1.

0 Introduction
Open Source - refers to any program whose source code is made available for use or modification as users or other developers see fit. Open source software - is usually developed as a public collaboration and made freely available. Open Source is a certification mark owned by the Open Source Initiative (OSI). Developers of software that is intended to be freely shared and possibly improved and redistributed by others can use the Open Source trademark if their distribution terms conform to the OSI's Open Source Definition. Open source software (OSS) - refers to software that is developed, tested, or improved through public collaboration and distributed with the idea that the must be shared with others, ensuring an open future collaboration. Hardware - is the physical aspect of computer, telecommunications, and other device. Software - is a collection of computer programs and related data that provide the instructions for telling a computer what to do and how to do it. In other words, software is a conceptual entity which is a set of computer programs, procedures, and associated documentation concerned with the operation of a data processing system. We can also say software refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of the computer for some purposes. In other words software is a set of programs, procedures, algorithms and its documentation .

2.0 LATEST OPEN SOURCE OPERATING SYSTEM

2.1 An operating system is a set of programs containing instructions that coordinate all the activities among computer hardware resources. Most operating system perform similar function that includes starting a computer, provide a user interface, managing program, managing memory and configuring devices. Some operating system also allows user to control a network and administer security. Open Source Operating System is any operating system that is free to use and which provides the original code where the source code is available (under a copyright license) to the public, which enables them to use, modify / enhance the operating system, and redistribute the modified (or unmodified) form of the operating system. The advance user can modify the code of the operating system to make it works better for them in starting the computer or a likely user interface.

2.2 Examples of open source OS

1) ANDROID A software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications. Google Inc.purchased the initial developer of the software, Android Inc., in 2005. Android's mobile operating system is based on the Linux kernel. Google and other members of the Open Handset Alliance collaborated on Android's development and release. The Android Open Source Project (AOSP) is tasked with the maintenance and further development of Android. The Android operating system is currently the world's bestselling Smartphone platform.

Android has a large community of developers writing applications ("apps") that extend the functionality of the devices. There are currently over 200,000 apps available for Android. Android Market is the online app store run by Google, though apps can also be downloaded from third-party sites. Developers write primarily in the Java language, controlling the device via Google-developed Java libraries. The unveiling of the Android distribution on 5 November 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 80 hardware, software, and telecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices. Google released most of the Android code under the Apache License, a free software and open source license. The Android open-source software stack consists of Java applications running on a Javabased, object-oriented application framework on top of Java core libraries running on

a Dalvik virtual machine featuring JIT compilation. Libraries written in C include the surface manager, OpenCore media framework, SQLite relational database management system, OpenGL ES 2.0 3D graphics API, WebKit layout engine, SGL graphics engine, SSL, and Bionic libc.

2) OpenBSD OpenBSD is a Unix-like computer operating system descended from Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), a Unix derivative developed at the University of California, Berkeley. It was forked from NetBSD by project leader Theo de Raadt in late 1995. The project is widely known for the developers' insistence on open source code and quality documentation, uncompromising position on software licensing, and focus on security and code correctness. The project is coordinated from de Raadt's home in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Its logo and mascot is a pufferfish named Puffy. OpenBSD includes a number of security features absent or optional in other operating systems, and has a tradition in which developersaudit the source code for software bugs and security problems. The project maintains strict policies on licensing and prefers the opensource BSD licence and its variantsin the past this has led to a comprehensive license audit and moves to remove or replace code under licences found less acceptable. As with most other BSD-based operating systems, the OpenBSD kernel and userland programs, such as the shell and common tools like cat and ps, are developed together in one source code repository. Third-party software is available as binary packages or may be built from source using the ports tree. The OpenBSD project maintains ports for 17 different hardware platforms, including the DEC Alpha, Intel i386, Hewlett-Packard PA-RISC,AMD AMD64 and Motorola 68000 processors, Apple's PowerPC machines, Sun SPARC and SPARC64-based computers, the VAX and the Sharp Zaurus.

3.0 The Latest Application Open Source Application Software

3.1 Open source application software is computer software that is available in source code form for which the source code and certain other rights normally reserved for copyright holders are provided under a software license that permits users to study, change, and improve the software. Open source licenses often meet the requirements of the Open Source Definition. Some open source application software is available within the public domain. Open source application software is very often developed in a public, collaborative manner. Open source application software is the most prominent example of open source development and often compared to user-generated content or open content movements. The term open source application software originated as part of a marketing campaign for free application software. 3.2 Examples of Open Source Application Software 1) AbiWORD AbiWORD is a free and open source software word processor. It was originally started by SourceGear Corporation as the first part of a proposed AbiSuite. Development stopped when SourceGear changed their focus to Internet appliances. AbiWord was adopted by some open source developers and AbiWord continued to be developed. The name "AbiWord" (pronounced ab-be, like the name, "Abby" + wrd) is derived from the root of the Spanish word "abierto", meaning "open". It runs on Linux, Microsoft Windows, ReactOS, Solaris,AmigaOS 4.0 (through its Cygnix X11 engine), and other operating systems. However, the Mac OS X port has remained on version 2.4 since 2005, although the current version does run non-natively on Mac OS X through X11.app. AbiWord is part of GNOME Office, a collection of office applications with some degree of integration.

2) BANSHEE MEDIA PLAYER BANSHEE MEDIA PLAYER is an open-source media player, called Sonance until 2005. Built upon Mono and Gtk#, it uses the GStreamer multimedia platform for encoding and decoding various media formats, including Ogg Vorbis, MP3 and FLAC. Banshee can play and import audioCDs and supports many portable media players, including Apple's iPod, Android devices and Creative's ZEN players. Other features include Last.fm integration, album artwork fetching, smart playlists and podcast support. Banshee is released under the terms of the MIT License. Stable versions are available for many Linux distributions, as well as a beta preview for Mac OS X and an alpha preview for Windows.

4.0 The Latest Development in ICT

4.1 Hardware (Lexmark X8350 and Lexmark X9575 Professional) Lexmark X8350 is a printer that can prints up to 19 ppm colour and up to 25 ppm black. This printer also can print, copy, scan, fax, reduce and enlarge photos and documents. The exclusive Lexmark Photo Editor Software enhances photos. Beside that, this printer also can fax with 89 speed dials and 10 groups with 30 numbers per group, 5 quick dial buttons, Caller ID and distinctive ring detection. Users also can adjust ringer volume, call waiting disable capability, automatic redial, confirmation, error and activity reports, broadcast transmission and delayed transmission, junk fax block, auto Answer Button and scan before dial. Fax forwarding & print, BVRP Host Fax Solution, Print-to-Fax via Lexmark N4000e or N4050e print server with send only. The printer can support Compact Flash Type I & II, Memory Stick, Memory Stick Pro, Memory Stick Duo with adapter, Microdrive, Multi Media, Secure Digital, Mini Secure Digital (Mini SD), SmartMedia and XD cards. Lexmark X9575 Professional let users gain freedom and flexibility with built-in 802.11g wireless technology. Compatible with Wi-Fi certified IEEE 802.11g/b/n. High quality printing from virtually anywhere over a secure wireless network. Share the Lexmark X9575 among multiple computers. In addition, users can fax up to 50-pages capacity Auto Document Feeder (ADF) for multiple page faxing and copying. Standalone black and color faxing with 33.6 Kbps modem speed 99speed dials, automatic redial, supports caller ID and up to 100-page fax memory. User also can view and edit photos as large as 2.4" (6 cm) color display, print directly from digital memory card, PictBridge compatible digital cameras or USB Flash drive and fast borderless photos on popular photo sizes. Lexmark Productivity Studio Software makes it easy to crop, rotate, resize photos and apply photo effects, plus 1-touch color fix and red eye reduction. This printer can also scan flatbed scanner with 48-bit color depth; 16-bit grayscale. The resolution is up to 1200 x 4800 dpi optical resolution. It also have function that can copy with 1-touch PC-free copying (color or black) 1 to 99 copies at a time. This printer also allows users to print fast. It is up to 33 ppm black

and 28 ppm color printing. It also can print Microsoft Office documents and PDFs directly from USB Flash drives.

4.2 Software (Adobe Photoshop CS3 and CS4) Adobe Photoshop CS3 is marketed with three main components of improvement over previous versions. Adobe Creative Suite 3 (CS3) was announced on March 27, 2007. It introduced universal binaries for all major programs for the Apple Macintosh. It work more productively, edit with unrivalled power, and composite with breakthrough tools. New features propagating productivity include streamlined interface, improved Camera Raw, better control over print options, enhanced PDF support, and better management with Adobe Bridge. Editing tools new to CS3 are the Clone Source palette and nondestructive Smart Filters, and other features such as the Brightness/Contrast adjustment and Vanishing Point module were enhanced. The Black and White adjustment option improves users control over manual grayscale conversions with a dialog box similar to that of Channel Mixer. Compositing is assisted with Photoshop's new Quick Selection and Refine Edge tools and improved Image Stitching Technology. CS3 Extended contains all features of CS3 plus tools for editing and importing some 3D graphics file formats, enhancing video, and comprehensive image analysis tools, utilizing MATLAB integration and DICOM file support. Adobe Photoshop CS4 was announced on September 23, 2008 as the successor to Adobe Creative Suite 3. It was officially released on October 15, 2008. CS4 features additions such as the ability to paint directly on 3D models, wrap 2D images around 3D shapes, convert gradient maps to 3D objects, add depth to layers and text, get print-quality output with the new ray-tracing rendering engine, and enjoy exporting to supported common 3D formats, the new Adjustment and Mask Panels, content-aware scaling, and Fluid Canvas Rotation and File display options. On 30 April, Adobe released Photoshop CS4 Extended, which includes all the same features of Adobe Photoshop CS4 with the addition of capabilities for scientific imaging, 3D,

and high end film and video users. The successor to Photoshop CS3, Photoshop CS4, is the first 64-bit Photoshop on consumer computers.

5.0 Pervasive Computing

5.1 Meaning The idea that technology is moving beyond the personal computer to everyday devices with embedded technology and connectivity as computing devices become progressively smaller and more powerful. Also called ubiquitous computing, pervasive computing is the result of computer technology advancing at exponential speeds - a trend toward all man-made and some natural products having hardware and software. Pervasive computing goes beyond the realm of personal computers. It is the idea that almost any device, from clothing to tools to appliances to cars to homes to the human body to your coffee mug, can be imbedded with chips to connect the device to an infinite network of other devices. The goal of pervasive computing, which combines current network technologies with wireless computing, voice recognition, Internet capability and artificial intelligence, is to create an environment where the connectivity of devices is embedded in such a way that the connectivity is unobtrusive and always available. 5.2 Examples (Smartphone) A smartphone is a mobile phone offering advanced capabilities, often with PClike functionality. There is no industry standard definition of a smartphone. For some, a smartphone is a phone that runs complete operating system software providing a standardized interface and platform for application developers. For others, a smartphone is simply a phone with advanced features like e-mail, Internet and e-book reader capabilities, and/or a built-in full keyboard or external USB keyboard and VGA connector. In other words, it is a miniature computer that has phone capability. Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) A personal digital assistant (PDA) is a handheld computer, also known as a palmtop computer. Newer PDAs also have both color screens and audio capabilities, enabling them to be used as mobile phones, web browsers, or portable media players. Many PDAs can access the Internet via Wi-Fi, or Wireless Wide-Area Networks (WWANs). Many PDAs employ touch screen technology.

6.0 Conclusion
Open Source can be used by anyone and because it has no copyright claims, so users are free to use, change, and improve the software, and to redistribute it in modified or unmodified forms. Pervasive Computing is to make our lives easier because we can interact with computers. Besides that, we can easily give the computer commands and the computer will grant your wish.

7.0 Reference
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080719211451AA9NFvs http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-computer_interaction http://www.indiana.edu/~ovpit/presentations/ipcres/tsld005.htm http://downloadpedia.org/Open_Source_Operating_Systems http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source_software http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/software.html http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/H/hardware.html http://www.ictregulationtoolkit.org/en/PracticeNote.aspx?id=3182 http://etbe.coker.com.au/2007/11/26/pentium-3-vs-pentium-4/ http://www.articlealley.com/article_673694_11.html

The Latest Open Source Software Available and the Latest Development in ICT .

By : Nurdeana Amyra bt Mohd Nakri Class : 4 SCIENCE 2 / 4 IT

"Love is the thing that enables a woman to sing while she mops up the floor after her husband has walked across it in his barn boots." "Some pray to marry the man they love, my prayer will somewhat vary: I humbly pray to heaven above that I love the man I marry." "When a man of forty falls in love with a of twenty, it isn't her youth he is seeking but his own." "Love, I find, is like singing. Everybody can do enough to satisfy themselves, though it may not impress the neighbors as being very much." "I recently read that love is entirely a matter of chemistry. That must be why my wife treats me like toxic waste." "Of course I don't always enjoy being a mother. At those times my husband and I hole up somewhere in the wine country, eat, drink, make mad love and pretend we were born sterile and raise poodles"

"John Lennon said All you need is love, John obviously never met my bank manager. " "It's not as great a day for the bride as she thinks. She's not marrying the best man." "Many a young lady does not realize just how strong her love for a young man is until he fails to pass the approval test with her parents."