APUSH MIDTERM TOPICAL REVIEW 2011 Ammar Abdelwahed Father Junipero Serra the founder of the Missions, which

were the first settlements of civilized man in California, was born on the island of Majorca, part of the kingdom of Spain, on the 24th of November, 1713. In 1769, Spanish Missionaries led by this man founded at San Deigo the first chain of 21 missions that wound up the coast as far as Sonoma, North of San Francisco Bay. Father Serra s brown-robed Franciscan friars toiled with zealous devotion to Christianize 300,000 native Californians. Most natives that converted however lost their lives due to white man s diseases Significant Factual Information: Christianization, Plague, Indian extinction, Exploration, Spanish conquistadors, Spanish-American frontiers Eric Yang Encomienda System The loosely organized and vulnerable native communities of the West Indies provided labratories for testing the techniques that would eventually subdue the advanced Indian civilizations ofMexico and Peru. The most powerful of these techniques was the Encomienda System. The encomienda system allowed the government to comend or give Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to try to Christianize them. Essentially the system was slavery with a different name. The Spanish set it up after they had conquered South and Central America. They placed Spaniards in charge of hundreds of natives and let them tax them or use them as free labor and in return they maintained order and taught them Christianity. The most vocal opponent of the Encomienda System was the Spanish missionary Bartolome de Las Casas. He was appalled by the system and called it "a moral pestilence invented by Satan." SFI: Bartoleme de Las Casas, Christianity and spread of religions, Spanish conquerors, Indian civilzations of Mexico and Peru. Connor Lenihan Father Junipero Serra: A very passionate preacher, especially focused on converting Native Americans to his faith. He learned the language of an Indian tribe and translated the Bible into their language. He traveled around Mexico doing various jobs assigned to him such as preaching and overseeing other preachers. He also founded several missions. He lived in the time of the Revolutionary War. Related sfi: Native American conversions, Catholic conversions in the New World, Revolutionary War, Franciscan Friar, Pame Indians. Amreen Ahmed Metacom Also known as King Philip by the English; formed an Indian alliance in New England in the 1670s against the English because they were encroaching upon the natives land; attacked English villages and frontier settlements; later known as King Philip s War (1675-1676); with the help of the New England Confederation, the colonials won, virtually ending Indian resistance in New England; killed at end of war SFI: New England Confederation, King Philip s War, Wampanoag tribe, Massasoit, English expansion

Claire Deaver Cotton Mather Cotton Mather was a socially and politically influential New England Puritan minister. He is most often remembered for his role in witch trials, in which his interests in witchcraft lead him to publish a book called "Remarkable Providences" in 1684. Before the outbreak of accusations in Salem Village, Mather had already published his book that described in detail the possession of the children of the Goodwin family of Boston. He negatively influenced court decisions, but other than that he is relatively unimportant to history as a whole. SFI: Salem Witch Trial, Massachusetts Bay Colony, strict Puritan Society, Great Awakening MacKenzie Colton Cotton Mather was the minister at Boston s Old North Church and a firm believer in witchcraft. He went to Harvard at the age of 12 and started to study theology, but due to a speech impediment he then took up medicine. Throughout his life, he published over 400 works on topics ranging from small pox to witchcraft and sermons to history. He was the most influential ministers of his time and preached about eternal damnation. He believed that it was impossible for any witch to recite the Lord s Prayer. He also studied a child supposedly affected by witchcraft to gather resources for his letter to the judges at the Salem witch trials. Related SFI: Salem witch trials, Old North Church, Great Awakening, Puritan Ashwin Sundaram Fundamental Orders of Connecticut- These orders were formed in 1639 by the Hartford settlers who moved here, led by the Reverend Thomas Hooker. This was known as the first written constitution in American History. It established representative government consisting of a legislature elected by popular vote and a governor chosen by that legislature. this Order gave men more voting rights and made more men eligible to run for elected position compared to Massachusetts. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut is a short document, but contains some principles that were later applied in creating the United States government. Government is based in the rights of an individual, and the orders spell out some of those rights, as well as how they are ensured by the government. It provides that all free men share in electing their magistrates, and uses secret, paper ballots. It states the powers of the government, and some limits within which that power is exercised. Related SFI: Reverend Thomas Hooker; Boston Puritans; 1639; Hartford, Connecticut; Representative Government Nishant Subramani Triangular Trade Definition: Royal African Company expired. After that merchants sought slave trade. A ship loaded with rum would start in New England ports, sail to Africa, traded rum for slaves, sailed through the middle passage, arrived in the West Indies, traded slaves for sugarcane and molasses. Then the sugarcane and molasses would be transported to the colonies where it would be sold. This profit was tremendous. The slave trade was an integral part of society, and helped labor greatly. The usage of slaves and the importation of them helped the colonies' economies prosper. Trade increased a lot with european countries who wanted to get in on this lucrative slave trade. Acts were passed to help facilitate monetary gain and allowed for specific economies to prosper. Manufacturing prospered as a result of the booming trade because ships became a necessity to advance further in this business. SFI: Slaves, Rum, Molasses, West Indies, Africa, Middle Passage, Molasses Act

Omar Al-Hendy Antinomianism Anne Hutchinson claimed that a holf life was no sure sign of salvation and that the truly saved need not bother to obey the law of either God or man. This notion was known as Antinomianism (this word originates from the Greek, "against the law"). (Page 47) Related SFI: . Charges of antinomianism were frequently directed against Calvinists, . Quakers were charged with antinomianism due to their rejection of a graduate clergy and a clerical administrative structure, as well as their reliance on spirit rather than the Scriptures. . Other Protestant groups have also been accused of antinomianism. . Anne Hutchinson was banished to Rhode Island in 1637 due to her upbringing of this belief. John Asirvatham Antinomianism The assertion that a holy life is not a sure sign to salvation and that a truly saved person need not bother to obey the law of either God or man. It comes from the Greek, assertion against the law . The idea that faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation. This idea was formulated by Anne Hutchinson. It is similar to the idea of Sola fide (or justification by faith alone), except this is taken farther in that no laws matter to those that are saved. It is defined as holding that, under the gospel dispensation of grace; moral law is of no use or obligation because faith alone is necessary to salvation. This idea kicked Anne Hutchinson out of the Bay Colony. SFI: Anne Hutchinson, Bay Colony Jeremiah Simmons Half-Way Covenant A new form of sermon was started in the mid-seventeenth century, the jeremiad. Their style was taken from the doom-saying Old-Testament prophet Jeremiah, which resulted in earnest preachers scolding parishioners for their waning devotion. During this time there was a decrease in conversions (testimonials before people were deserving of being admitted to the church as members of the elect). Ministers started applying the Half-Way Covenant in 1662 which was a new formula for church membership. It was a new arrangement that modified the agreement between the church and its members by allowing partial membership rights of those who have not been converted. It weakened distinction between the elect and others, further altering the original spiritual purity of the first colonists godly community. Ben Hwang Sir Edmund Andros An English military man, Sir Edmund Andros was the head of the Dominion of New England, which was an administrative union imposed from London in the New England region. He was hated by Puritans because of his unruly soldiers and his pro-Anglican ties with the Church of England. He restrained town meetings, schools, all land titles, and the press. Taxing people without consent, he enforced the disliked Navigation Laws and suppressed smuggling. After the Glorious Revolution of the Protestant regime over in England, a Boston mob rebelled against the Dominion of New England in reaction, which led to Andros's pitiful attempt to flee in woman's clothing and his deportation to England. He later returned to become the governor of Virginia. Related SFIs: New England, New York, East and West Jersey, New England Confederation, Dominion of New England, English Navigation Laws, smuggling, 1689 Boston revolt, "first American Revolution"

Joey Harter Pontiac's Rebellion (Chapter 4) In 1763, Chief Pontiac, of the Ottawa Native American tribe, led an attack in the Western thirteen colonies. During this time, Britain still had control over the colonies by means of their imperial policy, which was heavily tested during this indian rebellion. The reason Chief Pontiac began this rebellion was due to the European settlers slowly moving westward, which invaded the indians land, as well as not receiving gifts in exchange for taking over their land like France had done for them. The rebellion moved from the great lakes region to the Ohio Valley to New York and Virginia. As a result of this conflict, Britain had to send in troops to deal with the terror the Indians were giving, as well as to make sure the colonies did not get heavily involved in this rebellion. Some small forts were seized by the Native American's, but did not have a large impact on the rebellion. After the rebellion calmed down, the Proclamation of 1763 was issued by the British government which prohibited the American colonists to settle past the Appalachian Mountains. This issuance hoped to separate the colonists and Indians by forcing them not to settle near each other. This proclamation was not heavily enforced or followed. Indian and Colonial relations were not helped by the group known as the Paxton Boys, which retaliated against Indians after the rebellion was calmed. SFI: Proclamation of 1763, Beginning of Colonial and Native American Feuding, Chief Pontiac, British Imperial policy. Paxton Boys Ted Curtiss John Peter Zenger John Peter Zenger was a German- American printer and publisher in New York City. He is most known for the legal case in which he was the defendant in the years 1734-1735. In the case, Zenger was being prosecuted because of newspaper had published something that attacked the royal governor of New York. He was put into court, being defended by Andrew Hamilton, on the premise that he broke English law. The current English law was that someone could not publish an insult of a royal governor whether if the information was true or false. Hamilton tried to argue that Zenger had published the truth, so he should not be jailed for his publication. The jury ignored the English law and decided to rule that Zenger was not guilty. The Zenger case was a huge leap in freedom of the press. It helped other judges and juries to accept that if someone printed something true, then it could not be prosecuted as illegal. The case only opened up the beginning of the freedom of the press, and it allowed other printers to take more risks in what they printed about authorities. Related SFI: Freedom of Speech, Freedom of the Press, Colonial New York, royal governors, revolutionary ideals, Jacqueline Curtsinger Albany Plan of Union (1754) y British government called for representatives from several colonies to meet at the Albany Congress in Albany, New York in 1754. y Out of the 13, only representatives from 7 colonies attended. y The Albany Plan of Union developed by Benjamin Franklin proposed an intercolonial government which would be used for recruiting troops and collecting taxes. y Short Term Purpose: Keep the Iroquois tribe loyal to the British y Long Term Purpose: Achieve greater colonial unity and a stronger defense against the French y Albany delegates accepted the plan but the colonies and London Regime both rejected it, so it never took effect. y The London Regime thought it offered too much independence and the colonies were too jealous of their own taxation powers. y This plan was a premature scheme for colonial home rule and a precedent for more revolutionary congresses. Related SFI: Fort Duquesne, Nova Scotia, Seven Year's War/ French and Indian War

Mitchell Gordon Annapolis Convention Interstate squabbling over the issue of control over commerce in the states led Virginia to call a meeting at Annapolis, Maryland. Nine of the thirteen states appointed delegates, but only five were represented. Even though nothing could be done about the issue of commerce, Alexander Hamilton saved the convention by calling upon Congress to meet in Philadelphia one year later to revamp the Articles of Confederation. Related SFI: Constitutional Convention, Constitution, Great Compromise, Articles of Confederation, State's rights Kris Bendrick "Writ of Assistance" Description: Writs of Assistance were first authorized by an act of the English Parliament in 1660. Writs of Assistance were used as search warrants that did not expire, allowing officials to search anywhere for smuggled goods without having to obtain a specific warrant. Officials used these Writs to enforce the Navigation Act when Britian had decided to become stricter in it's law when it was short on money. These writs became controversial when they were issued by courts in British America in the 1760s, especially in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Controversy over these Writs of Assistance inspired the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which forbids general search warrants in the United States. Writs of Assistance were of the major causes of tension to the American Revolution. Colonists claimed that the Writs violated their rights as British citizens. Another major problem was that Writs were transferable, they could be given from one Writ holder to another. SFI: U.S. Constitution, Natural Law, Navigation Acts, The American Revolution, Townshend Act Adarsh Dave Writ of Assistance Writ of assistance was a general search warrant issued by superior provincial courts. They helped the British government in enforcing trade and navigation laws. Such warrants authorized customhouse officers, without the need for anyone else, to search houses for smuggled goods without specifying either the house or the goods. They were used commonly during the reign of Charles II. But the writs did not create controversy until a renewal attempt was made in 1761. Despite an impressive attack on their constitutionality by James Otis, who represented Boston merchants, the writs were continued after the confirmation of their legality had been received from England in 1762. When similar warrants were reauthorized by the Townshend Acts in 1767, they were challenged for five years in every superior court in the 13 colonies and refused fervently in 8 of them. So, writs of assistance became a major colonial grievance in the pre-Revolutionary period. SFI: Navigation Acts, Boston, Charles II, Fourth Amendment, Continued until 1819, American Revolution, Townshend Acts Shelby Tatum Proclamation of 1763 After the French and Indian War, Britain closed off the western frontier for further colonial expansion, hoping to ease some of the fears of the Indians living in the West. The colonists strongly resented this proclamation because the West was taken away from them and they felt as if Britain was pinning them to the coast in order to make the colonies easier to regulate. SFI: French and Indian War, Westward Expansion, Indian Relations, Mother-country

Jade Cummings Stamp Act of 1765 Description: the Prime Minister of Britain, George Grenville, established The Stamp Act in 1765. It was imposed to raise revenues to support the military in the colonies. A revenue stamp was required to be placed on all bills, legal documents, newspapers, advertisements and all other printed documents. The Stamp Act was universally hated by all citizens and representatives from nine colonies met to form the Stamp Act Congress. They thought that only representatives had the authority to approve taxes. Another group formed called "The Sons and Daughters of Liberty", they formed to intimidate tax agents. They sometimes tar and feathered revenue officials and destroyed revenue stamps. The most effective form of protest to the Stamp Act was boycotting British imports after a drop and trade, Parliament repealed the Stamp Act. SFI: Sons of Liberty, Stamp Act Congress of 1765, No Taxation Without Representation , Nonimportation agreements, Sugar Act, Declaratory Act, Quartering Act Charlene Hong Gaspee Incident This incident was frequently discussed in the Committees of Correspondences's letters. The Gaspee was a British customs ship that was continuously successful in catching smugglers. In 1772, the ship ran aground in Rhode Island. A group of colonists, led by wealthy merchant John Brown, disguised as Native Americans got on board the ship, ordered the crew ashore, and set fire to it. The British ordered a commission to investigate and bring guilty members to Britain for trial. The colonies saw this as another step to put them under British control, and to eliminate their freedoms. They worried that the British courts would fully blame colonists since the colonists would be in foreign courts away from their homes. Related SFI: Committees of Correspondence, Samuel Adams, Townshend Acts, virtual representation, colonial boycotts Ryan Rife Intolerable Acts: Five laws issued by the British Parliament in 1774 attempting to halt colonial resistance in Boston, Massachusetts due to the Boston Tea Party incident. Known as the Coercive Acts, they regulated the Massachusetts local government in its procedures, closed the Boston Harbor to regular trade until England was paid back for the loss of the Boston Tea Party, designated for trials of individuals to be held in England, allowed the quartering of British military officials in private homes, and added expanded freedoms in Britsh-Canada in the Quebec Act. These acts unified colonial resistence to parliamentary ruling and helped percieve the start of the American Revolution against the British. SFI: Boston Tea Party, Tea Act, Committees of Correspondence, Declaratory Acts, Townshend Acts, First Continental Congress

Brett Derrington Articles of Confederation The thirteen original colonies came together at the end of the Revolutionary War as the Continental Congress to write the Articles of Confederation. The articles were written to give the colonies some sense of a unified government. Once the thirteen colonies became the thirteen states, however, each one began to act alone in its own best interest. A new governing document was needed in order for these new states to act together, to become a nation. It was soon realized that the Articles of Confederation did not give the federal government needed to create a strong nation, and because the Federal government could not raise an army or taxes, it largely had no influence. It also created economic problems as each of the states seemed to have its own currency. Still, it was the first constitution and it was what originally brought the colonies into states in a larger, in ineffective government. A convention called in May 1787 to re-write the Articles decided to draft an entirely new Constitution. Related SFI: Articles of Confederation, the Constitution, Continental Congress, Revolutionary War, Statehood, Taxes Ankita Joshi Electoral College System Instead of people electing the president directly, each state has a number of electors assigned according to the total number of that state s representatives and senators and these electors elect the President and Vice president. This was instituted because the delegates in Philadelphia feared that too much democracy might lead to mob rule. At the time, some politicians believed a purely popular election was too reckless, while others objected to giving Congress the power to select the president. The compromise was to set up an Electoral College system that allowed voters to vote for electors, who would then cast their votes for candidates. Each elector could vote for two people for the presidential position. The one who got the most votes became the President and the one with the second most votes became the VP. Electors could not vote for two candidates from the same state. This system was in the constitution Article II Section I Clause 3. However it created a problem in the elections of 1796(Adams becomes the president) and 1800 (Jefferson becomes the President, Revolution of 1800). Hence the 12th Amendment was proposed by the Congress in December 1807 and was ratified by June 1804. This Amendment changed only a component of the Electoral College System as the electors casted two distinct votes, one for the president and one for the vice president. SFI: House Representatives, Senate, State legislatures, Great Compromise, Constitutional convention

Emily Espinel 1. Pinckney Treaty (1795) A treaty between the United States and Spain that arose due to Spain's fear of an Anglo-American alliance as a result of the recent Jay Treaty. Negotiated by Thomas Pinckney, the American minister to Spain, the Pinckney Treaty helped to sway the Americans away from the British and toward the Spanish in that the Americans were granted free navigation of the prized Mississippi River and opened the lower parts of the river near New Orleans to American trade. In addition, the right of deposit was granted to Americans so that they could transfer cargoes in New Orleans without paying duties to the Spanish government. Also, the Spanish agreed to the setting of Florida's northern boundary at the 31st parallel, further appeasing the Americans. Related SFI: Right of Deposit, New Orleans, Florida, Spain, Mississippi River, Jay Treaty, John Jay, Louisiana Purchase 2. Right of Deposit Pinckney's Treaty granted American merchants this right in New Orleans, and the Americans were therefore capable of utilizing the many ports of the city to store goods for export. This right also eliminated the need to compensate the Spanish for storing and transferring goods in the area, which helped to facilitate American sea trade and therefore also helped to stimulate the American economy. Related SFI: Pinckney Treaty, New Orleans, Merchants, Spain, Farmers, Lousiana Purchase Alonzo Lagrange Washington s Farewell Address y Occurred near the end of Washington's second term as president y Originally published in David Claypoole's American Daily Advertiser on September 19, 1796 under the title "The Address of General Washington To The People of The United States on his declining of the Presidency of the United States" y Stated that unity of the states was important for protection. y Specifically called for the American public to be wary of secession y Asked the people to look beyond differences in religion, habits, political practices, etc. and put their independence and liberty above all else y Supported the constitutional government y Reminds people that although the public has the ability to change the government, it should only be done through constitutional amendments. y Warns against violent takeovers y Discourages political factions y Reiterates the importants of the checks and balances system in the government y Showed Washington's strong support of religion and morality y He urges the American people to preserve the national credit by avoiding war, avoiding unnecessary borrowing, and paying off any national debt accumulated in times of war as quickly as possible in times of peace so that future generations do not have to take on the financial burdens that others have taken on themselves y Warns against permanent foreign military alliances other nations y Focused on neutrality

Ryan McGinnity Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions These two resolutions were written in 1798, by Jefferson in Kentucky, and by James Madison in Virginia in response to the overly Federalist Alien and Sedition Acts. Jefferson was worried that his political party would be wiped out if free speech and free press were eliminated, and constitutional guarantees would have been removed entirely. The resolutions embodied the compact theory, which was the belief that the states had entered into a compact or contract, to create the national government. Therefore, the national government was under their control, not the other way around. As a result, the states could say that the national government had violated the compact, and that the Alien and Sedition acts could be nullified. This train of thought would later lead to the nullification crisis in South Carolina, and eventually to the Civil War, although its original purpose was actually to preserve the Union rather than divide it. Related SFI: XYZ Affair, Alien and Sedition Acts, Revolution of 1800, Tariff of 1832, Nullification Crisis, Civil War, Revolutionary War, strict interpretation, Election of 1800, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, John Adams. Alex Goss Revolution of 1800 y The Revolution of 1800 occurred when Thomas Jefferson was elected president to oust the Federalist incumbent John Adams. y This new Democratic-Republican regime would pass legislation and rule with a strict interpretation of the Constitution. y Also, the revolution allowed the largely hated Alien and Sedition Acts to either be repealed or expire. y The Revolution of 1800 was very significant because it marked the first major shift in political power in United States history, in this case, power went from the Federalists to the Democratic-Republicans. y More importantly, though, was the fact that this shift was able to be done peacefully, proving that the American experiment with democracy was plausible. Related SFI: Thomas Jefferson, Democratic-Republicans, Federalists, Alien and Sedition Acts, Aaron Burr Melodie Fitzpatrick Toussaint L'Ouverture L'Ouverture led a rebellion against French rule on the island of Santo Domingo. He was a self-educated ex-slave and military genius, L'Ouverture was finally betrayed by the french, who imprisoned him in France. Indirectly, he had a big part in setting up the sale of Louisiana to the United States. Un the early 100's Napoleon Bonaparte had control of the Trans-Mississippi region of Louisiana, which included the New Orleans area. To avoid a conflict with France he President of the United States, Jefferson sent James Monroe in 1803 to France to buy New Orleans. Napoleon decided to sell all of Lousiiana.What changed his mind was that he had failed in his efforts to re-conquer the island of Santo Domingo. This event infuriated ex-slaves, which were led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, Had put up a stubborn resistance that was ultimately broken. Related SFI: Louisiana Purchase, Haitian Revolution, Battle on Santo Domingo

Marcella Azcona Embargo Act of 1807 Jefferson persuaded the Republican majority in Congress to pass this act as an alternative to war against Britain. This act prohibited American merchant ships from sailing to any foreign port. Since the United States was Britain's largest trading partner, Jefferson hoped that the British would stop violating the rights of nuetral nations rather than lose U.S. trade. The embargo, however, backfired and brought much greater economic hardship to the United States than to Britain. The British were deterined to control the seas at all costs, and they had little difficulty susbtituting supplies from South America for U.S. goods. The emabrgo's affect on the U.S. economy, however, was devastating, especially for the merchant marine and shipbuilders of New England. So bad was the depression that a movement developed in the New England states to secede fro the Union. Recognizing that the Embargo Act had failed, Jefferson called for its repeal in 1809 during the final days of his presidency. Even after repeal, however, U.S. ships could trade legally with all nations except Britain and France. SFI: Thomas Jefferson -- Nonimportation Act -- Britain & France -- Macon's Bill No. 2 Saif Hamdan War Hawks A congressional election in 1818 had brought a group of new, young Republicans to Congress, many of them from frontier states (KY, TN, OH). Known as war hawks because of their eagerness for war with Britain they quickly gained significant influence in the House of Representatives. Led by Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of SC, the war hawk congressmen argued that war with Britain would be the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy Native American resistance on the frontier. Related SFI: War of 1812, Thomas Jefferson, Federalists and anitwar Republicans, Election of 1812: De Witt Clinton- candidate of Federalists and antiwar Republicans. Madison- candidate for Republicans and pro-war, Sectionalism, Embargo Act (1807), Nonintercourse Act (1809), Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810), Deceit by Napoleon Richard Li Chesapeake Leopard Affair Off the coast of Norfolk, Virginia in 1807, an incident of British impressment of American sailors happened when the English ship the Leopard fired upon the American ship, the Chesapeake, causing great public resentment and almost started war. The incident occurred at a time of anti-British sentiment in the United States, helping lead to the implementation of the Embargo Act while adding to the accumulation of feelings that catalyzed the approachment the War of 1812. SFI: impressment, War of 1812, Embargo Act, anti-Britain Vivian Hao Tecumseh & the Prophet Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa, who was known as "the Prophet", were Shawnee Native Americans who tried to unite all tribes east of the Mississippi in order to stop the flood of pioneers pushing onto their land. They also led an Indian cultural renewal, reinforcing their own traditions and rejecting the selling of land to whites unless all tribes agreed. The Prophet and a small force of Shawnees were defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 by the governor of the Indiana Territory, William Henry Harrison, and his army, ending their efforts to form an Indian confederacy and forcing Tecumseh to ally with the British when the War of 1812 started. SFI: war hawks, Indian confederacy, William Henry Harrison, Battle of Tippecanoe, War of 1812, Shawnees

Emily Southida Kounlavong American System The American System was an economic plan created to strengthen and unify the nation which included three points: 1) a high tariff to protect American industries and to generate revenue for the federal government 2) the creation of the Bank of the United States 3) internal improvements which would bring the nation closer together. SFI: Whigs, Henry Clay, John Calhoun, John Quincy Adams, Era of Good Feeling, War of 1812 Paul Drexler "American System" The American System started up after the War of 1812 ended. British manufacturers flooded the American markets with cheap items that put American businesses and manufacturers in danger. Henry Clay developed a plan in 1824 known as the American System to protect the American economy. The first provision of this system was to have a strong banking system with easy and abundant credit. The second provision was to have a protective tariff for northeast manufacturers. The third provision was for the building of roads and canals in the Ohio Valley, funded by tariff revenues. These all occurred except for federal funding of roads and canals, which was vetoed by President Madison. Related SFI: Nationalism, Tariff of 1816, Henry Clay, Erie Canal, Jeffersonian Republicans, Athen Osterberg Fletcher v. Peck After the Treaty of Paris 1783, Georgia received a territory known as the Yazoo River Country. 35 million acres of this land was granted to speculators by a Georgia legislature. This Georgia legislature, however, agreed to the grant because they received bribe money. The next Georgia legislature cancelled the transaction. The Supreme Court then stepped in and told them that since the legislative grant was a contract, the constitution cannot allow states to pass laws forbidding contracts. This case was an early assertion of the Supreme Court s right to invalidate state laws. Jessica Goldstein Panic of 1819 Succeeding Monroe s Era of Good Feelings , the Panic of 1819 was the first significant panic since the ratification of the Constitution. It resulted in deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and debtors prisons. Caused primarily of overspeculation of land on the frontier and the threat towards the Bank of the United States by printing more money, it would bring three years of depression to the economy. The West suffered most from the panic as the Bank of the United States forced down the speculative wildcat banks and foreclosed on many farms. The closing of these banks was as a result of increasing bankruptcy and bank failure. Unlike the wealthy classes, the poorer classes were never assisted by the unforgiving Bank of the United States. Setting the stage for the Jacksonian democracy, nationalism, in lieu of sectionalism shed new light on the inhumanity of the debtors prisoners.

Roshni Kaushik Tariff of Abominations (Tariff of 1828) After the War of 1812, Britain began flooding the American market with cheap goods, and the American manufacturers could not match its prices. Congress passed the first protective tariff in 1816, and it raised the rate in 1824. The tariffs were intended to raise the prices of imported goods, so that the British goods became more expensive than the American goods. Thus, more people bought American goods, and American industries were supported. The Tariff of 1828 raised the rate yet again at the end of Quincy Adams presidency, angering southern planters. Northerners generally supported the tariffs because their major industry of manufacturing was protected. However, the South was angered by this tariff. The South had to buy Northern manufactured goods at higher prices, but its cotton was not protected and was sold at lower prices. Southern opponents to this tariff which they called the Tariff of Abominations claimed that it was unconstitutional because it favored one section of the economy over another. This frustration relates to the idea of nullification, which states that a state can stop enforcing a law inside its borders. South Carolina began advocating state nullification of the Tariff of Abominations, leading to the Nullification Crisis. The tariff also led to a split between Jackson and his Vice-President Calhoun, who resigns because of this. Related SFI: War of 1812, Nullification Crisis, Andrew Jackson, John C. Calhoun, War of 1812 Gib Coombs John C. Calhoun y The Great Nullifier. y Vice President in 1824 with Adams and in 1828 with Jackson (resigned later). y A South Carolinian who went to Yale. y He began as a nationalist and a unionist but soon changed into the exact opposite, he became the best of the sectionalists and disunionists in defense of the South and its "peculiar institution". y A foremost Nullifier he died trying to create strong states' rights and a strengthened union. He promoted a twin presidency, one from the North and one from the South. Related SFI: John Adams, Andrew Jackson, Vice Presidency, The South Carolina Exposition, Nullification, South Carolina, The Great Nullifier, Champion of the South Alex White Panic Of 1837 The Panic of 1837 was financial crisis caused by overspeculation of western lands and inflation. Andrew Jackson s bank war and specie circular were also causes of the panic. Failure of the grain crop also deepened the distress. Jackson s successor, Martin Van Buren, came up with the Divorce Bill to end the panic. The bill called for an independent treasury, so the government could lock its surplus money in vaults, thus government funds would be safe. Related SFI: Andrew Jackson, Specie Circular, Bank of the United States, Martin Van Buren, Predecessor, Whigs, Democrats Ali Orloski Panic of 1837: - shortly after the war of independence -Large debt incurred -Over expansion of canals -Construction of Railroads -Investors borrowed money at a rapid pace -Land offices only accepted gold and silver SFI: Wild cat banks, Pay off debt and refinance new ventures, merchants, manufacturers, and traders, borrowed money very rapidly, President Jacksons Specie Circular

Brent Hojer Specie Circular The Specie Circular was a decree which was passed in 1836 and was made by the Treasury. It declared that all public lands had to be purchased with Metallic, or "hard" money such as gold and silver. This decree was made because during this time "wildcat" money was going out of control. "Wildcat" money was made by the Wildcat banks, which often lent out more money then they could back up. Because of this, the unreliable currency got out of control and caused major overspeculation of land after the Indian removal when lands were freed up for the taking. This problem was especially bad in the West where the banks were most often located. The Specie Circular was passed by President Jackson and brought overspeculation of land to a sudden halt. This halt caused negative effects for many people, and was a major contributer to the Panic of 1837. The Specie Circular was also known as the Coinage Act. Though the act was passed by Jackson, it was carried out by Van Buren. Down the road this helped lead to the splitting of the Democratic party. SFI: Andrew Jackson, The Panic of 1837, Martin Van Buren, "Wildcat" banks, Nicholas Biddle, Overspeculation of lands, Indian removal Zack Looney Specie Circular Issued in 1836 by President Jackson as an attempt to haul in the runaway economy and counter the 'wildcat' banks. The paper currency circulated by these western banks were becoming extremely unreliable. The Specie Circular decreed that all public lands must be purchased with 'hard' or metallic money. This slammed the door on the speculative boom, and contributed to the financial panic of 1837. SFI: Jackson, Bank of The United States, Martin Van Burren, Biddle , Wildcat banks, Petbanks, Bank War, Panic of 1837, Speculation, West, Frontier, Wheat, Germans , For more information consult page 272, chapter 13 of the text ConnorRose Keegan Daniel Webster Daniel is known as a great orator and a very influential New Englander. He served in congress and was the secretary of state under William Henry Harrison, John Tyler and Millard Fillmore. He had an unbreakable devotion to the union and supported the protective tariff. With Henry Clay the bank war started because they tried to renew the bank of the United States charter. In 1834, Webster, along with Henry Clay and John Calhoun (all Pro-Bank men) were the first real Whigs in the senate. He wrote many speeches including the Seventh of March speech in 1850. At 68 years old, in the senate he tried to uphold Clay s compromise measures. He was always a presidential force, but that fell through in the electoral votes. Also, he found that he enjoyed luxury a little too much. Zach Jewell Lowell System-Textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts recruited young farm women and housed them in company dormitories. The factories were built along powerful rivers so that the power of the rushing water would power the machines while the women were there to tend to them. However, while the system was revolutionary in that it took women from the house, and put them to work, working conditions were often sub-par, and women tended to age quickly and were occasionally worked to near death. These conditions brought about the era of labor unions to protect workers. Related SFI-Labor Unions, Industrial Revolution, Factory System, Samuel Slater, Protective Tariffs

James Lotshaw Grimke Sisters The Grimke sisters were both born in Charleston, South Carolina. Sarah Grimke was born on November 26, 1792 and Angelina Grimke was born on November 26, 1805. The two traveled throughout the north, giving lectures and talks about their first hand accounts with slavery on their family s plantation home. They were much more radical than most reformers at the time because they believed in equality for all people, men or woman, or any race. They were also one the first women of the first women to publicly act in social reform movements. As time went on and more people started to dislike them they knew that women would need their own safe environment to be effective. They started women rights movements, Sarah Grimke wrote a paper titled, Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women. Related SFI: Seneca Falls Convention, Civil Disobedience, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Mary Lyon, William Lloyd Garrison, The Liberator, Frederick Douglass, Brandon Sands Sarah Grimk: (1792-1873) Angelina Grimk: (1805-1879) The Grimk Sisters- Sarah and Angelina Grimk were both born into their slave-holding family in Charleston,South Carolina. The duo were close companions all of their lives and despite their age difference, they got along well. So well, that Angelina considered Sara to be a substitute mother during her childhood. Though they grew up in a heavily male-dominated family in the strictly hierarchial deep South, the two sisters still believed that all men and women were created equal. As children, the Grimk sisters were constantly accompanied by one of their family s many slaves to act as nursemaid and also a slave child their own age as a general servant to their every need. The Grimks owned a huge cotton plantation. Already uneasy about the practice of owning slaves, Sarah Grimk was pushed over the edge when her companion slave , whom she had considered a good friend and equal, died suddenly and her family tried to replace her with another. The Grimks were a very religious Episcopalian family, and it astounded Sarah as to why she was forbidden to teach slaves how to read the Bible themselves from an early age. A few years later, Angelina was born and Sarah adopted her as godmother. Later, after her father died, Sarah went up to the North where she stayed for about a year and met a Quaker leader. She shortly converted, and after returning to the South she found Southern society repulsive. Angelina, after seeing her sister s revulsion at slavery and her Quaker conversion, shortly followed her lead and converted, then moved up North to be with her sister. Together, they were avid supporters of the Quaker church and abolitionist cause, writing in abolitionist papers, and leading boycotts and abolitionist conventions. Angelina and Sarah spoke out about women s participation on serious issues. They both supported the Union during the civil war. Despite the jeers of the Southern society they once claimed as their own, the Grimk sisters ardently supported free speech and equality for all, be they black, white, women, or men. Together, they formed much of the foundation upon which the abolitionist and feminist cause grew, rallying and writing and demanding to be heard until their deaths. Related SFI: Women s rights movement , cult of domesticity , Catherine Beecher , abolition movement , temperance movement , Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony, early feminist movement, women s suffrage movement Jared Stehney Thomas Gallaudet Description: Thomas Gallaudet was the co - founder of the first deaf institute in America. He originally called it the "American Asylum for Deaf-Mutes" in 1817, but it later changed to the "American School for the Deaf". Gallaudet's original plan was to become a minister, but changed when he met his neighbor's daughter. He instead traveled to Europe and learned about teaching the deaf to communicate. He would later marry his former student and would die on September 10, 1851, at 63. SFI: Sign Language, American School for the Deaf, Gallaudet University (for the deaf), Reformation of the antebellum era

Bailey Best Sylvester Graham Graham was inspired by the temperance movement and preached that a vegetarian diet was a cure for alcoholism, and, more importantly,sexual urges. The main thrust of his teachings was to curb lust. While alcohol had useful medicinal qualities, it should never be abused by social drinking. For Graham, an unhealthy diet stimulated excessive sexual desire which irritated the body and caused disease. But most importantly in 1829 he invented Graham Bread and Graham Crackers, which were free of chemical additives. Related SFIs (not much for this guy...), Temperance Movement, Vegan movement, Graham Diet, Grahamites (his followers), Graham Bread and Graham crackers of course Venkata Amarthaluru Women's Christian Temperance Union-Ch. 11 Description: This ocurred around the time following the Second Great Awakening There was a high rate of alcohol consumption Reformers targeted alcohol as the cause of social ills Women believed that excessive drinking of alcohol by male factory workers was the cause of poverty for working-class families. During this time of reforms, many states sided with the reformers because of the clear result that it can reduce crime and poverty and increase workers' output German and Irish immigrants largely opposed this reform movement but had no political power Many states used heavy taxes on the sale of liquor but Maine was the first state to prohibit the sale of intoxicated liquors The temperance reform was over shadowed by the civil war but was brought up again by the WCTU The Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was formed in 1874 This advocated total abstinence from alcohol Under the leadership of Frances E. Willard of Illinois and had over 500,000 members by 1898 Their strong support can be claimed to have achieved national success because of the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919 Related SFI: 18th Amendment, Temperance movement, Frances E. Willard, Maine, German and Irish immigrants, Second Great Awakening, Antebellum period Sarah Pourali Transcendentalism Transcendentalism was a philosophical movement led by a group of nonconformist Unitarian writers in New England during the second quarter of the nineteenth century. Inspiration was drawn from the romantics in Europe, specifically from German philosophers and Asian religions. Transcendentalists rejected John Locke s ideas that knowledge comes to the mind through the senses, and believed in utopian societies. Individualism was stressed for both religious and social matters, which led to hostility to authority and rejection of conventional wisdom. Best known transcendentalist was Emerson, who stressed self-reliance, self-improvement, self-confidence and optimism. Related SFI: Brook Farm, Romanticism, Unitarianism, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau

Babs Puzanovova Transcendentalism A philosophical movement that developed in the 1830s and 1840s in New England as a protest to the general state of culture and society, and in particular, the state of intellectualism at Harvard University and the doctrine of the Unitarian church taught at Harvard Divinity School. Among the transcendentalists' core beliefs was that both man and nature were inherently good, but society and its institutions - particularly organized religion and political parties - ultimately corrupted the purity of the individual. They had faith that man is at his best when truly "self-reliant" and independent. It is only from such real individuals that true community could be formed. In the 1850s, transcendentalists increasingly protested against slavery. SFI: Ralph Waldo Emerson (Nature, Self Reliance); Henry David Thoreau (Walden, or Life in the Woods; Walt Whitman (Song of Myself, Leaves of Grass); Nathaniel Hawthorne (The Scarlet Letter); Margaret Fuller (Woman in the Nineteenth Century); Brook Farm Forrest Hutchinson Rush-Bagot Agreement The Rush-Bagot Agreement was a treaty between the United States and Britain that limited naval armaments and fortifications on the Great Lakes. The Treaty of Ghent had officially ended hostilities between the two countries, but many of their differences remained unsolved. During James Monroe's first year as President, a series of letters passed between Acting United States Secretary of State Richard Rush and the British Minister to Washington Sir Charles Bagot. This led to the agreement which was signed on April 27 and April 28, 1817. It allowed each country to keep one vessel and one cannon on the lakes. The treaty along with the Treaty of 1818 paved the way for better, stronger relations between the two countries. Related SFI's- James Monroe, Treaty of Ghent, War of 1812, Treaty of 1818, Monroe Doctrine Zach McPherson The Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842 was the solution to a diplomatic confrontation over the border of Maine and the British-Controlled Canada. The people in Maine were wary of the British, with tensions still high between the two nations, stemming from the American Revolution and the War of 1812. The rival lumbermen from Maine and Canada took to open fighting, in an event known as the Aroostook War, or the "Battle of the Maps". The treaty to end the war was negotiated between U.S. Secretary of State Daniel Webster, and British Ambassador Lord Alexander Ashburton, giving the treaty its name. The terms of the treaty split the disputed land between Maine and British Canada, and also settled the boundary of the United States' Minnesota Territory. The United States gained a greater amount of land in the treaty, but the British gained the desired road route, in Canada, known as the "Halifax-Quebec" route, that connected the port city of Halifax, located in modern day New Brunswick, and the capitol of British Canada, Quebec. The treaty ended up having a great advantage to the U.S., as the Mesabi Iron Ore in Minnesota was given to the United States as a part of the border dispute. SFI: Mesabi Iron Ore, Aroostook War, Halifax-Quebec route, Battle of the Maps, Lord Ashburton, Daniel Webster, Maine border dispute, Minnesota border dispute, St. Lawrence River, Nova Scotia, Aroostook River , Webster-Ashburton treaty,

Won Taek Shin Aroostook War is a war between Great Britain and the U.S over the boundary of Maine and Canada. It did not involve any military forces between the two countries in this war. As the crisis deepened in1842, the London Foreign Office took an unusual step. It sent to Washington a nonprofessional diplomat, the conciliatory financier Lord Ashburton, who had married a wealthy American woman. In conclusion the two statesmen, their nerves frayed by protracted negotiations in the heat of a Washington summer, finally agreed to compromise on the Maine boundary. On the basis of a rough, split-the-difference arrangement, the Americans were to retain some 7000 square miles of the 12000 square miles of wilderness in dispute. The British got less land but won the desired Halifax-Quebec route. Related SFI- Caroline affair, Webster-Ashburton Treaty,Treaty of Paris 1783, Treaty of Paris 1818, Andrew Jackson. Chris Stadnick Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo The treaty confirmed the American title to Texas and yielded the enormous area stretching westward to Oregon and the ocean embracing coveted California. This total expanse, including Texas, was about onehalf of Mexico. The United States agreed to pay $15 million for the land and to assume the claims of its citizens against Mexico in the amount of $3,250,000. Ended the war against Mexico SFI: Mexican-American War, Nicholas Trist, Texas, California, Manifest Destiny, James K. Polk Niklas Westin Wilmot Proviso y Following the Mexican American War many people believed the territory claimed in the fight with Mexico was over the idea of slavocracy. y Quarreling over slavery extension began to flare across the nation and on the floors of Congress. y One of the major events leading to the Civil War, would have banned slavery in any territory to be acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War or in the future. y Introduced by Congressman David Wilmot of Pennsylvania in 1846 in fear of the Southern slavocracy. y The Wilmot amendment passed the House of Representatives twice, but failed to ever pass the Senate. y Southern members fought the restriction tooth and nail because they were completely unwilling to be robbed of prospective slave states. y The Wilmot Proviso never became federal law; however it was endorsed by all but one of the Free states. y The Wilmot Proviso came to symbolize the burning issue of slavery in the territories following the Mexican-American War and leading up to the Civil War. y In reaction to the slave disputes Ralph Waldo Emerson and John C. Calhoun warned that getting involved with Mexican territories would poison the United States. Kevin McDonald Wilmont Proviso A proposal written by David Wilmont of Pennsylvania in 1846, a few months after the start of the Mexican-American War. It said that slavery would be outlawed in any lands taken from Mexico. The bill passed the House twice, but not the Senate. Naturally, the South fiercely opposed the bill. All but one of the free states endorsed it. In the end, the Wilmont proviso never became a law. But it did inflame the already tense relations between the free northern states and the proslavery southern states, becoming a symbol representing the sectionalism in the United States.

Michael Li 1st period Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850 In an era of Manifest Destiny and expansionist policy, the American and British governments both sought to control a possible canal route through Central America. Because a canal through Central America would increase the already lucrative trade in Latin America and increase the accessibility to the Pacific Ocean, both nations wanted exclusive control. With this treaty, which concerned the building of a canal through Central America, both sides agreed to refrain from taking exclusive control of any future canal route through Central America. This treaty was later overturned in 1901 with the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, which allowed the United States to build a canal through Central America without British interference. Related SFI: Manifest Destiny Monroe Doctrine Southern Expansion Walker Expedition 1855 Nicaragua Jessica Song Ostend Manifesto The American ministers in Spain, England, and France met in Belgium and constructed a secret dispatch that urged that the administration offer $120 million for Cuba. SFI: Northern free-soilers, Cuba, Slavery, President Pierce Madison O Shields Compromise of 1850: Came about after the gold rush of California in 1849 caused an upsurge of population that quickly qualified California for statehood; both California and New Mexico desired to be entered as free states to the opposition of southern radicals. Henry Clay then proposed a plan that included the following: 1)California would enter as a free state 2) The Mexican territory would be split into two separate territories--Utah and New Mexico--and the two would decide by popular sovereignty their slave status 3)Texas would have 10 million dollars of their debt covered in exchange for a portion of their western territory that would be given to the new territories 4)Slave trade would be banned in the District of Colombia 5) A new fugitive slave law would be enforced rigorously. This bill was passed under President Taylor in 1850; northerners were upset about the harsh new fugitive slave law, which denied any free black accused of being a runaway slave from a trial by jury, gave financial incentive for those who captured slaves or judges who rules slaves guilty of running away, and made it illegal to know of a fugitive slave and not report it to law enforcement. Travis Clark Bleeding-Kansas was the name dubbed to the mini civial war raging in the Kansas Territory. The mini civial war was brought upon by the issue of slavery, and the choice of congress to allow popular soveriegnty in the territory to decide upon the issue of slavery. Much of the controversey was caused by southerners who flocked into the territory when the they realized the possibilty of Kansas entering as a free state. The South believed, according to the Compromise of 1850, that Kansas would enter as a slave state, and Nebraska as a free state. A majority of the population did not believe in slavery, and were infact just ordinary settlers moving west from the north. When elections were finally held to determine Kansas's slave status, many abolotionists and ordinary settlers boycotted the elections, allowing the miniority pro-slavery faction to assume control. A fraudulent, pro-slavery government was established in Shawnee Mission, while anti-slavery supporters moved to establish a illigitimate government in Topeka. Due to no side having clear authority over the territory, and a dead-lock in congress prevented Kansas from becoming a state until 1861, after the civil war had erupted. SFI: Lecompton Constitution, New England Emigrant Aid Company, Beechers Bibles, "border ruffians", John Brown, Pottawatomie Massacre, Free Soilers

Ben Stadnick Freeport Doctrine During one of the Lincoln-Douglas debates in Freeport, Illinois, Lincoln asked what would happen if the people of a territory should vote slavery down? Since the Supreme Court had ruled in the Dred Scott decision that Congress could not outlaw slavery in territories, who would win? In response, Douglas answered, with what is known as the Freeport Doctrine, that slavery would stay down if the people voted it down regardless of what the Supreme Court ruled due to the fact that laws protecting slavery would have to be passed by the territorial legislature through popular sovereignty. The people control what laws are passed and, therefore, whether or not slavery, or protection of slavery, can become a law. The Freeport Doctrine resulted in many angry Democrats, as the statement directly contradicted the Dred Scott decision that they supported. Related SFI: Dred Scott Decision, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Stephen Douglas, Lincoln-Douglas Debates, Popular Sovereignty Rue Reynolds Harpers Ferry Harpers Ferry is a town in western Virginia. There was an armory in this town that was seized by John Brown in 1859. John Brown was trying to start a slave rebellion, give the slaves guns and create a free black state. But Brown had one problem with his plan, the slaves didn't know about it. Brown and his followers we captured by a group of marines being led by Robert E. Lee. Brown was eventually convicted of treason and murder, because he killed quite afew people in his attempt, one of which was a free black. SFI: slave rebellion, abolition, John Brown, Robert E. Lee, Virginia, paranoia in the south caused by northern pressure Roxana Yavari Anaconda Plan A proposal by Winfield Scott to President Abraham Lincoln to defeat the South. It was originally relatively passive, consisting of steps to take over the Mississipi River, sealing the South off from any allies, and watching as Southerners began to turn on each other, but it was considered too weak to more warminded opponents of the plan. In 1864 it was enacted in a more aggresive form through Leiutenant General Ulysses S. Grant's 2-front war, fought in Virginia and Tennessee and Major General William T. Sherman's war of attrition through Georgia to the sea helped "squeeze the South to military death". Jake Wilkerson Antietam Robert E. Lee had just won the Second Battle of Bull Run and was now trying to take Maryland from the Union. The battle occurred at Antietam Creek, Maryland, with the Union fighting under the leadership of George McClellan. McClellan's troops found part of Lee's battle plans in the field of action and this gave them a huge advantage. With this knowledge, McClellan defeated Lee at Antietam on September 17, 1862. This battle was the bloodiest in the history of the Civil War and it convinced both the British and French governments not to enter the war along side of the Confederacy and to remain neutral. Also, the victory for the Union at Antietam gave Lincoln the much needed support for him to launch his idea of the Emancipation Proclamation. Related S.F.I: George B. McClellan "Little Mac" v.s Robert E. Lee, Gave way for the Emancipation Proclamation, Bitterest and Bloodiest Day of War, Lee wanted to bring Maryland into the Confederacy.

Keaton Smith The Battle of Antietam September 17, 1862 After the defeat of Union General John Pope, General Robert E. Lee used the momentum gained to attempt to invade Maryland in an attempt to surround the Union capital, Washington D.C. After Lincoln had reluctantly yielded to popular demand, General McClellan was restored to commander of the Union Army. In the events leading up to the battle, two Union soldiers found General Lee s battle plans. With this information, General McClellan was able to prevent the General Lee from making his way into Maryland. It was remembered as one of the bloodiest one-day battle in U.S. history. Although the battle was more a draw militarily than anything else, after this moral blow, General Lee suspended the rest of his campaign and retired back to Virginia. After his inability to follow Lee across the Potomac, he was once again removed from his position. Antietam was a landmark battle, due to its ability to prevent and forestall the possible foreign intervention that Britain and France were on the verge of. Were it not for the victory at Antietam, the British and French would have perhaps collaborated with the Confederacy, and the Union may have lost. It also served as a much needed launch for President Lincoln s Emancipation Proclamation. Lincoln needed a reason and an authority to issue the proclamation, and the prevention of Lee s invasion supplied him with that. Emily Wohl Morrill Tariff Act The Morrill Tariff was adopted on March 2, 1861 as a protective tariff under the presidency of James Buchanan. Representative Justin Smith Morrill of Vermont drafted it with the advice of Pennsylvania economist Henry Charles Carey. It was made possible because many Southerners, who are typically adverse to tariffs, had left congress after their states seceded. The tariff replaced the low Tariff of 1857 (which benefitted the South), by raising rates to protect and encourage industry and high wages of industrial workers. The tariff was 5 to 10 percent more than the Tariff of 1857, putting it around the moderate level of the Walker Tariff of 1846. However, these rates skyrocketed upwards due to the necessities of war such as raising revenue. Thus, a protective tariff became identified with the Republican Party. The Morrill Tariff nurtured a period of continuous trade protection, and remained a policy until replaced with the Revenue Act of 1913. SFI: Tariff of 1857, Secession, Walker Tariff of 1846, Civil War, Revenue Act of 1913, Republican Party, Justin Smith Morrill, President James Buchanan, President Abraham Lincoln Henry Charles Carey Frances Ding Tenure of Office Act The Tenure of Office Act (1867) was passed by a Congress with a supermajority of Republicans and defeated President Andrew Johnson's veto. It decreed, contrary to precedent, that the president must gain the consent of the Senate before removing his appointees once they had already been approved by that body. One purpose of the law was to ensure Edwin M. Stanton's position as secretary of war, who had been appointed during Lincoln's tenure. Radical Republicans then had a pretext for impeaching Johnson when he dismissed Stanton in 1868. Related SFI: Radical Republicans, Moderate Republicans, congressional elections of 1866, Andrew Johnson, Edwin M. Stanton, Johnson's impeachment, Ben Wade

Adam Sanders Ex Parte Milligan: In the case Ex Parte Milligan the Supreme Court ruled that even during times of war, military tribunals could not try civilians in the areas where there were open civil courts. After President Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus, Lambdin Milligan was caught in Copperhead activities in Indiana and was tried by the military, and ended up being sentenced to death. However, the Supreme Court did not conduct the trial over simply habeas corpus, but also with how limited/strong martial law should be. Related SFI: 1.) The south was under Military Reconstruction at about this time. 2.) Certain areas of the North were under Martial Law. 3.) Habeas Corpus was garaunteed in the U.S. Constitution. Florence Matthews Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment- abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for a crime -stated that Congress had the power to create laws to enforce this amendment - created by Lincoln to reinforce his Emancipation Proclamation after the war 14th Amendment- proclaimed black citizenship by overruling the Dred Scott case - stated that if states took rights away from blacks, the state's representation in Senate would be reduced - claimed former Confederates could not hold office - stated that southern states could not pay back war debts to discourage people from supporting a rebel cause in the future 15th Amendment- gave all citizens the right to vote despite race - allowed for Congress to create laws to enforce this SFI: Freedman's Bureau, Black Codes, Ku Klux Klan, Emancipation Proclamation, Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson Kaitlyn Brown Wade-Davis Bill The Wade-Davis Bill was proposed as part of the Reconstruction of the South. It was written by two Radical Republicans, Benjamin Wade and Henry Winter Davis. This was proposed as a opposition of the Ten Percent Plan by Lincoln which some thought made re-admittance to the Union for the South too easy. Also, the bill was put in place from the desire for immediate voting rights for blacks in the South. This bill made the re-admittance of the South contingent on a majority if each of the states taking the Ironclad oath, which said that they had never supported the Confederacy in the past. The bill was passed by Congress in the summer of 1864. Under its provisions, it would be impossible for any state to reenter the Union without a large number of black voters. This bill was pocket vetoed by Lincoln and therefore never went into effect. It proposed to base the Reconstruction on the guarantee that the government would be republican. Related SFI: 1. Ten Percent Plan, 2. Ironclad oath, 3. Pocket Veto, 4. Reconstruction, 5. Radical Republican , 6. Republican Government, 7. Voting rights for blacks,

Adam Hall Horace Greeley Instrumental in the foundation of the Liberal Republican party and was outspoken against slavery. Ran as the Liberal Republican candidate in 1872 with Democratic support. Democrats supported the nomination even though he had called Democrats traitors. Pleased Northern and Southern Democrats for his view that they should clasp hands across the bloody chasm. Ran against Grant. Considered brilliant but unpredictable and unsound in political judgment. Editor in Chief of the New York Tribune. Used paper to support Whigs and Republicans from the 1840s through the 70s. SFI: Election of 1872, Liberal Republican party, New York Tribune, Whig in thirtieth congress, Reconstruction, Signed Jefferson Davis bond