OBSERVATIONS

Name Index no. Group no. Instructed by

: Liyanage D.R : 080267U : 07 : Mrs. Piyumi

Date of performance : 2012-01-25

1. Familiarization with CTs Name plate data of the protection CT Ratio: 400/5 BS 3938:1973 VA: 7.5 Class: 10P10 50/60 Hz Name Plate Data of the measuring CT Ratio: 400/5 BS 3938:1973 VA: 7.5 Class: 0.2 50/60 Hz

2. Secondary resistance measurement Metering CT = 0.3 Protection CT = 0.4 3. Polarity check Primary current flow is from P2 Secondary current flow; Switch ON S2 Switch OFF S1 4. Ratio check Primary Current (A) Protection CT (10P10) Measuring CT (0.2) 50 50 Secondary Current (A) 0.57 0.59 Ratio 438.6:5 423.7:5 S1 (Negative reading) S2 (Positive reading) P1

5. Magnetization Curve

Voltage (V)

Magnetizing Current Measuring CT (A) Protection CT (mA) 28 34 40 46 52 60 70 85 98

5 6 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 20

0.1 0.22 1 2.2 3.9 -

6. Burden Metering CT Inject Current in Primary = 50 A

Voltage across the burden connected =0 .412V Secondary current Protection CT Inject Current in Primary = 50 A =0.59A

Voltage across the burden connected =0 .410V Secondary current =0.57A

EE4210

STUDY ON CURRENT TRANSFORMERS

INSTRUCTED BY:

NAME INDEX NO GROUP

: : :

Liyanage D.R 080267U 07 2012-01-25 2012-02-15

DATE OF PER : DATE OF SUB :

Calculations
Secondary excitation voltage vs. Secondary excitation current for Measuring CT

Magnetisation curve for Measuring CT

14 y = -0.333x2 + 3.0681x + 6.0526

12

10

Secondary excitation Voltage (V)

0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

Secondary excitation current (A)

Secondary excitation voltage vs. Secondary excitation current for Protection CT

Magnetisation curve for the Protection CT

25

20

Secondary excitation voltage (V)

15

10

y = -0.0026x2 + 0.5417x - 8.3380

0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Secondary excitation current (mA)

2) Determine the Knee point voltages

The knee point of an excitation curve is defined as the point at which a further increase of 10% of secondary e.m.f. would require an increment of 50% of exciting current. Beyond the knee point the transformer would be considered saturated. That is the linearity of the curve is ended.

The slope or the gradient at the knee point = Tan -1

10% 50%

= Tan -1 0.2 = 11.3 0 a) Metering CT The equation for the characteristic curve of the metering CT is   But = 0.2, Therefore knee point current = 4.31A knee point voltage = 13.08 V.  (1)

By substituting on 1, b) Protection CT

The equation for the characteristic curve of the protection CT is   But = 0.2, Therefore knee point current = 65.71 mA knee point voltage = 16.06 V. 

By substituting on 2,

3) Burden across the CTs Metering CT burden = 0.412 x 0.59 = 0.24308 VA Protection CT burden = 0.410 x 0.57 = 0.2337 VA This burden is lower than the CT maximum possible burden which is 7.5VA.

Discussion The reason for the secondary resistance of a protective transformer to be low compared to that of a measuring transformer The CTs used for supplying current to protective relays perform with a reasonable degree of accuracy over a wide range of currents. This allows the protective relay to operate at different fault levels.CTs used for measuring are only operated within the normal range of load current i.e. before the knee point of the magnetization characteristic curve. There are two possible reasons for the Secondary resistance of a protection CT to be low 1) As the CT for protection operates in a wide range it might have to work beyond the knee point for currents which are multiples of rated load current and hence large currents in the secondary as well. To prevent the energy dissipation as heat and possible burn outs, the secondary resistance is kept to a minimum value. 2) If we compare two CT magnetization curves, the voltage across the secondary for the two CTs at the same secondary current are different.

Va

Vb

Va > Vb

If we try to relate the same relationship to ohms law we get Ra > Rb (from V = IR)
Where Ra and Rb are the secondary coil resistances of the CTs. If we analyze further we see that CT a will be saturated for a lower current than that of b. A CT that is used for protection should operate in the linear region for a large range of currents. Therefore we use a CT that has a lower secondary resistance for protection.

Significance of the knee point voltage of the magnetization curve

The knee point is the point where saturation of a CT occurs. At the knee point, an increase of 10% of flux density (B) causes an increase of 50% of field intensity (H). From the position of the knee point in magnetizing curve (or from the magnitude of the knee point voltage),we can identify the core characteristics. The operating region of the CT is determined by the linear region of the magnetizing curve. Also this linear region is used to calculate the burden the CT can handle. The ankle point and the knee point are the two important points acting as boundaries for the linear region for the magnetizing curve. As protection CTs should work on the linear region for a range of currents, it should have a higher knee point compared to metering CTs. Therefore the knee point will determine the application it can be used for. As the voltage level reflects the structural integrity of a CT, If a CT has a low knee point voltage, it mentions deterioration in the core material (delimitation, crack, etc.) or a defect in the winding (inter-turn shorting). Therefore a defect in a CT can be found by conducting a trend analysis on the knee-point voltages measured over a period of time.

Selection of a CT for a given application Current transformers are mainly used in power systems. They are mainly classified into 1) Measuring CT 2) Protection CT They can be further classified according to their physical arrangement 1. Donut type 2. Wound type 3. Bar type

When selecting the CT for a particular application, the attributes that are taken into consideration are
y y CT ratio CT burden Accuracy Class of the CT Knee point of the CT

y y

CT Ratio
CT ratio is the ratio of primary current to maximum secondary current under full load conditions. 5A and 1A are the most common CT secondary full-load currents resulting in CT ratios such as 100:5 or 20:1. The primary current of a CT is always chosen to be equal or greater than the normal full load current of the protected circuit. Maximum ratio of a CT is made about 3000/1. There are multi ratio CTs also available. For example a CT that could transform both 1000:1 and 500:1. The rating of these CTs are guaranteed at the highest ratio only. i.e. 1000:1 (unless specified). Another important condition to check when selecting a CT would be its ratio error. Ratio error is calculated as (KnI s - Ip ) x 100/ Ip Kn = Nominal ratio ( Ns/Np) I s = Actual secondary current Ip = Actual primary current

CT burden
The load, or burden, in a CT metering circuit is the (largely resistive) impedance presented to its secondary winding. Typical burden ratings for IEC CTs are 1.5 VA, 3 VA, 5 VA, 10 VA, 15 VA, 20 VA, 30 VA, 45 VA & 60 VA. As for ANSI/IEEE burden ratings are B-0.1, B-0.2, B-0.5, B-1.0, B-2.0 and B-4.0. This means a CT with a burden rating of B-0.2 can tolerate up to 0.2 current is no longer a fixed ratio to the primary current. The burden of the connected equipment to the secondary should be preferably less than the rated secondary CT burden. Sources of excess burden in current measurement circuit is the conductor between the meter and the CT. Often substations meters are located significant distances from the meter cabinets and the excessive length of small gauge conductor creates a large resistance. All instruments that use a current transformer to measure line current must terminate the CT with a resistance. Therefore in order to select the suitable current transformer for the application, the internal winding resistance, the connecting lead resistance and the measuring instrument input resistance connected in series with the current transformer must be known. of impedance in the metering circuit before its output

Accuracy class of the CT

Accuracy Class of a CT implies how accurate the CT is. That means the level of o which extend the CT gives the correct details. Metering CTs are used where a high degree of accuracy is required from low-load values up to full load of a system. The typical classes in use for metering CTs are 0.1, 0.2s, 0.2, 0.5, 0.5s, 1, and 3. The ratio (primary to secondary current) error of a Class 1 CT is 1% at rated current; the ratio error of a Class 0.5 CT is 0.5% or less. The lower the value of the class, more accurate is the CT.

The accuracy of a protection CT is mentioned in a different notation. Ex: 5P20:15VA At rated times the rated current the CT must not produce an error of more than 5%. When CTs are used for various applications one should also be careful not to open circuit the secondary terminals when there is a current in the Primary. This would or else result in high voltage build up in the secondary due to infinite resistance across the secondary resistance and opposing flux not being present. The high voltages could result in significant damage to the CT due to high voltage arching and short circuit due to lamination weakening.