Coordination= can be refer to by some grammarians as syndetic (with the presence of coordinators) and asyndetic (with the absence

of coodinators) E.g. : Slowly and healthily, he crept towards his victim. (syndetic) Slowly, steady,he crept towards his victim. (asyndetic) Coordination ---Phrasal = coordination of phrase of equal status Including: + coordinated NPs (in different syntactic functions) E.g. + I want to know by whom and for whom it was ordered. + E.g: She is young and beautiful. His clear and forceful delivery impressed the audience These jewels were very cheap and gaudy + E.g.: The attacks in June and in July failed He climbed up the wall and over the wall. John complained to Mary and to Peter. + coordination of identical items E.g.: + E.g.: big and ugly cup and saucer + in virtually irreversible order E.g.: bread and butter law and order knife, folk, and spoon by hook or by crook Can be segregatory (possibly paraphrased into 2 or more coordinated clauses) E.g.: John and Mary have a cold (John has a cold and Mary has a cold) Can be combinatory (impossibly paraphrased into coordinated clauses) E.g.: John and Mary make a good couple (no analogous paraphrase) He painted his car black and white. (a combined process) Practice. Order in oordination 1. eggs,ham 2. Ink, pen 3. old, young 4. Left, right 5. Feet,hands

6. Bad, good 7. Gentlemen, ladies 8. Cap, gown 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Eggs and ham Pen and ink Young and old Left and old Left and right Hands and feet Good and bad Ladies and gentlemen Cap and gown

---Clausal = coordination of clause of equal status Including: + Coordinated subordinate clauses E.g.: Syntactic features of Coordinators Coordinators: preceded by a conjunction

Eg.: He was unhappy about it, and yet he did as he was told. Coordinators: link clause constituents Eg. They love him and believe in him. I may see you tomorrow or may phone later in the day.

Coordinators: link subordinate clauses

Eg.: I wonder whether you should speak to him personally or whether it is better to write to him Coordinators: link more than two clauses Eg. The battery may be disconnected, or the connection may be loose, or the bulb may be faulty

Coordinators AND OR BUT Semantic implications of AND Addition of consequence or result Eg: He heard an explosion and he (therefore) phoned the police. Addition of chronological sequence Eg: I washed the dishes and (then) I dried them. Contrast

Eg: Robert is secretive and (in contrast) David is candid. 2nd clause being a comment on the 1st Eg: They disliked John and thats not surprising 1st clause being a condition of the 2nd Eg: Give me some money and (then) Ill help escape. 2nd clause making a point similar to the 1st Eg: A trade agreement should be no problem, and (similarly) a cultural exchange could be arranged. 2nd clause being a pure addition to the 1st Eg: He has long hair and (also) he often wears jeans. 2nd clause being felt surprising in view of the 1st Eg: She tried hard and (yet) she failed. Semantic implications of OR + Exclusive choice Eg: You can go there by car or you can walk there. + Inclusive choice Eg: You can boil an egg, or you can make some cheese sandwiches, or you can do both. + Restatement or correction of previously-mentioned idea. Eg: He began his educational career, or, in other words, he started to attend the local kindergarten. +Negative condition Eg: Give me some money or Ill shoot. Semantic implications of BUT +Unexpected contrast Eg: John is poor, but hes happy. He didnt want their help, but he had to accept it.

+ Contrast being restatement (negative><affirmative) Eg: John didnt waste his waste his time in the week before the exam, but studied hard every evening Correlatives +bothand: With anticipated addition Eg: He both has long hair and wears jeans. +either or With anticipated alternation Eg: He either has long hair or wears jeans. +neither nor Eg: with anticipated additional negation Eg: He neither has long hair nor wears jeans. +Others: nor/neither correlated with actual or implied negative in the previous clause Eg: He did not want to ask them for help (but) nor could he do without their help. not only.but (also) Eg: They not only broke into his office and stole his book, but they (also) tore up his manuscripts Quasi- coordinators +as well as Eg: He publishes as well as prints his books She was pitied rather than disliked. These coordinators can have a prepositional or subordinating role Eg: As well as printing his books, he publishes them. Rather than cause trouble, Im going to forget the whole affair. John, as much as (=with) his brother, was responsible for the loss. Non- restrictive relative clauses Semantically considered as equivalent to coordinate clauses Eg: John didnt go to the show, which is a pity = John didnt go to the show, and that is a pity.

Ellipsis

Described as grammatical omission of elements which are precisely recoverable from the linguistic or situational context Eg: Have you spoken to him? (I have) Not yet (spoken to him) . Ellipsis in coordinated clauses + + + . +Ellipsis of A Eg: To my surprise, they didnt appoint him, and they (to my surprise) didnt even interview him. Theoretically, I have no objections to his proposals and (theoretically) neither have any of my colleagues. + Apposition + Non-restrictive Apposition +Restrictive Appostion