Introduction:What is (Artificial) Intelligence?

The science of Artificial Intelligence (AI) might be defined as the construction of intelligent systems and their analysis. A natural definition of systems is anything that has an input and an output stream. Intelligence is more complicated. It can have many faces like creativity, solving problems, pattern recognition, classification, learning, induction, deduction, building analogies, optimization, surviving in an environment, language processing, knowledge and many more. A formal definition incorporating every aspect of intelligence, however, seems difficult. Further, intelligence is graded, there is a smooth transition between systems, which everyone would agree to be not intelligent and truly intelligent systems. One simply has to look in nature, starting with, for instance, inanimate crystals, then come amino-acids, then some RNA fragments, then viruses, bacteria, plants, animals, apes, followed by the truly intelligent homo sapiens, and possibly continued by AI systems or ET's. So the best we can expect to find is a

partial or total order relation on the set of systems, which orders them w.r.t. their degree of intelligence (like intelligence tests do for human systems, but for a limited class of problems). Having this order we are, of course, interested in large elements, i.e. highly intelligent systems. If a largest element exists, it would correspond to the most intelligent system that could existdeling and forecasting of hydrolo The Operations Research (OR) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods used in traffic engineering, specifically road traffic control, are surveyed relative to their applicability to existing traffic issues. Mathematical models pose computational difficulty on hardware when applied to reallife situations whereas pure quantitative optimization models and qualitative reasoning of AI methods entail human intelligence. The feasibility of combining OR and AI systems is suggested for optimal solutions to actual and major traffic problems 1)Data Integrity:-relatively error free transmission

2)Speed:-as close as possible to the speed of current wired networks 3) Protection:-making sure that the data now airborne is encoded and cannot be tapped by 4) Compatibility:-ensuring that the many protocols that sure to be created subscribe. To what extent can we ever expect to be able to create a machine which is `truly' intelligent? In trying to answer this question we have taken quite a long digression;
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To describe what is known about the way the brain is constructed and operates, To explore one of the most promising new approaches to machine intelligence - computers modeled after the brain or neural networks.

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Definition of intelligence:Is it that they are, for example, very good at mathematics or translating foreign languages? These people are certainly good at understanding and manipulating abstract concepts.

But what about poets, novelists and musicians? They are clearly intelligent because they are creative. Indeed, intelligence is visible in almost every form of human activity - ability to adapt, learn new skills, form complex relationships and societies. Much of this appears to be unique to humans (at least on Earth) and differentiates us from all other species. We might say that all of these aspects of our lives and behavior can be attributed to the fact that we are conscious. Alan Turing, who in 1950 invented a test. The test is quite simple. You enter a room and encounter two terminals: one terminal connects with a computer and the other interfaces with a person who types responses. The goal of the test is for you to determine which terminal is connected with the computer. You are allowed to ask questions, make assertions, question feelings and motivations for as long as you wish. If you fail to determine which terminal is communicating with the computer or guess that the computer is the human, the computer has passed the test and can be said to be `conscious'.

Definition of Artificial intelligence:It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence, but AI does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable.

Isn't AI about simulating human intelligence? Sometimes but not always or even usually. On the one hand, we can learn something about how to make machines solve problems by observing other people or just by observing our own methods. On the other hand, most work in AI involves studying the problems the world presents to intelligence rather than studying people or animals. AI researchers are free to use methods that are not observed in people or that involve much more computing than people can do Benefits of artificial intelligence:1) Powersupply:-:

Industrial Gas turbines are used extensively in the power generation industry. The power plants using this technology can be built relatively cheaply and quickly, and when all goes well they can run continuously for long periods of time with very little attention from operators. In the increasingly competitive energy generation market, profit margins are very tight and "down time" on the turbines can be very costly. In addition many sites use the minimum of manning levels. The major trend is to run the turbines unattended with only remote support. In order to make a good profit margin for power generation companies, it is essential that the turbine has a high availability, minimum unexpected maintenance costs and can be run by someone with relatively little training. 2)Robotics:A robot ploughs into a wall, it promptly stops, reverses and turns 90 degrees and zooms off, hitting the next wall a few seconds later. Another robot zooms towards the wall, but before hitting it, turns away. Another robot is "told" to pick up the object, the robot goes towards the cube in the

centre of the room and lifts it up. Yet another robot is told to pick up the red object. The robot proceeds into the room with a red, blue and green cube. The robot navigates around the green and blue cubes and picks up the red one. At what stage did the robot turn from a mechanical device to a artificially intelligent robot? The answer is of course subjective. The authors (JM) opinion is that from the second instance onward, the robots exhibit a form of intelligence. In the first case, the robot hits the wall, and 'realises' this (probably through a microphone mounted at the front of the machine) then reverses its motor and turns away. Yet from the second case onwards, the robot must determine its distance from the wall, and must turn to avoid collision. From the third instance, shape-detection is necessary. The robot must carry a camera, or similar optical device, and it must be able to detect edges and shapes. The fourth case includes colour recognition on top of this.

3) Computer games:This kind of intelligence is necessary in computer games when players are competing against or along side, other characters which are played by the computer. Most people enjoy playing against other people rather than a machine because other people can provide variable, random and sometimes unpredictable responses and behaviors, where as simply programmed machines will always respond the same way, in predictable ways that mean a player only has to remember the few basic responses possible, and respond to them in order to complete the level. 4) Home appliances:Individuals who are elderly or disabled benefit the most from a home automation system that employs artificial intelligence. These systems offer those who are less mobile, or in delicate health, the opportunity to be independent, rather than staying in an assisted living facility.

Interactions of components in artificial intelligence:-

Student Model The student model stores information that is specific to each individual learner. At a minimum, such a model tracks how well a student is performing on the material being taught. A possible addition to this is to also record misconceptions. Since the purpose of the student model is to provide data for the pedagogical module of the system, all of the information gathered should be able to be used by the tutor. Pedagogical Module

This component provides a model of the teaching process. For example, information about when to review, when to present a new topic, and which topic to present is controlled by the pedagogical module. As mentioned earlier, the student model is used as input to this component, so the pedagogical decisions reflect the differing needs of each student. Domain Knowledge This component contains information the tutor is teaching, and is the most important since without it, there would be nothing to teach the student. Generally, it requires significant knowledge engineering to represent a domain so that other parts of the tutor can access it. One related research issue is how to represent knowledge so that it easily scales up to larger domains. Another open question is how to represent domain knowledge other than facts and procedures, such as concepts and mental models. Communications Module

Interactions with the learner, including the dialogue and the screen layouts, are controlled by this component. How should the material be presented to the student in the most effective way? This component has not been researched as much as the others, but there has been some promising work in this area. Expert Model The expert model is similar to the domain knowledge in that it must contain the information being taught to the learner. However, it is more than just a representation of the data; it is a model of how someone skilled in a particular domain represents the knowledge. Most commonly, this takes the form of a runnable expert model, i.e. one that is capable of solving problems in the domain . By using an expert model, the tutor can compare the learner's solution to the expert's solution, pinpointing the places where the learner had difficulties. Advantages of artificial intelligence:1) Telecasting:-

Have you ever noticed that when you watch a football game on TV it is literally better than being there? I mean, you can see every play perfectly on the largescreen flatpanel display. It may not be as exciting and your seats at home may not be as sticky, but the view is great in highdefinition, surround a sound and full-color. Additionally you can watch the instant replays Now consider the advantages of sending robotic artificial intelligence androids and rovers to do our planetary exploration and send us back full video feed. We can then take these videos and put them up onto IMAX or holographically display them in your living room via the latest technologies of Xbox IV. Just like being there The branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans. The term was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Artificial intelligence includes 2) Games Playing: programming computers to play games such as chess and checkers

3) Expert Systems: programming computers to make decisions in real-life situations (for example, some expert systems help doctors diagnose diseases based on symptoms) 4) Natural Language: programming computers to understand natural human languages 5) Neural Networks: Systems that simulate intelligence by attempting to reproduce the types of physical connections that occur in animal brains 6) Robotics: programming computers to see and hear and react to other sensory stimuli Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence If robots start replacing human resources in every field, we will have to deal with serious issues like unemployment in turn leading to mental depression, poverty and crime in the society. Human beings deprived of their work life may not find any means to channelize their energies and harness their expertise. Human beings will be left with empty time.

Secondly, replacing human beings with robots in every field may not be a right decision to make. There are many jobs that require the human touch. Intelligent machines will surely not be able to substitute for the caring behavior of hospital nurses or the promising voice of a doctor. Intelligent machines may not be the right choice for customer service. One of the major disadvantages of intelligent machines is that they cannot be human. We might be able to make them think. But will we be able to make them feel? Intelligent machines will definitely be able to work for long hours. But will they do it with dedication? Will they work with devotion? How will intelligent machines work wholeheartedly when they dont have a heart? Apart from these concerns, there are chances that intelligent machines overpower human beings. Machines may enslave human beings and start ruling the world. Imagine artificial intelligence taking over human intellect! The picture is definitely not rosy.

Some thinkers consider it ethically wrong to create artificial intelligent machines. According to them, intelligence is Gods gift to mankind. It is not correct to even try to recreate intelligence. It is against ethics to create replicas of human beings. Dont you also think so? What will the economy of the future look like? What realities will our children face when it is their turn to enter the job market? This groundbreaking book by a Silicon Valley computer engineer and entrepreneur explores these questions and shows how accelerating technology is likely to have a highly disruptive influence on our economy in the near future? and may, in fact, already be a significant factor in the current global crisis. Conclusion:Finite state machines are a simple and effective artificial intelligence. finite state machines are a simple and effective artificial intelligence technique for controlling a system and providing appearance of intelligence .we learned that the perceived appearance of intelligence is more important than

actual intelligence and that finite state machines are able to provide this perception this was proved through practical analysis of a computer games which is a very unforgiving do main when it comes to quality of both product and game playing experience.