Course Information

EE2323:Microprocessors & Computer Architecture

Spring 2012

Instructor Email Classes Text

Muhammad Tahir Awan

mtahir@jinnah.edu.pk , mtahir.awan@yahoo.com
Two Lectures of 1h:20m duration / Week The 8088 and 8086 Microprocessors: Programming, Interfacing, Software, Hardware and Applications by Walter A. Triebel and Avtar Singh, Prentice Hall, 4th

Introduction
Lecture 1 February 07, 2012

Edition, 2003

Softwares Emu8086 Simulator ( www.emu8086.com )

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Text Book
The 8088 and 8086 Microprocessors: Programming, Interfacing, Software, Hardware and Applications by Walter A. Triebel and Avtar Singh, Prentice Hall, 4th Edition, 2003

Reference Books
Reference Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for Performance by William Stallings, Prentice Hall, 7th Edition The Intel Microprocessors 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium 4: Architecture, Programming and Interfacing by Barry B. Brey, Prentice Hall, 6th Edition, 2003 Readings Class Handouts

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Prereqs
EE2313 : Digital Logic Design

Course Group & Folder

Course Yahoo Group http://groups.yahoo.com/group/maju_ee2323/ Course Folder \\dataserver\jinnah$\M Tahir\EE2323

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What this Course is about ?

This course is about

Course Outlines
Introduction to Computer Architecture Computer Organization & Architecture Number Systems Review 8086 & 8088 Microprocessors Software Architecture 8086/8088 internal Micro-architecture Programming Model of 8086/8088 Microprocessors Segment Registers , Data Registers & Status Register Memory Address Space & Stack Assembly & Machine Language Programming High Level vs. Low Level Programming Paradigm 8086/8088 Addressing Modes
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Study of computer architecture and its internal attributes Interfacing I/O devices with microprocessors Assembly & Machine Languages and programming Hardware memory organization & data storage Study of Serial & Parallel Communication Interfaces
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Course Outlines
8086/8088 Assembly Instruction Set Data Transfer Instructions Arithmetic , Logical & Shift Instructions Control Flow & Jump Instructions Subroutines & Call Instruction Loop & String Handling Instructions 8088/8086 I/O Interfaces and DMA Evolution of Intel Processors 8086/8088 Control Signals & Bus Cycles Memory organization & Memory Device Interfaces Direct Memory Access (DMA)

Course Outlines
Memory Organization and Cache hierarchy Principal of Locality Elements of Cache Design Cache Types & Levels Pipelining Pipelining Overview Pipeline Stages & Operation Performance improvement with pipelining Timers & Peripheral Interfaces Serial Communication Interface Parallel Communication Interface Timer / Counters Interrupts
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Course Grading
Quizzes Grand Quiz Assignments Midterm Exam Final Exam 20% 10% 10% 20% 40%

Assignments
Written Assignments Assignments will be done individually You are allowed to discuss problems with each other/ instructor Late Submission of Assignments is not allowed Copying/Cheating in any form will be penalized

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Quizzes
Quizzes
Quizzes will be announced There will be no make-up quizzes

Exams
Mid-Term (Tentative Date : April 2 - 7) Final Exam (Tentative Date : June 06-16) All the Exams will be close-book / close-notes

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Computer Architecture over the Years

First generation (1939-1954) Vacuum tube Second generation (1954-1959) Transistor Third generation (1959-1971) Integrated Circuits (IC) Fourth generation (1971-present) Microprocessors

First Generation Computers (1939-54)

Vacuum Tube based computers were enormous in size, slow in speed, consumed high power and generated lot of heat Programming was done in Machine language .i.e. 0s & 1s Example : BIG BRAIN ENIAC 1,800 sq. Feet area 30 ton Weight 17000 Vacuum tubes Power Consumed: 200 Kwatts Speed : 100,000 ops / sec

BIG BRAIN (ENIAC)

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Second Generation Computers (1954-59)

Second generation computers were based on transistors These computers were smaller, faster, cheaper and more energy efficient Programming Environment was Machine language & Assembly Language Size of computers, and heating was large by today standards Example : Manchester SSEM

Third Generation Computer (1959-71)

Third generation computers were based on Integrated circuits ( ICs ) ICs further reduced size of Computers Multiple ICs were integrated on single PCB to form a computer Third generation computers had keyboards, displays, operating systems Example : DEC PDP-8 DEC PDP-8 was the least expensive general purpose small computer in 1960s

Manchester University SSEM Experimental Transistor Computer

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DEC PDP-8, Digital Equipment Corporation

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Forth Generation Computer (1971Present)

Thousands of ICs were integrated onto a single chip to fabricate microprocessors Microprocessors started 4th generation of computers Forth generation of computers also saw era of Graphical interface, multiple high level programming languages, computer networks Example : Intel 4004 In 1971 Intel developed 4-bit microprocessor 4004 Latest in series are Intel Core 2 Duo, Core i5 , Core i7
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ROM/RAM buffer

Applications of Computers
Reset

Timing

The computers we are used to

Desktops
Servers,

Control logic Program Instruction counter decoder Reg. Refresh logic System bus

ALU I/O

Laptops Embedded processors

Cars Mobile phones DVD Players Digital Cameras

Intel 4004 (4-bit P)

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Supercomputer
Supercomputer are fastest computing machines , composed of many massively parallel processors (nodes) Supercomputers consume lot of power and are highly expensive K Computer, Fujitsu, Japan Speed = 10 peta FLOPS Tianhe-1 (Sky River), China Speed = 2.566 peta FLOPS, Cray Jaguar, USA Speed = 1.75 peta FLOPS For reference Intel Core i7 (109 Giga FLOPS)

Limitations of Todays Computers

Conventional computers are not intelligent at making decisions with changing conditions/environment Making computers as intelligent as we human are , is hot area of research e.g. Robots NASA Mars Rovers MIT Media Lab
Sixth Sense Technology (2009)

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Future of Computers
Future computing directions : Parallel Processing/Computers
Multi-cores (Dual Core) Multi processors ( GPUs )

Future Computers at a Glance

DNA Computers
Based on DNA /Bio chemistry

Quantum Computers
Based on quantum physics mechanics Gates will move to the atomic/molecule level Bit in quantum mechanics is a qubit

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Computer
Computer is a machine that performs computations according to instructions A computer is a programmable machine designed to carry out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations Computer instructions are in the form of software programs Processing inside computer is done by Microprocessor/CPU

Microprocessor (P)
Microprocessor or Central Processing Unit (CPU) is fabricated on a single integrated circuit containing millions, of transistors, that work together to store and manipulate data Microprocessors serve as "brains" inside Computer, that interacts with other devices to perform useful tasks Microprocessor takes input data, processes data according to instructions and gives output

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Microprocessor based System

There are three main components of microprocessor based system or computer Central Processing Unit (CPU) Memory Unit I/O Devices Microprocessor Buses A bus is a communication pathway connecting two or more devices Data Bus Address Bus Control Bus
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Microprocessor based System

A Microprocessor-based systems consists of central processing
unit (CPU), memories, I/O Devices and other peripherals.
CPU takes input from I/O devices such as keyboards CPU processes data in internal registers CPU sends output to I/O devices such as monitors, speakers Microprocessor (CPU) stores data and code in Memory
Address Bus

Memory
Control Bus

CPU (P)

Data Bus

I/O Devices

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