated Solid Waste Management Project Suez Projected investment requirement LE 200 million as capital investment and LE 1,050 million annual operating costs LE 100 million as capital investment and LE 150 million annual operating costs LE 700 million projected as annual operating cost LE 250 million projected as annual operating cost LE 100 million projected as annual operating cost
Investment commitments Investment commitment LE 370 million as capital investment Annual contract value: LE 94.6 million Start Date: 2003 Duration of Contract: 15 years Annual contract value: LE 107.1 million Start Date: 2003 Duration of Contract: 15 years Annual contract value: LE 16.1 million Start Date:2004 - Duration of Contract: 7 years MSW/Cairo MSW/Giza Annual contract value: LE 13.2 million Start Date:2007 - Duration of Contract: 5 years Annual contract value at start of service: LE 36 million Start Date: 2003 Duration of Contract: 15 years MSW/Giza Annual contract value at start of service: LE 44.9 million Start Date: 2003 Duration of Contract: 15 years MSW/ Alexandria MSW/Aswan Annual contract value: LE 115 million Start Date: 2002 Duration of Contract: 15 years Annual contract value at start of service: LE 9 million Start Date: 2003 Duration of Contract: 15 years MSW/Seuz Annual contract value at start of service: LE 9 million Start Date: 2003 Duration of Contract: 15 years
* The National and Governorates projected investment requirements and the contract values were updated and two companies were added 17- Based on and including updates, Table 3: Solid Waste Management Planning and Investment Programmes, Country Report: Egypt, METAP, page 12, 2004
44
annex 5: Finance and cost recovery

Budgetary allocations by Central Government Budgetary allocation by Municipalities/ governorates Cost/ton for collection & street sweeping, transportation, treatment and disposal No Central Governmental budgetary allocation for SWM services Budgetary allocation by Governorates is limited and variable depending on their budgets, resources and priorities 100 110 LE per ton in Greater Cairo and Alexandria Less than 60 LE in other governorates Current negotiations to modify the contracts to improve MSWM services in Greater Cairo Cost per ton for collection, street sweeping and transportation Cost per ton for treatment and disposal Total Cost per ton from collection to disposal/treatment Cost recovery Cost recovery per ton Total cost recovery per year Percentage of cost recovered Gaps if any between the government budget and the cost incurred for collection and disposal Type of SWM recovery system Amount of SWM recovery (billing, levy, etc.) 70 LE 200 Million LE 60 - 65% 35 - 40% Taxes, recycling operation revenue, penalties As stated in total cost recovery/year 110 - 120 LE 95 LE 205 - 215 LE
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annex 6: The Role of Private Sector in the SWM Chain

SWM Chain Collection and transfer Role of Private sector - Door-to-door collection of household and commercial waste through either zabbaleen or private sector companies. - Collection in public bins and containers - Collection from collection/transfer points that are randomly distributed. - Street waste collection for ISWM contracts Treatment - Informal sector zabbaleen practice solid waste sorting, recovery and re-use - Some NGOs assist zabbaleen and mange recycling facilities - ISWM contracts involve sorting, recycling and composting of organic waste - Some private companies lease non-operating composting plants Disposal - Companies contracted ISWM services are responsible for disposal in sanitary landfills or controlled dumping sites - Cleansing and Beautification Authorities and municipalities are responsible for disposal activities in other locations
annex 7: Public awareness and community participation

PA & CP programs and activities with reference to SWM SEAM Project: Increasing awareness of residents on the need to maintain a good waste collection service, Sohag Governorate Health awareness and industrial safety of waste pickers Key partner (ngos/programs/stakeholders) CONTACT person EEAA, Technical Co-operation Office for the Environment Association of Garbage Collectors for Community Development (AGCCD) Awareness campaign for source separation of household waste ; Health awareness program for Zabbaleen Community participation in solid waste collection, disposal, and recycling in Gharbiya and Qena Governorate The Association for the Protection of the Environment (A.P.E.) USAID
46
annex 8: Capacity building and training Requirements

THEME National Workshops: Incorporation of private sector to solid waste management activities Workshops: SWM finance and cost recovery, planning, contracting, implementation, monitoring and enforcement of SWM services MSEA & Ministry of Local Development MSEA & Ministry of Local Development Partners and beneficiaries Local Governorates & Municipalities Governorates & Municipalities Institution EEAA, EMUs Beneficiary Decision makers, graduates Decision makers, graduates
EEAA, EMUs
Workshops: Municipal solid waste MSEA & Ministry of management and CDM projects Local Development Workshops / on the job training: Sanitary landfill operation and maintenance On the job training: Municipal waste collection, transport, sorting treatment Workshops / on the job training: Recycling and composting: Techniques, leasing contracts, manufacturing, development of equipment, maintenance & repair Workshops: Integrated hazardous MSEA, Ministry of waste management Local Development, Ministry of Industry
Governorates & Municipalities Governorates & Municipalities Governorates & Municipalities Governorates & Municipalities
EEAA, EMUs, private companies EMUs, private companies EMUs , private companies EMUs, private companies
Decision makers, graduates Graduates, operators NGOs, Zabbaleen, Operators Graduates / Technicians
Governorates, Municipalities
EEAA, EMUs, Industrial manufacturing companies, service provider companies EEAA, EMUs, Industrial manufacturing companies, private service companies EEAA, EMUs, manufacturing companies, private companies
Decision makers, graduates
On the job training: Hazardous waste handling, transport, recycling and disposal activities
MSEA, Ministry of Local Development, Ministry of Industry
Graduates, operators
Workshops: E-Waste management
MSEA, Ministry of Communication & Information Technology, Ministry of Local Development, Ministry of Industry
Decision makers, graduates
47
annex 9: Industrial and hazardous waste management

Type of Waste Inorganic Hazardous Waste Quantity Estimation 2,129 ton/year Technology of treatment Physical-chemical treatment plant for inorganic liquid hazardous waste and a solidification unit Cement kiln incineration Name of landfill /Plant Nasreya Hazardous Waste Treatment Centre Place 45, El Sheikh Ali Youssef street, Abi Al Derdaa, Alexandria Responsible Dr. Deif Soliman
Organic Hazardous Waste
23,640 ton/ year
Egypt Cement Co.
93 km, The Old Katamia Road, Sokhna, Suez
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annex 10: Medical Waste Management

Type of Waste Cairo Southern Zone Medical waste Quantity Estimation 5 ton/day Technology of treatment Outsourced autoclave sterilization and incineration (Cairo University Hospital incinerator) Autoclave sterilization Name of Infrastructure EcoConserve Environmental Solutions Place 15th of May City Responsible Dr. Tarek Genina
Cairo Eastern Zone Medical waste Alexandria Medical waste Port Said Medical waste Suez Medical waste Beni Suef Medical waste Health Directorates in Governorates Medical waste
4 ton/day
FCC
El-Wafaa Wal-Amal Borg El-Arab Port Said
Mr. Manuel Ramirez Mr. Hassan Abaza Gen. Ghonimy Samra Mr. Salah El-Borno Mr. Mohamed El-Kalawi
3 ton/day 0.5 ton/day
Incinerator and autoclave sterilization Incinerator
Veolia Misr Sevice Company Tanzefco Company Danida Project
0.35 ton/day 2 ton/day
Incinerator Incinerator
Suez Beni Suef
50 ton/day
Incinerator and autoclave sterilization
Healthcare Facilities
Different governorates
49
annex 11: Solid Waste Management Donor/Lender activity18

Donor/Lender World Bank, Mega-Cities Project, UNDP DANIDA DANIDA UNDP, LIFE program UNDP, LIFE program, GTZ (now GIZ) USAID Name of Project Project Start/Finish Dates Start: 1981 Finish: 1993 Start: May 1995 Finish: March 1996 Start: July 1995 Finish: Dec 1996 Start: July 1995 Finish: July 1997 Start: 1997 Finish: 1999 Start: Sept. 1999 Start: 1999 Finish: 2000 Project Location Total budget and financial scheme Project Objectives Improve the living conditions and build the capacities of the Zabbaleen community Designing and implementing a pilot project for medical waste management Providing functional and safe systems for the collection and disposal of solid waste Establishing household, commercial and industrial waste collection system SWM system operated by a community development organisation in collaboration with the city administration Privatization of waste management services Development of guidelines to assess and manage private sector Work on solid waste Setting the overall direction for municipal solid waste management in Egypt over a period of 10 years, laying down the principles for its operation. Identification of landfill sites to serve the country. 422,850 EUR Cairo Start: 1999 Finish: 2006 Finish: 2000 Start: 2001 Finish: 2003 Nasreya, Alexandria Aswan National Kafr El Sheik and Qena Governorates Fayoum Start: 2000 Finish: 2003 Start: 2000 Finish: 2003 Start: 2000 Finish: 2004 US$ 1.3 million Recommendations for management of industrial hazardous waste generated in Greater Cairo Construction of a sanitary landfill and a physicalchemical treatment process Establishing a pilot landfill at Aswan Building the regulatory framework to safely manage hazardous waste Developing an integrated plan for the Management of Municipal Solid Waste Preparation of SWM plans, support for privatization of waste management services, investment in fleet, transfer station and landfill Provision of Technical assistance and capacity building and establishing a citizens complaint center at the governorate Classifying industrial solid waste, formation of database for exchange and marketing waste between the industries. Waste strategies supported by 14 demonstration projects are being implemented in the four governorates Mr. Phill Jago seam@eis.com.eg Contact Person, Phone and E-Mail
Zabbaleen Environmental Development Programme (ZEDP) Pilot/Demonstration Project for Hospital Waste Management Solid Waste Management Project Establishing a SWM system Establishing a SWM system
Moqattam area, Cairo Cairo University Hospitals Kom Ombo/Daraw El-Ramad district, Beni165.000 LE Suef Qanater City Cairo, Qalubyia, Alexandria National National
Privatization of waste management (part of EEPP II) Establishing the National Strategy for Integrated Solid waste Management Landfill identification project
USAID
EU Landfill identification project Finland GTZ USAID KfW, GTZ Netherlands Hazardous waste management Establishing a pilot landfill Hazardous waste management Privatization of waste management services ISWM Mediterranean Urban Waste Management Project financed by the EC-SMAP 1 Integrated Industrial Solid Waste Management
Start: March 1999 Finish: Sep 2002
UNDP/ MEDCITIES
Alexandria
EU LIFE 3rd Countries
6th of October City Sohag, Qena, Damietta and Dakahleya Governorates
UK Dept. for Int. Dev.
SEAM II, with particular focus on waste management
18- Based on and including updates, Table 6: Solid Waste Management Donor/Lender Activity, Country Report: Egypt, METAP, page 21, 2004
50
51
Donor/Lender
Name of Project
Project Start/Finish Dates Start: 2001 Finish: 2003 Start: 2003 Finish: 2003 Start: 2002 Finish: 2004 Start: June 2002 Finish: June 2005
Project Location
Total budget and financial scheme 1.3 million USD
Project Objectives Building regulatory framework to safely manage hazardous waste and preparing 7 brochures on Hazardous Waste Management System Review and analysis of existing SWM laws and regulations Institutional, information, technical and financial needs for a sound and effective SWM system in ElMinya Governorate.
Contact Person, Phone and E-Mail
USAID USAID
Hazardous Waste Management Analysis of existing SWM laws and regulations
National Alexandria Governorate El-Minya Governorate
Government of the Italian Egyptian-Italian Environmental Cooperation Program, EIECP Republic National programme for the privatisation of solid waste management (NPPSWM) Solid Waste Management Project Regional Solid Waste Management Project financed by SMAP II National program for the privatization of waste management in Egypt ISWM for Al Fayoum and Etsa
GTZ
National
2.088 million Euro
Improving the conditions of private sector participation (PSP) in the communal SWM in the frame of the national program of solid waste management. SWM facilities and provision of waste disposal site. Strategic Framework for Enhancing Solid Waste Recycling in Egypt with Special Focus on Plastics Recycling; Development of SWM guidelines Improving the conditions of private sector participation in municipal waste management.
Finland EU, METAP, World Bank GTZ EC-LIFE 3rd countries DANIDA
Beni- Suef Start: 2002 Finish: 2005 Start: Jan. 2003 Finish: Jun. 2005 Start: Dec 2004 Finish: Dec 2006 Start: April 2005 Finish: 2007 National National Cities of Al Fayoum and Etsa Beni Suef and EL Fashn 299,900 Euro
Developing a safe and environmentally sound Integrated Waste Management System Support planning and implementation of new waste collection and source separation systems; proper service and maintenance procedures for collection trucks and other SWM equipment;
EMG Component, ESP, SWM Improvement Project. Demo project for the Abatement of GHG from Solid Waste landfills in Egypt. Feasibility Study for a Solid Waste Management Project
CIDA KfW
Cairo Start: 2005 Finish: 2007 Qena Governorate
USD 1.7 M 190.000 EUR
Methane Recovery from Landfills, Bioreactor (Digester) Landfill Cells Demonstration Project Enhancing private sector participation in the SWM sector on the level of governorates Survey of mercury wastes in general and fluorescent bulbs wastes containing mercury. Capacity building through local and international training of EEAAs staff working in the field of hazardous wastes. Establishing a unit for recycling fluorescent bulbs One of the program components is waste management system for South Sinai, closing 6 existing dumpsites and two landfills will be rebuild according to standards, and closed and two landfills will be rebuild according to standards Strengthening EEAAs institutional and policy capacities and adopting relevant EU best practices in Hazardous Substances and Waste Management System Evaluation of the existing PSP experience; analysis of the current policy and legal framework; evaluation of the current procedures and management capacity for PSP planning, transaction, structuring, tendering and implementation, monitoring and supervision;; recommendations for a strategic plan to enhance PSP efficiency Dr. Khaled Metwally Programme Director/Authorising Officer Khaled.Metwally@ eu-ssrdp.org Mr. Osama Abd Elsalam Tel: +202- 25266016 irts@eeaa.gov.eg Mr. Jaafar Sadok Friaa Tel: + 1202 473 7124 jsfriaa@worldbank. org
Korean International Cooperation Agency (KOICA)
Mercury Wastes Integrated Management
Start: 2007
National
3 million USD
EC
South Sinai Regional Development Programme (SSRDP)
Running
South Sinai
64 million Euro for the whole program
EU, GTZ
Standard Twinning Project FICHE Development of Integrated Hazardous Substances and Waste Management System
Start: Sep 2008 Finish: Aug 2010
National
1.6 million Euro
World Bank PPIAF
Private sector participation (PSP) strategy in the solid waste sector in Egypt
Start: 2010
National
200,000 USD
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SWEEP-Net The regional solid waste exchange of information and expertise network in Mashreq and Maghreb countries July 2010
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The regional solid waste exchange of information and expertise network in Mashreq and Maghreb countries

Syria Lebanon Palestinian territories Jordan

COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN

COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EGYPT

COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EGYPT

COUNTRY PROFILE ON THE SOLID WaSTE MaNaGEMENT SITUaTION in

Tunisia Morocco Algeria

Lebanon Syria Palestinian Territories Jordan Egypt

13% Plastics 4% Glass

10% Paper/Cardboard 2% Metal

w w w . s we e p - n e t.o rg c o n tac t : c o n tac t @ s we e p - n e t.o rg

COUNTRY PROFILE ON SOLID WaSTE MaNaGEMENT SITUaTION IN

Private Sector Involvement

For treatment and recycling

Policy and Planning

Hazardous Waste Management

Options for Improvement

Private Sector Participation

Finance and Cost Recovery arrangements

COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EGYPT

COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EGYPT

Management of Waste (Percent)

COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EGYPT

2.1. Environmental and Socio-Economic Overview

2.2. Waste Management Overview

47% Greater Cairo 5% Canal & Sinai & Red Sea

COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EGYPT

Table 2: Municipal Solid Waste Generated in Different Governorates

COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EGYPT

eration 2001-2025 gen

0 2025 2020 2015 2010 2005 2001 0

COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EGYPT

3. CURRENT SOLID WASTE MaNaGEMENT SITUaTION

COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EGYPT

3.2. Strategy, Action Plans and Priorities

COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EGYPT

COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EGYPT

3.3. Planning and Investments

COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EGYPT

-15 --60 52 6 8 6 10 3 3 3 10 3 4.5 4.5 2 6 7 6 10 7.5 --7.5 -234

13 5 30 19.5 16 16 10 13 10 10 10 4 5 6 6 7 7 3 3.5 3 2.5 2.5 2 5 4 3 2 218

40 -10 10 ---------------5 5 -----70

30 -30 30 30 30 30 40 30 30 -15 30 30 30 30 30 15 15 30 --30 15 30 30 10 655

COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EGYPT

3.4. Finance and Cost Recovery

3.5. Private Sector Participation

COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EGYPT

3.6. Public Awareness and Community Participation

COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EGYPT

3.7. Capacity Building and Training Requirements

COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EGYPT

COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EGYPT

4. INDUSTRIaL aND HaZaRDOUS WaSTE MaNaGEMENT

COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EGYPT

COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EGYPT

COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EGYPT

5. MEDICaL WaSTE MaNaGEMENT

COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EGYPT

6. OPTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT aND DEVELOPMENT

Strategy and Planning

Private Sector Participation