K thut truyn dn tn hiu 4.1.

M t chung
Mt h thng truyn dn FM (PM) -c s dng truyn cc tn hiu cho thng tin di ng v 3 l do sau: 1. Bin sng mang (mc -ng bao u ra) khng i, nn c th s dng b khuch i cng sut phi tuyn (loi C) vi hiu sut cng sut tt. 2. 3. C th r ng s dng mt b hn ch gim nh Khi t s sng mang/tp m (CNR) ln hn 9 dB, li bng h-ngca fading su v nhanh. rng ci thin cc c tnh tp m sau di iu ch. Mt h thng thng tin di ng no , chng hn nh- h thng in thoi trn t khng ch truyn dn tn hiu thoi m cn phi truyn dn c s liu iu khin knh v tuyn.

4.2. H thng iu ch s
Khi nim t ong cho php ti s dng ng knh mt cao thuc mt vng a l cho h thng thng tin v cho php s dng hiu qu ph tn. V th, cu hnh mng t ong -c chn cho nhiu d n h thng thng tin di ng tin tin. Cng ngh s h tr rt ln cho vic t -c khng ch truyn dn s liu tc cao, m cn iu khin h thng bc cao v linh hot cao. S khc bit in hnh nht gia h thng t-ng t thng th-ng v h thng s l ph-ng php thm nhp v tuyn v truyn dn thoai. Trong h thng s, tn hiu thoi -c bin i thnh tn hiu s. Trong cc mng in thoi chuyn mch s cng cng, tn hiu thoi -c bin i thnh tn hiu iu xung m (PCM) 64 kbit/s. Truyn dn tn hiu thoi 64 kbit/s PCM yu cu rng bng ln hn nhiu so vi truyn dn t-ng t, kt qu l hiu qu s dng tn s km hn. gii quyt vn ny, c nhiu c gng ln nhm gim tc bit xung thp hn. Mi y, k thut m ho tn hiu thoi vi tc bit vo khong 10 kbit/s -c thc hin trong khi vn m bo ting thoi c th chp nhn -c. Bng vic s dng ph-ng php iu ch hiu sut rng bng nh-

QPSK, truyn dn tn hiu thoi dng s c th t -c hiu sut tn s cao hn h thng t-ng t, khi s dng ph-ng php m ho ting tc thp. Ph-ng php TDMA (a truy nhp phn theo thi gian) -c s dng nhiu hn l ph-ng php FDMA cho h thng t ong s, -u im khng ch l nhiu ng-i s dng (chng hn 3-8 ng-i) c th dng chung mt cp thu pht v tuyn. Cu trc TDMA cn mang li nhiu -u im khc. T cc trm gc ca cc ln cn bng cc s dng cm TDMA ca chng trong qu trnh thu/pht. S dng thng tin nh- vy cc u cui di ng c th xc nh v tr ca chng v thi im chuyn giao. iu ny ci thin ng k hiu qu v tin cy iu khin knh v tuyn. T khi thng tin phi thoi nh- Fasimile hoc s liu dng tn hiu s, cc h thng t ong s ph hp hn trong vic cung cp dch v phi thoi so vi h thng t-ng t k c v cht l-ng cng nh- tc truyn dn. Vn thu nh kch th-c ca cc u cui di dng, h thng s c th i hi thm cc thnh phn nh- l cc mch m ho v gii m tn hiu thoi. Tuy nhin, cc mch s ph hp hn khi tch hp so vi mch t-ng t. V l do ny, hy vng rng cc my v tuyn hay di ng nh, nh v tinh t hn s xut hin trong t-ng lai cng tin b trong cng ngh vi mch tch hp c ln (LSI).

4.2.1. M t chung h thng iu ch s

Sng v tuyn c th -c biu din nh- sau: X(t) = Acos( [ t+ J ) Trong , A l bin sng v tuyn, [ l tn s sng mang v J l pha ca sng. C th phn loi h thng iu ch s theo cc phn t s dng truyn s liu nh-: A- ASK
[ - FSK
J - PSK

a. BPSK v QPSK

(0. 1)

(1. 1)

I (0. 0)

(1. 0)

Hnh 4.1. Biu vc t QPSK S(t)= A q(t -nt ) cos(a k t  J n ) ! I (t ) cos([ c t )-Q (t ) sin([ c t )
n

I(t)= A q(t -nt ) cos J n Q(t)=

q(t -nt ) sin J

n

J n s c gi tr T /4; 3 T /4; 5 T /4; 7 T /4.

Trong : T= I/fs fs= fb/2

fs: tc ly mu fb: tc bit

BPSK v QPSK l iu ch m trong thng tin -c -a vo theo hai pha v bn pha ca sng mang t-ng t. Trong h thng BPSK cc pha sng iu ch -c thit lp ti 0 v T so vi sng mang khng iu ch. y l iu ch pha nh phn cho php chuyn i mt bt thng tin thnh mt pha. Trong h thng QPSK, cc pha sng -c thit lp l 0,
T /2, T v 3 T /4, n cho php chuyn i hai bt thng tin thnh mt

pha. Hnh 4.1. cho thy s chuyn i pha i vi BPSK v QPSK

b. FSK v MSK
FSK bin i thng tin thnh cc phn t tn s trong mt tn hiu v tuyn, sau truyn i. C th t -c iu ch FSK bng b iu ch cho hnh 4.2. Khi iu ch tn s hai gi tr, dng sng FSK nhn -c t b iu ch ny s c dng nh- trn hnh 4.3. B di iu ch c cu to nh- trn hnh 4.4 -c s dng di iu ch dng sng FSK. Tn hiu thu -c la chn bng hai b lc bng thng ng b theo tn s iu ch, v cc u ra tun theo quy lut bnh ph-ng hoc -c tch ng b. Cu to mt mch iu ch di iu ch FSK thng th-ng

t phc tp hn mch i vi PSK, v bin khng i. V th, c th s dng mt b khuch i bo ho m bo hiu sut truyn dn ln hn. Trn hnh 4.3, tn hiu FSK c pha thay i lin tc -c gi l FSK lin tc (CPFSK). CPFSK tho mn iu kin trc giao (khng c u ra t b tch sng i nhau) khi l-ng thay i pha (h s iu ch) trn mt m bng s nguyn ln 0,5. c bit CPFSK c h s iu ch 0,5 -c gi l kho di tn cc tiu (MSK).

f1 f2 fn

FSK M gi tr

(a) Kiu chuyn mch b dao ng

B dao ng iu khin bng in p (VCO)

FSK M gi tr

Tn hiu M mc (b) Kiu iu khin in p

Hnh 4.2. Cu to b iu ch FSK

(a) chuyn mch dao ng

f1

f0

(b) iu ch VCO f0

f1

f0

Hnh 4.3. Cc dng sng FSK

B lc bng thng f Sng thu B lc bng thng f

Tch sng -ng bao

Xc nh du

Tch sng -ng bao

nh thi nhn dng

(a) Tch sng khng ng b B lc bng thng f Sng thu Sng mang ng b cos 2T . f .t B lc bng thng f Tch sng -ng bao nh thi nhn dng Tch sng -ng bao

Xc nh du

Sng mang ng b cos 2T . f 0 .t (a) Tch sng ng b

Hnh 4.4. Cu to b gii iu ch FSK Hnh 4.5 cho thy tn hiu MSK v hnh 4.6 cho thy s thay i pha ca n. Cc c tnh t s li m ca MSK ging ht cc c tnh ca QPSK (4PSK) v c th thc hin tch sng ng b trc giao ging nh- i vi QPSK, nh- MSK s dng iu tn. Nh- ch ra trn hnh 4.7, ph tn MSK c nhng bp ph v hi t nhanh hn l ca h thng PSK. S(t)= Acos[ [ c + J (t)]
J (t)= T 2T
t g

-g k !-g

a u (\ -kt )d\
k

ak= 1; logic 0 -1; logic 1 S(t)=Acos( [ ct)cos J (t) Asin( [ ct)sin J (t) =I(t)cos( [ ct)- Q(t) sin( [ ct)
J (t) nhn mt trong cc gi tr T /2, T , 3 T /2.

F0

F1

1 m

F1 x F0 u ra tch sng ng b F0 x F0

Hnh 4.5. Tn hiu MSK

T
T /2

1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1

0 T /2 0

T
0 T 2T 3T

Hnh 4.6. Bin i pha MSK

c. QAM
H thng iu ch ny s dng c pha v bin ca sng mang, v c cu to b iu ch n gin nht. iu ch 4 gi tr, QAM c t s tn hiu trn tp m CNR cn thit v tc truyn dn tt hn. Ni chung, QAM hn ch rng bng bng b lc dc trit tiu cc bp ph ca sng iu ch. ng dng vo thng tin di ng QAM vn phi b li mo gy ra bi cc thay i ngu nhin v bin v pha do fading nhiu tia (Rayleigh).

MSK BPSK QPSK

-20

-40

-60 -80 -4/T

-2/T

2/T

4/T

lch so vi tn s trung tm tm Hnh 4.7. Cc ph tn i vi MSK v PSK

4.2.2. K thut iu ch bng hp

Mc ch chnh ca s pht truyn h thng thng tin di ng s l vic s dng tt hn hiu qu ph tn c. T mc tiu s dng hiu qu ph tn, k thut iu ch/gii iu ch bng hp l k thut cc k quan trng, n gii quyt nhng vn nh-: - Ph cng sut u ra hp: cng sut ngoi bng pht x vo knh ln cn nn thp hn 60-80 dB trong cc knh yu cu. iu ny cn thit trnh nhiu cc knh ln cn (ACI) m gy ra trong qu trnh truyn lan. Khi cc ph-ng tin di chuyn, fading gy ra t 40-60 dB, thm ch d-i fading su ca t s sng mang trn tp m nhiu (CIR). - Xc sut li qu trnh truyn lan nh: Yu cu ny b nh h-ng ca m cao cho ti tp m nhit v nhiu. V th, yu cu cng sut my pht thp v ti s dng cng knh trong vng a l phi cao. - Yu cu i vi khuch i tuyn tnh nh: Yu cu ny rt cn thit tch kim -c ngun in mt chiu v ci thin hiu qu tn ra v c bt quan trng i vi khi v tuyn hay i vi h thng di ng nh.

- Ngun sng mang nhiu tn s: Yu cu ny cn thit cho php thm nhp bt c knh v tuyn no -c n nh. B tng hp tn s kho pha v tn s trung tm c th lp trnh -c th-ng -c s dng cho mc ch ny.

a) GMSK
iu ch FM vi h s iu ch 0,5 -c gi l MSK (kho di tn cc tiu). Trong iu ch GMSK, b lc thng thp bng gc Gauss t lm mo dng sng nn -c s dng tr-c khi iu ch MSK. iu ny c th hn ch pht x nhiu trong ph tn s ngoi bng. Hnh 4.8 ch ra ph tn s ca tn hiu iu ch GMSK. im thun li nht ca GMSK l n c -ng bao c nh v ph tn s hp.

0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 -100 -120

BbT= g (MSK)

1.0 0.5 0.2 0.2 5

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Hnh 4.8. Ph tn hiu iu ch GMSK

b) QPK dch pha T /4

iu ch PSK, chui s liu -c pht hoc l trc tip theo pha sng mang (h thng ny -c gi l PSK nht qun: CPSK) hoc theo sai pha sng mang fading (h thng ny gi l PSK vi sai: DPSK), v v th khi phc pha sng chnh xc l rt kh khn. Trong tr-ng hp ny, tch sng vi sai vi m ho vi sai ang c trin vng bi v n khng cn khi phc pha

sng mang (sai pha Df so vi k hiu thu -c tr-c t-ng ng vi thng tin pht). i vi QDPSK dch pha T /4, s liu 2 bit -c pht (an, bn) -c sp xp theo sai pha 4 mc l:
(J n  J n 1 ! s (J n  J n 1 ! s T 4 3T 4

khi (an, bn)=(1, s 1) khi (an, bn)=(-1, s 1)

trit tiu tri ph bn ngoi bng tn hiu, th-ng s dng hm truyn t Nyquist cosin. Vi hm truyn t ny, c th loi b -c giao thoa gia cc k hiu.
10 dB

Hnh 4.9. Ph tn hiu iu ch QDPSK dch pha T /4 (tc 21k t/s)

Tn s trung tm 940,0000 MHz

Di qut 100,0 khz

4.2.3. Thu phn tp

QDPSK dch pha T /4 (tch sng tr) fading nhiu tia (Rayleigh)

Khng fading

Hnh 4.10. Cc c tnh li bit (Eb / N0 trung bnh = SNR /2 trung bnh) Hnh 4.10 cho thy t s li bt trung bnh QDSK dch pha T /4 i vi t s tn hiu/tp m (CNR) trung bnh. Nh- ch ra trn hnh ny, fading lm gim nghim trng cht l-ng li bt trung bnh. t -c truyn dn tn hiu s tin cy cao m khng tng qu ln c cng sut pht v khong cch ti s dng ng knh, cn p dng cc k thut ph tr c th s l cc hiu ng fading nhiu tia nhanh. Nh- chng ta bit, r rng thu phn tp l mt trong nhng k thut hiu qu nht cho mc ch ny. Cc ph-ng php kt hp phn tp ni chung -c phn thnh hai loi: kt hp tr-c tch sng v kt hp sau tch sng (ch ra trn hnh 4.11). i vi tr-ng hp tch sng nht qun khng c sai khc gia hai ph-ng php ny. Tuy nhin, i vi h thng tch sng khng nht qun, nh- l ph-ng php tch sng vi sai, c s khc bit nh gia hai ph-ng php kt hp ny. Ph-ng php kt hp phn tp tr-c tch sng i hi chc nng ng b pha tn hiu. Hn na ph-ng php chn lc tr-c tch sng lm cho pha khng lin tc ti thi im chuyn mch nhnh. Ph-ng php ny lm gim cp cht l-ng t s li bit. Mt khc, phn tp sau tch sng yu cu cng c s cc b tch sng nh- cc nhnh phn tp. Tuy nhin, tt c cc

u ra b tch sng c cng pha nh- nhau. V th qu trnh ng pha l khng cn thit i vi kt hp phn tp. Ngt qung pha s khng xy ra khi la chn. iu c ngha l ph-ng php phn tp sau tch sng l ph hp nht vi h thng thng tin di ng.

Kt hp

B tch sng

Pht hin m

(a) Kt hp phn tp tr-c tch sng

B tch sng Kt hp B tch sng (b) Kt hp phn tp sau tch sng Pht hin m

Hnh 4.11. Kt hp phn tp

4.3. iu khin li
Khi s liu -c pht trn mt knh c tp m hoc b fading, th s lun lun c mt knh m s liu thu -c c cha li. Ni chung, ng-i s dng c th thit lp mt t s li m v-t qu t s li ny s liu thu khng s dng -c . Nu nh- s liu thu khng t yu cu v t s li, th iu khin li th-ng c th -c s dng lm gim nh li ti mt mc cho php.

4.3.1. Cc chin l-c iu khin li

Nu truyn dn t my pht ti my thu l n h-ng, th iu khin li i vi h thng mt chiu phi thc hin bng cch hiu chnh li h-ng i (FEC), ngha l s dng cc m hiu chnh li t ng sa cc li pht hin ti my thu. (Ngay c trong h thng hai chiu nh- l cc h thng t ong, truyn dn tn hiu thoi yu cu truyn dn thi

gian thc, v v th khng thi gian s dng knh h-ng v. Trong tr-ng hp ny truyn dn phi -c s l nh- l mt chiu). Trong mt vi tr-ng hp, mt h thng truyn dn c th l hai chiu, ngha l thng tin c th gi theo c hai h-ng v my pht cng hot ng nh- my thu (my thu pht )v ng-c li. iu khin cho mt h thng hai chiu c th -c thc hin bng cch pht hin li v pht li, gi l yu cu lp li t ng (ARQ). trong mt h thng ARQ khi pht hin -c li my thu, mt yu cu -c gi ti my pht pht li bn tin, v iu ny s lp li cho ti khi bn tin -c thu nhn mt cch chnh xc. C loi h thng ARQ: ARQ dng v i v ARQ lin tip. Trong h thng ARQ dng v i, my pht gi mt t m ti my thu v i tn hiu cng nhn (ACK) hay ph nhn (NAK) t pha thu. Nu thu -c tn hiu ACK (bn tin khng li) my pht s gi t m tip theo. Nu thu -c tn hiu NAK (bn tin thu c li) my pht s gi li m pht tr-c . Khi tp m mc cao, c th pht li t m nh- vy nhiu ln cho ti khi pha thu thu -c chnh xc v gi li tn hiu xc nhn. i vi ARQ lin tip, my pht gi t m ti my thu mt cch lin tip, v cng lin tc thu nhn tn hiu xc nhn. N c th quay li t m c li v pht li t m cng thm cc t m tip sau n. Kiu ny -c gi l ARQ tr li im N. C khi my pht ch pht li t m m n thu nhn -c tn hiu ph nhn. Kiu ny c gi l ARQ lp li c la chn. ARQ lp li c la chn hiu qa hn ARQ tr li im N, nh-ng yu cu nh m v logic nhiu hn . ARQ lin tip hiu qu hn ARQ dng v i nh-ng chi ph cng t hn.Trong h thng thng tin c tc truyn dn cao v tr truyn dn di (mh- h thng v tinh) th-ng s dng ARQ lin tip. ARQ dng v i -c dng trong nhng h thng m thi gian pht mt t m di hn so vi thi gian thu mt tn hiu xc nhn .

4.3.2.

Cc m hiu chnh li.

Hin nay, c hai loi m khc nhau th-ng -c s dng: M khi v m xon. D-i y ta xt c s ca tng loi m.

(a)

M khi

B m ho cho mt m khi phn chia chui thng tin thnh khi bn tin, mi khi c k bit thng tin. Mt khi bn tin -c biu din bng tp hp k nh phn Y =( Y1 ,Y 2 ,..., Y k ) gi l mt bn tin (thng tin m ho khi s dng k hiu c ngha l mt bn tin k bit thay cho ton b chui thng tin). C th c tt c 2 k bn tin khc nhau. B m ho chuyn i c lp tng bn tin Y thnh mt tp hp Z =(Z 1 ,Z 2 ,...,Z k ) ca cc k hiu ring r gi l mt t m ( m ho khi, s dng k hiu Z c ngha l mt khi n k hiu thay cho ton b chui m ho). V th, t-ng ng vi 2 k bn tin c th khc nhau, th c 2 k t m c th c khc nhau ti u ra b m ho. Tp hp 2 k t m c di n -c gi l mt m khi (n, k). T s R=k/n gi l t s m, v c th -c hiu nh- s cc bt thng tin -a vo b m ho trn mt k hiu -c pht i. V t m u ra n k hiu ch ph thuc t-ng ng vo bn tin k bit u vo, nn b m ho cn t b nh v c th -c thc hin nh mt mch logic t hp. i vi cc m h thng, k bit trong s Z l chnh xc nh- bn tin Y . Hnh 4.12 m t qu trnh ny.
Bit kim tra -c thm vo cc bit thng tin h-ng pht H-ng thu xc nh v tr cc li t cc bit thng tin/bit kim tra Bit thng tin Bit kim tra

Cc bit thng tin

Bit kim tra

Bit m li xy ra -c sa

V tr li Bit thng tin

Hnh 4.12. Nguyn l m hiu chnh li M Hamming M Hamming l mt loi m hon thin sa li v n l mt kiu c bit ca m BCH. V d: Nu nh- 3 bit kim tra -c thm vo 4 bit thng tin, th chng c th -c xc nh nh- sau: Cc bt thng tin : i 3 , i 2 , i 1 , i 0

Cc bit kim tra : C 2 , C 1 , C 0 Trong tr-ng hp ny cc bit kim tra c xc nh: C2= i3 + i2 + i0 C1= i3 + i1 + i0 C0= i2 + i1 + i0 K hiu + l cng mdul 2 Truyn dn -c thc hin theo th t (C2 , C1 , i3 ,C0 , i2 , i1 , i0). Pha tm v tr mt li pht sinh bng cch nhm tn hiu thu -c:
E = C0 + C2 + i1 + i0 F = C1 + i3 + i1 + i0 K = C2 + i 3 + i 2 + i 0

xc nh mt bit ( E , F , K ) (s nh phn) c phi li hay khng. y, nu ta coi cc bit thng tin l [1 1 0 1], cc bt kim tra s l: C2= 1 + 1 + 1 = 1 C1= 1 + 0 + 1 = 0 C0= 1 + 0 + 1 = 0 V th, m pht i l [1010101] pha thu E , F , K -c xc nh nh- sau:
E=0+1+0+1=0
F=0+1+0+1=0 K = 1 + 1 + 1 +1 = 0

Ngha l, tt c cc bit [0] s khng c li tn hiu thu.

(b)

M xon
B m ho ca m xon cng nhn cc khi k bit ca chui thng tin v

cho ra mt chui m ho (t m) Z ca cc khi n k t (trong m ho xon, cc k hiu Y v Z th-ng -c s dng ch cc chui ca cc khi hn l cho mt khi n). Tuy nhin, mi khi -c m ha khng ch ph thuc vo cc khi bn tin k bit t-ng ng trong cng n v thi gian, m cn ph thuc vo m khi b tin tc tr-c . V th b m ho c m b nh. Tp hp chui m ho to ra t b m ho k u vo, n u ra v m b nh -c gi l mt m xon (n, k, m). T s R=k/n gi l tc m. V b

m ho cha c b nh, nn n phi -c thc hin nh mt mch logic trnh t.

B ghp knh Thanh ghi dch u u

B cng

Hnh 4.13. B m ha xon nh phn. Trong mt m xon nh phn, cc bit -c b sung chng li tp m knh c th -c cng thm vo chui thng tin k<n hoc R<1. Thng th-ng, k v n l cc s nguyn nh v phn b sung -c thm vo bng cch tng b nh m ca b m ho khi vn gi nguyn k v n, do vy tc m R c nh. S dng b nh nh- th no t -c truyn dn m bo tin cy trn mt knh c tp m l mt vn quan trng khi thit k b m ho. Hnh 4.13 -a ra mt v d v mt b m ho xon nh phn c k=1, n=2, m=2. minh ho cc t m -c to ra nh- th no, ta xt chui thng tin
Y =[1101000 ], trong cc bit bn tri vo b m ho tr-c. p dng quy

tc cng modul 2, gi s rng cc b ghp knh ly bit th nht -c m ho t u ra bn trn, khi c th d dng nhn thy rng cc chui m ho l Z =[1 1, 1 0, 1 0, 0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 0 0, 0 0, 0 0, 0 0, ].