Dr. J. Bracci Fall 2001 Semester 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Building system primary function Types of load Building materials Structural members Structural systems
Performance-Based Design: Control displacements within acceptable limits during service loading, factored loaded, and varying intensities of environmental loading
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2. Types of Load
Gravity: Dead Live Impact Snow Rain/flood Lateral Wind Earthquake Soil lateral pressure Thermal Centrifugal
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3. Building Materials
Reinforced Concrete Structural Steel Reinforced Masonry Wood Aluminum Metal Structures Fiber Reinforced Polymers
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Reinforced Concrete
(Reference ACI 318-99)
Stress
~0.1 fc
~ 0.002
0.003
Strain, in/in
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Reinforced Concrete
(Reference ACI 318-99)
Reinforced Concrete
(Reference ACI 318-99)
Stress
fc
0.003
~> 0.03
Stress
Stress
fy
~0.002
~ 0.16
~ 0.04
Strain, in/in
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Strain, in/in
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Strain, in/in
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Structural Steel
(Reference AISC-LRFD 1998 or AISC-ASD 19??)
Reinforced Masonry
(Reference ACI 530-99/ASCE 5-99/TMS 402-99)
ASTM C34, C56, C62, C126 (Clay or Shale) ASTM C55, C73, C90, C129, C744 (Concrete)
fm
Stress
Stress
0.33 fm
Em = 700-900 fm
~0.002
~ 0.16
Strain, in/in
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Strain, in/in
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Wood
(Reference NDS 1997)
Aluminum
(Reference Metals Handbook)
Historical design approach was based on allowable stresses (ASD). LRFD approach is currently available. Many grades of wood Southern Pine dominant in TX Many types of failure mechanism, ie. various forms of crushing and splitting (parallel or perpendicular to the grain) Bolted/nailed connections Plywood bonded sheets of wood (improves directionality properties of wood)
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Advantages: 1. High strength/weight ratio 2. Minimal maintenance due to stability in most atmospheric environments 3. Fatigue advantages ?? Applications: 1. Aircraft
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Metal Structures
Advantages: Warehouse type structures
Advantages are realized: Due to the high strength Strength/weight ratio Corrosive resistance Non-magnetic characteristics Disadvantages: High temperatures Brittle behavior
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4. Structural Members
Truss elements, including cables (tension only) Beams Columns Slabs/plates/shells/folded plates Walls/diaphragms
Truss Elements
Defn: Two force members, ie axial loads at nodes only
F L A,E F Elastic Properties: ka = EA/L = F/A (axial stiffness) (normal stress)
= FL / EA (deflection)
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Beam Elements
Defn: Members subject to bending and shear
M L V E,I,A V M 1,1 Elastic Properties: kb = f ( EI/Ln) (bending) ks = GA/L (shear) = My/I (normal stress) v = VQ/Ib (shear stress) F 2,2 M
Column Elements
Defn: Members subject to bending, shear, and axial
L V E,I,A V F M 1,1 a = F/A (normal stress) b = My/I (normal stress) v = VQ/Ib (shear stress)
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Slab/Plate Elements
Defn: Members subject to bi-directional bending & shear
Wall/Diaphragm Elements
Defn: Members subject to shear
Vx and Vx x x and y
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5. Structural Systems
Gravity: Trusses Frames Walls Dual systems Plates Lateral: Trusses Frames Braced Frames Walls Dual systems Diaphragms
Truss:
Planar (2D)
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Space (3D)
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Truss Types
Stable
Unstable
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Truss Behavior
Act as long, deep beams with cutout webs Resistance increases when upper and lower chords are spaced further apart. Bottom, corner elements are critical
Truss Connections
Modeled as pinned Gusset plates used to connect members at nodal points Riveted (past practice), high strength bolt, or welded connections
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Truss Advantages
Optimum use of material properties (entire section acts in tension or compression) Optimal for high strength, lightweight materials, ie steel, aluminum, FRP Ideal for long spans, ie. roofs and bridges Constructability is efficient, ie. build on ground or in fab shop and lift into place
Truss Disadvantages
Requires significant total depth, which increases nonstructural cladding. With long spans, vibrations tend to be a problem in terms of both magnitude and frequency of vibration.
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Dual Frame
Complete space frame systems providing support for gravity loads and seismic resistance is provided by the space frame and shear walls or braced frames
Space Frame
Members that are capable of supporting gravity loads and also provide resistance to seismic forces
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Frame:
Intermediate (IMF)
Members and joints are capable of resisting forces by flexure as well as along the member axis with some extra detailing requirements for ductility
Special (SMF)
Members and joints are capable of resisting forces by flexure as well as along the member axis with special detailing requirement for ductility
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Planar (2D)
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Space (3D)
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Basic Behavior
Gravity Load
Space
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Frame Advantages
Optimum use of floor space, ie. optimal for office bldgs, retail, parking structures where open space is required. Relatively simple and experienced construction process Generally economical for low-to mid-rise construction (less than about 20 stories) In Houston, most frames are made of reinforced concrete.
Frame Disadvantages
Generally, frames are flexible structures and lateral deflections generally control the design process for buildings with greater than about 4 stories. Note that concrete frame are about 8 times stiffer than steel frames of the same strength. Span lengths are limited with using normal reinforced concrete (generally less than about 40 ft, but up to about 50 ft). Span lengths can be increased by using prestressed concrete.
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Plan
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Elevation
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Elevation
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Braced Frame:
Coplanar system of beam and column elements dominated by flexural deformation and truss elements dominated by axial deformation
Braced Frames
Concentric Eccentric
Link elements Truss elements
Planar (2D)
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Space (3D)
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Elevation
Elevation
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Elevation
Elevation
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Frame Disadvantages
Architectural constraints. Sometimes braces must be hidden and other times can be visualized as part of the architectural scheme.
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Elevation
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Non-Structural System
Cladding concrete, masonry, glass, etc Electrical, mechanical, HVAC, etc. Ceilings, partition walls, book cases, filing cabinets, elevated computer floors, etc.
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