2.

6 HORMONAL COORDINATION
Involves the endocrine system which is made up of endocrine glands and hormones HORMONES chemical substance (made up of proteins @ steroids) that is manufactured and secreted by an endocrine gland secreted in small quantities directly into bloodstream carried to the target cells or organs to produce specific responses roles play: increase/ decrease rate of body process. Examples : blood glucose level-pancreas (insulin)

ENDOCRINE GLANDS ductless glands secrete hormones directly into bloodstream endocrine glands in both male and female are same except for testis and ovary. main endocrine glands in the body are:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland Adrenal Gland Pancreas Ovary Testis

NATURE AND FUNCTION OF HORMONES

Hormones are secreted from their source directly into the blood. Blood carries the hormone to the target cells which respond to it. Hormones regulate the physiological processes. They are produced in very small quantities and are biologically very active. For example, adrenaline is active even at a concentration of 1 in 300 million parts. Their excess and deficiency, both, cause serious disorders. Chemically, the hormones may be water-soluble proteins (peptides), The extra hormones are not stored in the body and are excreted out.

ENDOCRINE GLAND

HORMONES AND ACTION

ABNORMALITIES PRODUCED 1. Undersecretion in childhood lead to Dwarfism

Pituitary Gland - (Growth The 'MASTER GLAND' that hormone) promotes growth of whole body, control over all the glands of the endocrine system.

2. Oversecretion in childhood causes gigantism and in adult, acromegaly.

Thyroid Gland - (Thyroxine)

Undersecretion Hormone thyroxine produced by the thyroid gland has the following functions: 1. Controls metabolic rate 2. Controls skeletal growth 3. Controls mental development 1. Cretinism. Poor body growth (dwarfism) and mental retardation 2. Myxoedema. condition where the metabolic rate decrease . Swelling of the face and hands. General sluggishness. Oversecretion Result in Goitre. This condition causes marked increase in the metabolic rate, faster heartbeat, shortness of breath and the eyes protrude out together with goitre in the neck.

Adrenal Gland - (Adrenaline)

- Secreted respond to stress (anger, fear) . - The adrenal gland secreted adrenaline which, 1. increases heart beat accompanied by an increase in the blood pressure.

Undersecretion - Decreased ability to overcome stress. - Muscle become weak

2. increases blood supply to the muscles while decreasing blood supply to the visceral organs. 3. releases more glucose into the blood from the liver. Pancreas - (Insulin) Pancreas is an endocrine as well as an exocrine gland. It has special groups of cells called Islets of Langerhans, which consists of three kinds of cells alpha cells producing glucagon, beta cells producing insulin and gamma cells producing somatostatin. Pancreas produces two important hormones 1. Insulin - insulin decreases blood glucose concentration by stimulating the conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver. 2. Glucagon - glucagon increases blood glucose concentration by stimulating the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver. Insulin and glucagon work together to maintain a steady level of glucose in the blood. This isimportant to produce and maintain stores of energy. Ovary (Oestrogen & Progesterone)

Oversecretion 1. the level of glucose and salt in the blood is high 2. high blood pressure

Non-secretion or under secretion of insulin - diabetes mellitus. - (hyperglycemia, meaning more than normal sugar in blood) A diabetic person, 1. has higher glucose in blood; 2. excretes a great deal of urine loaded with sugar; 3. feels thirsty because of loss of water through too much urination; 4. loses weight and becomes weak. In some cases, the patient even loses the eyesight. Oversecretion of insulin - causes hypoglycemia or low blood sugar. The brain may enter a state of coma if the level of sugar in blood becomes too low.

- Ovary are located in the female reproductive system - Ovaries produce two groups of female sex hormones. 1. Oestrogen 2. Progesterone

Undersecretion -

Oversecretion - Oestrogen is involved in the development of secondary sexual characteristics in female such as: 1. The development of breasts 2. The accumulation of body fat around the hips and thighs. Maturation of reproductive organs such as the uterus and vagina. - Progesterone prepare the uterus lining for pregnancy Testis (Testosterone ) Undersecretion The testosterone stimulates the development of the male characters during which the body at puberty starts developing facial hair, and their voice cracks and deepens(secondary sexual characteristic).

Oversecretion

COORDINATION BETWEEN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

The two types of coordination work together at certain times. The human digestive system is a good example. When food is served, the mouth will start to salivate and this response is coordinated by the nervous system. Gastrin a type of hormone is secreted when the halfdigested food goes into the stomach. Gastrin causes the stomach wall to produce hydrochloric acid and other enzymes to carry out further digestion.