ORAL CAVITY Vestibule Boundaries Anteriorly and laterally - lips and cheeks Posteriorly and medially - teeth and gums Contents Termination of the parotid duct Oral cavity proper Boundaries Anteriorly and laterally - teeth and gums . Superiorly - hard palate inferiorly - tongue and sublingual structures Posteriorly - palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches Contents Teeth and gums ,Tongue Sublingual structures Frenulum of the tongue,Submandibular ducts & Sublingual folds Palatine tonsils
Submucosa
Lax layer where present Attaches: mucosa to muscles & bone Absent on hard palate (part), gums, dorsum of tongue
Glands
Compound tubulo-alveolar
Regional
Serous, Mucous, mixed Sero-mucous Location: submucosa
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Superficial tissues attached: deep lying skeletal muscle or bone Blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves:
coarse plexuses submucosa
LIP
Outer surface: skin (thin, cornified) Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands Inner surface: typical mucous membrane Submucosa: present, not well defined
A, Stratified nonkeratinized;
squamous B, Lamina
epithelium, propria; C, 9
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CHEEK Lip plan continued laterally Mucosa short papillae; abundant elastic fibers; no glands Lamina propria bound to muscle layer (at intervals) Submucosa: looser, fat-containing Mixed (largely mucous) glands invade muscle (M. buccinator)
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GUM
Mucosa attached to alveolar bone Epithelium moves inward at margin
TEETH
Tooth = modified soft papilla, hard covering
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Ground preparation
Demineralised preparation
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Tooth
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Tooth Structure
Free Crown 1 to 3 Roots Crown Root junction = Neck At gum margin
Root in alveolus
Periodontal membrane
Dentine, continued
Dentinal Fiber of Tomes (in canaliculus) = specialized osteoblast = odontoblast Calcification obliterates Incremental Lines of Owen & of Ebner Layered deposits
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Diameter = 3 6
12 million prisms / molar Cross banded, beaded (surface) Transverse: hexagonal (humans appear semicircular); bundled
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Vessels absent
Old age: Haversian systems
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Dental Pulp (nerve of tooth not really a nerve Fills pulp cavity Soft, gelatinous
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Periodontal Membrane
= periosteum (between alveolar bone & root Merges with gum; supports gum
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angle forward
foramen caecum (apex) Body (oral); Root (pharyngeal) Lingual papillae dorsal surface
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Lamina Propria compact, unites with muscle Vertical projections with epithelium = lingual papillae
4 types lingual papillae: Filiform, Fungiform, Vallate, Foliate
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Filiform Papillae
= plush of tongue Parallel rows
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Vallate Papillae
V-shaped row; V separates tongue body & root 7 to 11 papillae
Tongue surface
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Foliate Papillae
Parallel folds; lateral margin tongue Body-root junction
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Taste Buds Taste buds are most numerous in the fungiform, circumvallate and foliate papillae. In addition, taste buds are found in the palate, palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches and in the pharynx and larynx. In histological sections they appear as ovoid lightly stained bodies, which extend perpendicular from the basement membrane to a little opening formed in the epithelium, the taste pore. The elongated cells that form the taste bud can functionally be divided into three groups: sensory cells, supporting (or sustentacular) cells, and basal cells. Sensory cells extend microvilli into the taste pore. These microvilli contain the receptors for the different basic taste modalities (sweet, salty, bitter and acid). Basal cells regenerate the two other cell types. (Cell turnover is quite high, and it is thought that the cells of the taste buds are replaced (on average) every 10th day).
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Lingual Glands Several sets: Anterior; Glands of Von Ebner; Mucous Glands of the Root Anterior Glands: under apex of tongue mixed sero-mucous glands
purely serous
4 to 38 ducts (vallate trenches) Mucous Glands of Root lymphoid area into body purely mucous ducts into pits lingual tonsils
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Muscle
halved incompletely (fibrous lingual septum) Skeletal muscle 2 groups
Blood Vessels:
plexus in lamina propria capillaries into papillae Lymphatics: drain papillae plexus in lamina propria
Nerve Fibers:
Efferent nerve fibers: muscle, glands, blood vessels
Sensory nerve fibers: end freely, general sensibilities; taste buds (= gustatory)
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Palate
Roof of mouth 2 sides: oral, nasal Oral side: oral type mucosa Nasal side: respiratory mucosa
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Hard Palate
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Hard Palate:
Oral Side: Stratified squamous epithelium tall papillae densely fibrous lamina propria Submucosa: except at raphe
Soft Palate:
Continuation of hard palate Oral side similar to hard palate
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Pharynx
Flattened, conical chamber Superior & Inferior regions Superior = respiratory naso-pharynx Nasal mucosa
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Epithelium:
naso-pharynx: pseudostratified columnar, ciliated; specialized goblet cells
Submucosa: Well developed: naso-pharynx (laterally); near esophagus Other regions: elastic layer against muscle Small mucous glands regions of stratified epithelium Musclularis: 2 layer (skeletal muscle) Inner longitudinal; outer oblique/circular
Adventitia:
thin, fibrous (most regions)
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Oropharynx
Digestive function Anterior: anterior tonsillar pillar Posterior: superior constrictor Superior: soft palate Inferior: base of tongue, superior epiglottis Laterally: palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
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Epiglottis
This is a slightly curved, leafshaped structure, the stalk of the epiglottis is attached to the deep aspect of the laryngeal prominence. This cartilage overhangs the ventricle of the larynx. The epiglottis is connected to the: Tongue by the median and lateral glossoepiglottic folds. Arytenoids cartilages by the aryepiglottic and false vocal folds.
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Palatine Tonsil
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Lingual Tonsil
Several lymphoid follicles, which represent a portion of the lingual tonsil, are present. They protrude slightly above the surface of the posterior tongue. Variable distribution extending to epiglottis or the palatine tonsil.
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Pharyngeal Tonsil
Respiratory epithelium
Pharyngeal tonsils resemble those of the palate but with ciliated, pseudostratified epithelium rather than stratified squamous epithelium lining the surface and crypts.
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A, Condylar head; B, Tubercle of temporal bone; C, Articular fossa; D, Articular disk; E, Upper synovial cavity; F, Lower synovial cavity; G, Lateral pterygoid muscle; H, Upper portion of posterior disk and capsule; I, Lower portion of posterior disk and capsule
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Important notes
The Pharyngeal walls made up of mucosa, submucosa, pharyngobasilar fascia, constrictor m., buccopharyngeal fascia Lateral walls made up of ant. and post. tonsillar pillars, tonsillar fossa with the palatine tonsil, lateral phayngeal wall Soft palate made up of palatine aponeurosis, tensor and levator veli palatini, uvular m, palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus