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Presentation Overview CVEN 483 Structural System Overview

Dr. J. Bracci Fall 2001 Semester 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Building system primary function Types of load Building materials Structural members Structural systems

CVEN 483 Structural Systems

1. Basic Building System Functions


Support gravity loads for strength and serviceability during: 1. Normal use (service) conditions 2. Maximum considered use conditions 3. Environmental loading of varying intensities

Vertical deflection (sag) Dead, Live, etc.

Lateral deflection (sway) Wind or earthquakes

Performance-Based Design: Control displacements within acceptable limits during service loading, factored loaded, and varying intensities of environmental loading
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CVEN 483 Structural Systems

2. Types of Load
Gravity: Dead Live Impact Snow Rain/flood Lateral Wind Earthquake Soil lateral pressure Thermal Centrifugal
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3. Building Materials
Reinforced Concrete Structural Steel Reinforced Masonry Wood Aluminum Metal Structures Fiber Reinforced Polymers
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CVEN 483 Structural Systems

Important Material Characteristics


Modulus of Elasticity, E Yield point Strain hardening Ductility Toughness, hardness Creep, shrinkage, thermal, relaxation High-cycle fatigue
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Reinforced Concrete
(Reference ACI 318-99)

(a) Unconfined Concrete


fc 0.85 fc

Stress

0.3 fc E = 57000 (fc)0.5

~0.1 fc

~ 0.002

0.003

Strain, in/in
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Reinforced Concrete
(Reference ACI 318-99)

Reinforced Concrete
(Reference ACI 318-99)

(a) Confined Concrete


fcc

(b) Normal reinforcing Steel


ASTM A615,A617 [40,60 ksi]
fu

(c) Prestressing bars & strands - A421,A416 [250,


270 ksi]
fpu fpy

Stress

fc

0.003

~> 0.03

Stress

Stress

fy

~0.002

~ 0.16

~ 0.04

Strain, in/in
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Strain, in/in
CVEN 483 Structural Systems

Strain, in/in
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Structural Steel
(Reference AISC-LRFD 1998 or AISC-ASD 19??)

Reinforced Masonry
(Reference ACI 530-99/ASCE 5-99/TMS 402-99)

ASTM A36, 572, 615

ASTM C34, C56, C62, C126 (Clay or Shale) ASTM C55, C73, C90, C129, C744 (Concrete)
fm

Stress

Stress

0.33 fm

Em = 700-900 fm

~0.002

~ 0.16

Strain, in/in
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Strain, in/in
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Wood
(Reference NDS 1997)

Aluminum
(Reference Metals Handbook)

Historical design approach was based on allowable stresses (ASD). LRFD approach is currently available. Many grades of wood Southern Pine dominant in TX Many types of failure mechanism, ie. various forms of crushing and splitting (parallel or perpendicular to the grain) Bolted/nailed connections Plywood bonded sheets of wood (improves directionality properties of wood)
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Advantages: 1. High strength/weight ratio 2. Minimal maintenance due to stability in most atmospheric environments 3. Fatigue advantages ?? Applications: 1. Aircraft

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Metal Structures
Advantages: Warehouse type structures

Fiber Reinforced Polymers


(ACI Committee 440, Trejo et al [2000])

Advantages are realized: Due to the high strength Strength/weight ratio Corrosive resistance Non-magnetic characteristics Disadvantages: High temperatures Brittle behavior

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CVEN 483 Structural Systems

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4. Structural Members
Truss elements, including cables (tension only) Beams Columns Slabs/plates/shells/folded plates Walls/diaphragms

Truss Elements
Defn: Two force members, ie axial loads at nodes only
F L A,E F Elastic Properties: ka = EA/L = F/A (axial stiffness) (normal stress)

= FL / EA (deflection)
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Beam Elements
Defn: Members subject to bending and shear
M L V E,I,A V M 1,1 Elastic Properties: kb = f ( EI/Ln) (bending) ks = GA/L (shear) = My/I (normal stress) v = VQ/Ib (shear stress) F 2,2 M

Column Elements
Defn: Members subject to bending, shear, and axial
L V E,I,A V F M 1,1 a = F/A (normal stress) b = My/I (normal stress) v = VQ/Ib (shear stress)
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3 2,2

Elastic Properties: ka = EA/L (axial) kb = f ( EI/Ln) (bending) ks = GA/L (shear)


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b = f (load, support conditions, L, E, I) (bending)


CVEN 483 Structural Systems

b = f (load, support conditions, L, E, I, A) (normal)

Slab/Plate Elements
Defn: Members subject to bi-directional bending & shear

Wall/Diaphragm Elements
Defn: Members subject to shear

y y x Mx, My, and Vz x, y, and z


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Vx and Vx x x and y
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5. Structural Systems
Gravity: Trusses Frames Walls Dual systems Plates Lateral: Trusses Frames Braced Frames Walls Dual systems Diaphragms

Truss:

Coplanar system of truss elements governed by axial deformations

Planar (2D)
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Space (3D)
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Basic Truss Unit

Truss Types

Stable

Unstable

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CVEN 483 Structural Systems

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Truss Behavior
Act as long, deep beams with cutout webs Resistance increases when upper and lower chords are spaced further apart. Bottom, corner elements are critical

Truss Connections
Modeled as pinned Gusset plates used to connect members at nodal points Riveted (past practice), high strength bolt, or welded connections

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CVEN 483 Structural Systems

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Truss Advantages
Optimum use of material properties (entire section acts in tension or compression) Optimal for high strength, lightweight materials, ie steel, aluminum, FRP Ideal for long spans, ie. roofs and bridges Constructability is efficient, ie. build on ground or in fab shop and lift into place

Truss Disadvantages
Requires significant total depth, which increases nonstructural cladding. With long spans, vibrations tend to be a problem in terms of both magnitude and frequency of vibration.

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CVEN 483 Structural Systems

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Steel Bar Joists


Steel bar joists can be economical in some buildings, ie. roofs and floors in any Walmart, sporting complex, or newer office buildings

Frame Systems IBC 2000


Building Frame
Complete space frame systems providing support for gravity loads and seismic resistance is provided by shear walls or braced frames

Dual Frame
Complete space frame systems providing support for gravity loads and seismic resistance is provided by the space frame and shear walls or braced frames

Space Frame
Members that are capable of supporting gravity loads and also provide resistance to seismic forces
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Moment Frame Systems IBC 2000


Ordinary (OMF)
Members and joints are capable of resisting forces by flexure as well as along the member axis

Frame:

Coplanar system of beam and column elements dominated by flexural deformation

Intermediate (IMF)
Members and joints are capable of resisting forces by flexure as well as along the member axis with some extra detailing requirements for ductility

Special (SMF)
Members and joints are capable of resisting forces by flexure as well as along the member axis with special detailing requirement for ductility
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Planar (2D)
CVEN 483 Structural Systems

Space (3D)
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Basic Behavior

2D vs. 3D Frames (Plan)


Gravity Frame Lateral Frame

Gravity Load

Lateral Loading Planar


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Space
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Frame Advantages
Optimum use of floor space, ie. optimal for office bldgs, retail, parking structures where open space is required. Relatively simple and experienced construction process Generally economical for low-to mid-rise construction (less than about 20 stories) In Houston, most frames are made of reinforced concrete.

Frame Disadvantages
Generally, frames are flexible structures and lateral deflections generally control the design process for buildings with greater than about 4 stories. Note that concrete frame are about 8 times stiffer than steel frames of the same strength. Span lengths are limited with using normal reinforced concrete (generally less than about 40 ft, but up to about 50 ft). Span lengths can be increased by using prestressed concrete.

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CVEN 483 Structural Systems

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Frame Lateral Load Systems


Flat plate-column frame: Effective slab width

Frame Lateral Load Systems


Beam-column frame:

Plan
CVEN 483 Structural Systems

Elevation
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Elevation
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Frame Lateral Load Systems


Diaphragm (shear) element: Carries lateral loading to the lateral load resisting system Lateral load frame, typ. Plate element Deformed shape Lateral load distributes to frames proportional to tributary area
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Frame Lateral Load Systems


For relatively square plans, diaphragms are generally considered rigid Space frame with square plan Deformed shape has constant lateral displacement - No diaphragm flexibility, ie. lateral load distributes to frame proportional to frame stiffness

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Braced Frame:

Coplanar system of beam and column elements dominated by flexural deformation and truss elements dominated by axial deformation

Braced Frames
Concentric Eccentric
Link elements Truss elements

Planar (2D)
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Space (3D)
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Elevation

Elevation
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Concentrically Braced Frames


Beam-column frame:

Eccentrically Braced Frames


Beam-column frame:

Note: Deformations are a function of axial stiffness in truss elements


CVEN 483 Structural Systems

Elevation

Note: Deformations are a function of shear stiffness in link elements


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Elevation

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Frame Lateral Load Systems


Diaphragm (shear) element: Carries lateral loading to the lateral load resisting system Lateral load frame, typ. Plate element Deformed shape Lateral load distributes to frames proportional to tributary area
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Braced Frame Advantages


Much stiffer and stronger lateral load system when compared with frame systems Optimum use of floor space. Most braced frames are on the building perimeter or near elevator stairwell Generally economical for low-rise construction (less than about 5 stories) Eccentricity braced frames have superior seismic resistance due to very ductile link elements (fuses)

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Frame Disadvantages
Architectural constraints. Sometimes braces must be hidden and other times can be visualized as part of the architectural scheme.

Shear Wall Lateral Load Systems


Shear wall Edge column Shear deformations generally govern

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Interior gravity frames

Elevation
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Shear Wall Lateral Load Systems


Elevator shaft configuration Gravity frames Shear walls Hole Coupling beams

Dual Lateral Load Systems


Wall-Frame Dual System: Lateral frames 25% of lateral load, minimum Hole Shear walls

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Non-Structural System
Cladding concrete, masonry, glass, etc Electrical, mechanical, HVAC, etc. Ceilings, partition walls, book cases, filing cabinets, elevated computer floors, etc.

Floor Diaphragm Flexibility


Can be a concern with exterior braced frames or shear wall systems that have a rectangular floor plan Special design considerations must be followed According to IBC 2000, lateral forces get distributed to the lateral force resisting system
Proportional to the frame stiffness for rigid diaphragms Proportional to the tributary mass that each frame carries for flexible diaphragms

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CVEN 483 Structural Systems

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