FTH PPM UWB Multiple Access Communication System

Abstract
Ultra Wideband (UWB) has been attracting many researchers for its potential to support a high bit rate in a short range wireless communication system. In order to achieve the high bit rate, a short spreading code is often preferred to a long spreading code in a Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) UWB system. In this paper, we propose a new modulation technique based on frequency and time hopping Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) UWB which greatly reduces the Multiple Access Interference (MAI) under multiple access communication in comparison with conventional time hopping or frequency hopping schemes. The probability of error is derived for multi-user synchronous transmitter in UWB multi-path channel with Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN). Simulation results show that bit error probability performance of FTH PPM UWB out performs the time hopping pulse position modulation (TH PPM) UWB system. It also shows that multi user capacity of FTH PPM UWB system is much better than TH PPM UWB system.

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FTH PPM UWB Multiple Access Communication System

Table of Contents
Abstract........1 Table of contents..2 List of figures...3 List of abbreviations.3 1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 Introduction4 Ultra Wideband4 1.1.1 Applications of UWB...4 Time-Hopping & Frequency-Hopping in UWB Systems5 Multiple Access Communication.............5 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.4 2. 3. 4. Frequency-Division Multiple Access..6 Time-Division Multiple Access...6 Code-Division Multiple Access...7

Multiple Access interference...8 Signal and System Model......9 Multiple Access Interference & Error Probability...12 Simulation Results16

Conclusions22 Bibliography...23

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FTH PPM UWB Multiple Access Communication System

List of Figures
Figure 1: Principle of frequency & time hopping UWB system.9 Figure 2: System model of FTH MA M ary PPM UWB system.10 Figure 3: Channel impulse response of CM 116 Figure 4: Channel impulse response of CM 217 Figure 5: BER plot for Time hopping with Nu = 16 in CM 118 Figure 6: BER plot for frequency Time hopping with Nu = 16 in CM 118 Figure 7: BER plot for Frequency Time hopping with Nu = 16 in CM 2...19 Figure 8: BER vs. Number of users in CM 1.20 Figure 9: BER vs. Number of users in CM 2.20 Table I: IEEE UWB Channel model parameters....16

List of Abbreviations
AWGN BER DSSS FCC FH FTH i.i.d MA MAI PAN PPM TH UWB Additive White Gaussian Noise Bit Error Rate Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Federal Communications Commission Frequency Hopping Frequency & Time Hopping Independent and identically distributed Multiple Access Multiple Access Interference Personal Area Network Pulse Position Modulation Time Hopping Ultra Wideband

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FTH PPM UWB Multiple Access Communication System

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Ultra-Wideband
Ultra-Wideband technology [8] is a wireless transmission method that occupies bandwidth more than 20% of the center frequency or more than 500MHz of bandwidth. In UWB it is required that the data rate should be at least 110Mbps with a 10m separation between the transmitter and the receiver, and 200Mbps with a 4m separation. Since the transmitted power is strictly limited but wide bandwidth is available, UWB is suitable for a short range, high rate system such as a Personal Area Network (PAN).

1.1.1

Applications of UWB
Since UWB utilizes unlicensed spectrum with wide bandwidth, there is a large

number of possible applications, such as positioning, secured transmission, and high rate data communications. First, the very short UWB pulse causes multipath terms to be detected with high resolution. This enables very accurate positioning. A few examples will be in building object tracking, wall penetrating positioning in a hazardous environment, and fine positioning for medical purposes. Besides, geolocation devices are also being developed. Second, UWB can be used for a high security transmission system. It is the military which was initially interested in UWB technology due to its potential for security. When operated with low power and short pulses (probably with a hopping scheme), it would be extremely difficult to intercept transmitted signals unless a receiver has the exact timing information. Lastly, a high data rate indoor communication system has recently become an important area for UWB technology. It can provide a cheap and low power receiver at a high data rate for PAN systems. From an optimistic point of view, it will be able to Dept. of TCE -4AMCEC

FTH PPM UWB Multiple Access Communication System supplant most present-day indoor wired and wireless communication systems. For example, a DVD player, a TV, a monitor, a computer, and all other peripherals can interconnect via UWB, eliminating most data wires. In this thesis, we consider a high rate (over 110 Mbps), indoor wireless communication system.

1.2

Time Hopping & Frequency Hopping in UWB Systems

Ultra wide bandwidth (UWB) spread - spectrum (SS) multiple access techniques

have recently received considerable attention for future commercial and military wireless communication systems[3]. The report and order of the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) in the USA that allowed UWB communications systems in the 3.1-10.6 GHz range has intensified the interest especially from possible chip and equipment manufacturers. One possible application lies in Personal Area Networks (PAN), where high data rates are sent over a short distance. The FCC has imposed two restrictions on the use of the spectrum: a requirement that the transmission bandwidth is a minimum of 500MHz (though it is not completely clear over which time duration the instantaneous spectrum must fulfill that condition), and a restriction on the transmit power spectral density, namely -41.3dBm/MHz However, the FCC imposes no specific modulation or multiple-access (MA) format as long as those restrictions are fulfilled. This fact gives a great practical as well as theoretical value to the problem of finding a good modulation and MA scheme for ultra wideband communications. This topic is also a major factor in the deliberations of the IEEE 802.15.3a [7] standardization committee, which has been established to develop an UWB system that can provide multiple piconets with 110Mbit/s at 10m distance, as well as higher data rates at smaller distances. Two candidate schemes are frequency-hopping (FH) and time hopping (TH). Recent information-theoretic results allow interesting conclusions about good spreading schemes. However, those investigations do not consider the constraints put on the signaling schemes by the FCC regulations, nor do they cover quantitatively the cases of TH and FH. It is the purpose of this paper to generalize those results to FCC compliant, TH and FH systems, and investigate the impact on system design.

1.3

Multiple Access Communication

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FTH PPM UWB Multiple Access Communication System Multiplexing is defined as the sharing of a communications channel through local combining at a common point. In many cases, however, the communications channel must be efficiently shared among many users that are geographically distributed and that sporadically attempt to communicate at random points in time. Three schemes have been devised for efficient sharing of a single channel under these conditions; they are called frequency-division multiple access (FDMA), time-division multiple access (TDMA), and code-division multiple access (CDMA). These techniques can be used alone or together in telephone systems, and they are well illustrated by the most advanced mobile cellular systems.

1.3.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access

In FDMA the goal is to divide the frequency spectrum into slots and then to separate the signals of different users by placing them in separate frequency slots. The difficulty is that the frequency spectrum is limited and that there are typically many more potential communicators than there are available frequency slots. In order to make efficient use of the communications channel, a system must be devised for managing the available slots. In the advanced mobile phone system (AMPS), the cellular system employed in the United States, different callers use separate frequency slots via FDMA. When one telephone call is completed, a network-managing computer at the cellular base station reassigns the released frequency slot to a new caller. A key goal of the AMPS system is to reuse frequency slots whenever possible in order to accommodate as many callers as possible. Locally within a cell, frequency slots can be reused when corresponding calls are terminated. In addition, frequency slots can be used simultaneously by multiple callers located in separate cells. The cells must be far enough apart geographically that the radio signals from one cell are sufficiently attenuated at the location of the other cell using the same frequency slot.

1.3.2 Time Division Multiple Access

In TDMA the goal is to divide time into slots and separate the signals of different users by placing the signals in separate time slots. The difficulty is that requests to use a single communications channel occur randomly, so that on occasion the number of requests for time slots is greater than the number of available slots. In this case Dept. of TCE -6AMCEC

FTH PPM UWB Multiple Access Communication System information must be buffered, or stored in memory, until time slots become available for transmitting the data. The buffering introduces delay into the system. In the IS54 cellular system, three digital signals are interleaved using TDMA and then transmitted in a 30kilohertz frequency slot that would be occupied by one analog signal in AMPS. Buffering digital signals and interleaving them in time causes some extra delay, but the delay is so brief that it is not ordinarily noticed during a call. The IS54 system uses aspects of both TDMA and FDMA.

1.3.3

Code Division Multiple Access

In CDMA, signals are sent at the same time in the same frequency band. Signals

are either selected or rejected at the receiver by recognition of a user-specific signature waveform, which is constructed from an assigned spreading code. The IS95 cellular system employs the CDMA technique. In IS95 an analog speech signal that is to be sent to a cell site is first quantized and then organized into one of a number of digital frame structures. In one frame structure, a frame of 20 milliseconds duration consists of 192 bits. Of these 192 bits, 172 represent the speech signal itself, 12 form a cyclic redundancy check that can be used for error detection, and 8 form an encoder tail that allows the decoder to work properly. These bits are formed into an encoded data stream. After interleaving of the encoded data stream, bits are organized into groups of six. Each group of six bits indicates which of 64 possible waveforms to transmit. Each of the waveforms to be transmitted has a particular pattern of alternating polarities and occupies a certain portion of the radio-frequency spectrum. Before one of the waveforms is transmitted, however, it is multiplied by a code sequence of polarities that alternate at a rate of 1.2288 megahertz, spreading the bandwidth occupied by the signal and causing it to occupy (after filtering at the transmitter) about 1.23 megahertz of the radio-frequency spectrum. At the cell site one user can be selected from multiple users of the same 1.23-megahertz bandwidth by its assigned code sequence. CDMA is sometimes referred to as spread-spectrum multiple access (SSMA), because the process of multiplying the signal by the code sequence causes the power of the transmitted signal to be spread over a larger bandwidth. Frequency management, a necessary feature of FDMA, is eliminated in CDMA. When another user wishes to use the communications channel, it is assigned a code and immediately transmits instead of being stored until a frequency slot opens. Dept. of TCE -7AMCEC

FTH PPM UWB Multiple Access Communication System

1.4

Multiple Access Interference

Multiple Access Interference (MAI) is a type of interference caused by multiple

cellular users who are using the same frequency allocation at the same time. In both 2G and 3G mobile networking, each user is then given a pair of frequencies (uplink and downlink) and a time slot during a frame. Different users can use the same frequency in the same cell except that they must transmit at different times. This multiple-access interference can present a significant problem if the power level of the desired signal is significantly lower (due to distance) than the power level of the interfering user.

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FTH PPM UWB Multiple Access Communication System

Chapter 2 SIGNAL AND SYSTEM MODEL

In this chapter, we describe the system model and construction of the frequency and time hopping PPM UWB signals. The frequency and time hopping M ary PPM system model for vth user is given by

where, A(v) is the signal amplitude, p(t) represents the second derivative of Gaussian pulse with pulse width Tp, Tf is the frame duration, where a frame is divided into N th time slots with duration Tc. The pulse shift pattern Cj(v), 0 Cj(v) Nth (Nth Tc = Tf ) is also called the time hopping sequence for vth source and it is pseudo random with period Tc. This additional shift avoids catastrophic collisions due to multiple access interference. The sequence d is the data stream generated by the vth source after channel coding and is the additional time shift utilized by M-ary PPM. Ns represents repetition code length with Ns pulses being used to transmit the same information. Frequency spectrum is divided into Nfh bands with minimum bandwidth (Bf) of 500 MHz. kj(v) is carrier frequency during the jth frame of vth user which is pseudo random and takes any one of the frequency bands 0 kj(v) Nfh ( Nfh Bf = B).

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Figure 1. Principle of frequency and time hopping UWB system

Figure 2. System model of FTH MA M-ary PPM UWB System Figure 1 shows the frequency and time hopping representation of the UWB signals for multiple users. Here the UWB pulse is transmitted in any one time slot occupying Tc seconds and Bf bandwidth. For M-ary PPM, signal amplitude A(v) = 1 so that (1) can be written as

The received signal from multipath channel for each user is:

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where, n(t) is AWGN noise with power spectral density N0 / 2, convolution operator. g(t) is unknown multipath channel given by:

represents the

Where, l(v) is multipath gain co-efficient of vth user in l th path, and l is the multipath delay. Substituting s(v) in (3), r(t) can be written as:

PPM receiver uses Rake receiver followed by matched filter. Even though the number of users is more than one, an M-ary correlation receiver is typically used for simplicity.

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FTH PPM UWB Multiple Access Communication System

Chapter 3 MULTIPLE ACCESS INTERFERENCE AND ERROR PROBABILITY

MAI is the factor limiting the performance and capacity of the system when more than one user is active. MAI can be modeled as a zero mean Gaussian random variable if number of users are large. Assuming M-ary PPM signal to be orthogonal (i.e Tp) the MAI and error probability analysis is carried out as follows. In order to evaluate MAI, we make the following assumptions: (a) S(v)(t) for v = 1,2,Nu, where Nu is the number of active users, and the noise n(t) are assumed to be independent. (b) The time hopping sequence cj(v) and multipath time delay l are assumed to be independent and identically distributed (iid) over the time interval [0, Tf]. (c) The frequency hopping sequence kj(v) is assumed to be independent and identically distributed over the frequency band B. (d) Perfect synchronization is assumed at the receiver, i.e, l is known at the receiver. Assume that Ns = 1and that the desired user corresponds to v = 1. Rake receiver consists of a M ary correlator in each finger. User 1 basis function hi(1)(t) is given by:

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FTH PPM UWB Multiple Access Communication System At sampling instant, t = jTf , the output of L finger rake filter ri i = 1,2,M is

Assuming PPM signal sm is transmitted by user 1, (7) can be written as,

Where, Eg is average signal energy. MAI component NMAI is given as,

And AWGN component N is given as,

By defining the autocorrelation function of p(t) as,

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FTH PPM UWB Multiple Access Communication System (9) can be written as,

Where

is the time difference between user 1 and user v. Under the assumptions listed above, can be modeled as a random variable which is uniformly distributed over [-Tf, Tf]. The MAI is modeled as a Gaussian random process for the multi user environment. With the Gaussian approximation we require the mean and variance of (8) to characterize the output of the cross correlators. The AWGN component has zero mean and variance NsN0 / 2 while the mean and variance of MAI are pulse waveform specific. The calculations are carried out considering the double differentiated Gaussian pulse as the transmitted pulse and all PPM signals are equally likely apriori. The double differentiated Gaussian pulse is defined as,

Where, is the pulse shaping parameter. The autocorrelation of double differentiated Gaussian pulse is then given by,

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The mean of NMAI is given as,

And variance NMAI is

Since Tf / 2Tp = Nth , (18) can be written as,

Now, due to frequency hopping, it can be easily shown that 2MAI will be reduced by a factor Nfh, and therefore (19) can be written as

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FTH PPM UWB Multiple Access Communication System

Note that 2MAI increases with Ns , Eg and the number of users Nu , but decreases with the spread ratio Nth, and Nfh. Using standard techniques the average probability of error for a single access interference for binary PPM is given by,

Chapter 4 SIMULATION RESULTS

Simulations were carried out for synchronous user case. Bit error rate (BER) results are presented as a function of Eb / N0 and number of users. The parameters considered for simulations are binary PPM with sampling frequency of 50 GHz, chip duration of 1 nanosecond, double differentiated Gaussian pulse of width 0.5 nanosecond and of 0.5 nanosecond. Frequency spectrum 3.1 GHz -10.6 GHz is divided into a maximum of 8 bands (Nfh) each of 900 MHz with a guard band of 42 MHz. Pseudo random frequency and time hopping codes of length 50000 is generated and assigned to each user.

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FTH PPM UWB Multiple Access Communication System

Binary data is generated using uniform random number generator for each user and modulated using UWB pulse. Each user undergoes a different UWB channel. Channel models CM1 and CM2 from IEEE P802.15 [16] are used. Channel model parameters are listed in table I. Channel impulse response for CM1 and CM2 is shown in Figs. 3 and 4 respectively. Simulations are carried out for 1) fixed frequency hopping with varying time hops, 2) fixed number of time hops and varying frequency hops with and without repetitive coding (Ns). Bit error probability is averaged over 100 channels for each user with 1000 bits/channel. The receiver implemented is a L finger Rake matched filter with Equal Gain Combiner. It is assumed that the frequency and time hopping sequence of the user of interest is known. To verify and investigate BER performance in a multiuser scenario, Nu = 16 is considered. Fig. 5 shows the BER performance of fixed frequency hopping (N fh = 1) and varying time hopping PPM modulation in CM1 with Ns = 1 and 2. It is observed that by doubling the number of time hops BER performance improves by an average of 3 db in lower Eb / N0 range. However for Eb / N0 > 10 dB, BER performance is limited by the MAI floor which is due to multi-access and inter symbol interference. It is also observed that with a repetition coding (Ns = 2 ) the BER performance is much better than without coding giving an advantage of 3 dB. It is to be noted that increase in number of time hops reduces the data rate.

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FTH PPM UWB Multiple Access Communication System Fig. 6 shows the time and frequency hopping BER plots for fixed time hops (Nth = 256) and varying frequency hops in CM1 with Ns = 1 and 2. It is observed that introduction of frequency hopping along with time hopping gives an improvement of 3 dB. Further, doubling the frequency hops gives an average improvement of 1 dB at BER of 10-2. This improved performance is due to a reduction in Multi-access and intersymbol interference. Once again it is observed that repetition coding gives substantial improvement for BER < 10-2.

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FTH PPM UWB Multiple Access Communication System

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FTH PPM UWB Multiple Access Communication System Fig. 7 shows the time and frequency hopping BER plots for fixed time hops (Nth = 256 ) and varying frequency hops in CM2 with Ns = 1 and 2. It is observed that BER performance in CM2 is inferior than CM1 by 1 dB. This is due to a large number of multipath present in CM2, which results in increased intersymbol interference. Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 show the BER vs. number of users performance for time hopping and time-frequency hopping for CM1 and CM2 respectively. It can be observed that the probability of error decreases with the introduction of frequency hopping as a result of which more number of users is supported for a given BER. It is also observed that for a given BER, by doubling the number of frequency hops two more users can be accommodated.

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FTH PPM UWB Multiple Access Communication System

CONCLUSIONS
In this paper we have proposed and analyzed bit error probability performance of frequency and time hoping PPM UWB multiple access communication in IEEE P802.15 multipath channel. We have derived an expression for the bit error probability for multiuser synchronous transmitter case. It is observed that introduction of frequency hopping along with time hopping improves BER performance by an average of 4 dB. Further, doubling the number of frequency hops improves BER performance by 1 dB. The proposed technique improves BER performance without reducing the data rate.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] John G. Proakis, Digital Communications, 4th Edn., McGraw Hill Access Communication Scheme, in IEEE Journal of Communications Vol.4, No.1, February 2009 [3] Andres F. Molisch & Jinyum Zhang, Time hopping & frequency hopping In Ultra Wideband systems, in IEEE conf. Commun., Vol. 2, 2003 [4] http://www.javvin.com/wireless/MAI.html [5] http://www.ictregulationtoolkit.org [6] Simon Haykin, Digital Communications, John Willey & Sons [7] http://www.ieee802.org/15/ [8] M.Z.Win and R.A.Scholtz. Ultra-wide bandwidth time-hopping Spread spectrum impulse radio for wireless multiple access communications,IEEE Trans., On Commun.,vol.48,No.4,2000

[2] G.S.Biradar, S.N.Merchant, U.B.Desai, FTH PPM UWB Multiple

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