Name

Helium Helium has a much higher value because of the extra (1) in the nucleus. The additional (2) provides a stronger attraction for the electrons making them (3) to remove.

Carbon The value (1) again for Carbon due to the increased nuclear charge. The extra (2) does not pair up with the previous one in the same orbital but occupies another of the (3) orbitals. This gives a (4) energy configuration because there is less (5) between the negatively charged particles. This is known as (6) Rule.

Nitrogen The value (1) again for Nitrogen due to the increased nuclear charge. As before, the extra electron goes into the vacant (2) orbital. There are now three (3) electrons.

1s -

2s Neon The value (1) again for Neon due to the increased nuclear charge. The (2) orbitals are now full so the next electron in will have to go into the (3) energy 3s orbital. Flourine The value (1) again for Fluorine due to the increased nuclear charge. The (2) orbitals are almost (3). Oxygen There is a (1) in the value for Oxygen. The extra electron has paired up with one of the electrons already in one of the (2) orbitals. The repulsive force beteen the two paired-up electrons means that (3) energy is required to remove one of them 1s 2s 2p 3s -

1s Hydrogen Despite having a nuclear charge of only (1); Hydrogen has a relatively high 1st (2) Energy as its electron is closest to the nucleus and has no (3). 1s Beryllium The value for Beryllium is (1) than for (2) due to the increased (3) charge. There is no extra (4). 2s -

2s -

2p -

1s 2p -

2s -

2p -

1s -

2s 1s 2s 1s -

1s 2s -

2s -

2p -

2p -

Lithium There is a substantial (1) in the value for Lithium. This is because the extra (2) has gone into an (3) in the next energy level. Despite the increased nuclear charge, the effective nuclear charge is less because of the shielding effect of filled inner (4) energy level. The 2s electron is also further away from the nucleus. It is held less strongly and needs (5) energy for removal.

1s 1s 2s -

2s -

2p 1s 2s 2p -

Magnesium The value for Magnesium is (1) than for Sodium due to the (2) nuclear charge. There is no extra (3) The trend is similar to that at the start of the (4) period. 3s -

Beryllium There is a (1) in the value for Boron. This is because the extra electron has gone into one of the (2) orbitals. The increased shielding makes the electron easier to (3). It was evidence such as this that confirmed the existence of (4). If there hadnt been any sub-shell, the value would have been (5) than that of Beryllium.

Sodium There is a substantial (1) in the value for Sodium. This is because the extra electron has gone into an (2) in the next energy level. Despite the increased nuclear charge, the effective nuclear charge is less because of the (3) effect of filled inner 1s; 2s and (4) energy levels.